Science Questions

I can't answer all your questions, but i can answer some.

Why does water expand when it's freezing: because it's maximum density is at 4°Celcius.
This is also the reason why water is fluid under great pressure. You won't find any frozen water pockets on the bottom of the ocean neither, because the pressure will make the water be at it's maximum density.

Maybe someone else can explain why the density of Ice is lower than 4°C water...

I'll give it a shot, see if I'm correct

As you know, water is a really characteristic compound in comparison to other compounds. Many compounds contract when they are frozen, just like your thermometer drops when it gets colder. Water differs because, as Nizzle correctly stated, it's maximum density occurs at 4 degrees celcius. This means that below 4 degrees celcius it can do nothing but decrease its density and expand, as it could not have a greater density (The exact reason why ice floats).

Another thing which plays a role is its polar nature. What basically goes on here is related to its structure and polarity. Water has an sp3 hybredization, but due to what we call "Valance Shell Electron Pair Repulsion" (or short VSPER Theory), the angle between the centered Oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms is about 105 degrees. I will return to the structure in a moment. Water is also polar. Oxygen is more electronegative than Hydrogen and greedily pulls Hydrogen electron towards itself. This makes Oxygen slightly negative, and hydrogen slightly positive. This enables water to form what we call 'Hydrogen Bonds' (Process: Hydrogen Bonding). In water these bonds will form, break and form again on a new. Freezing causes less molecular activity because it means it's a drop in energy. Hydrogen bonds become more stable, and order themselves as a quite spacy hexagonal structure, due to its structure (It expands, taking up more space).

I am not sure what force it exerts when expanding though 

P.s. I should add that this is for 1 atm (Atmospheric Pressure), which is the equivalent of 101325 Pa. Also as Nizzle stated, greater pressure ensures water as liquid.

The answer was helpful, though I have a follow up question. If the water is in a confined space, say a bottle, before freezing, then once all the water has frozen the air pressure inside the bottle rises. This must meen that the air inside the bottle is not filling in that 'space' inside the ice crystals. Does this meen that inside these cystals is a vacuum or is it just that air is inside these crystals but at a lower pressure to the surrounding atmosphere? If not, what exactly fills these crystals?