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20th Mar 2005
Autism, Intelligence and Left-Handedness
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This special Brain Awareness Week show exercises the grey matter as Professor Chris McManus from the Department of Psychology at University College London talks about left-handedness and why the two halves of the brain are different, Professor Simon Baron-Cohen, Director of the Autism Research Centre in Cambridge, discusses autism and a process called synesthesia, where people hear colours and taste shapes, and Professor Seth Grant from the Sanger Institute at Hinxton describes how genes help your brain to work, and discusses whether they make you intelligent. Continuing our series on Einstein's influence in the home, Philippa Law stews over Brownian Motion and the science in a cup of tea, and Sarah Urquhart, Brian Wallace and Anna Lacey join the fun at the Cambridge Science Festival.
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News
Scientists have unearthed a genetic linch pin which enables insects to pick up smells. Without it they cannot detect airbourne odours, including their next meal, a finding which researchers hope will lead to the development of powerful new insect repellants capable o...
Questions

How many cells are there in the brain, and how powerful is a black hole?
We think it's the old fashioned billion (1012), which is a lot. But guess what your brain is mostly made of? It's actually not nerves. For every nerve cell there are ten other cells that are not nerves and they're there to hold it all together like a scaffolding. As for black holes, they are very very powerful. The reason we know this is because it's black. The reason it's black is because it has such a powerful magnetic field that it can't even let light escape. So when light goes past a black hole, it sucks it in like a giant hoover and makes it disappear. That's why it looks black. I can't really answer exactly how powerful a black hole is because the universe is so enormous that if I say that a black hole is 'x' powerful, there will always be one somewhere more powerful that we haven't discovered yet. So I'm going to sit on the fence and say that I can't answer that.

Is left handedness genetic, and are left handed people more artistically creative?
It's almost certainly genetic, but it's not very obvious always. And yes, they can more talented, especially mathematically and in the visual-spatial arts. Different people have their brains organised in different ways. The genes Seth was talking about wire people up in different ways and make different combinations. We tend to assume that every brain is the same as every other brain, but every brain is fundamentally different. This gives some of us talents in one thing but make us not so good at others.

Why do you hear your own voice differently to other people?
I think what she's getting at here is that if you listen back to a recording of yourself you sound subtly different to how you think you sound. When you listen to a person speaking, the air transmits the sound, goes into my ear and wiggles the ear drum and the bones of the middle ear and eventually makes electrical impulses. When I hear myself speaking, the sound not only goes through the air but also through the bones of my skull. So when my jaw is moving I'm making the bones vibrate directly, and therefore it sounds different. That's probably the explanation.

How did the American chicken live for seven years with its head chopped off?
When its head was chopped off, a tiny part of the head called the brain stem, which links the spinal cord to the top of the brain, was left intact. That's the part of the brain that control breathing, circulation and heart rate, so the chicken had just enough brain left to keep the physiological processes going. They fed it with a tube down its neck for seven years.
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