News
Scientists in the US have developed a laser technique to selectively wipe out viruses and bacteria whilst leaving human cells unharmed. The approach could be used to improve the safety of blood transfusions and other blood-derived products butwithout the risk of harming the cells present. Kong-Thon ...
Never mind the Nano iPod, a team of researchers at the University of California at Berkeley have built a working radio made from a single carbon nanotube. By fixing the tube between two electrodes, it can fulfil all the functions of a radio – acting as an antenna, tuner, amplifier and demodulator.&n...
Researchers at Plymouth University in the UK have uncovered worrying evidence of how, thanks to plastic waste in the sea, organic poisons make their way up the seafood chain and ultimately into us. Scientists have known for some time that plastic washed into the sea breaks up into tiny particles, ca...
Researchers at Case Western Reserve University in Ohio have managed to breed some “mighty mice”, capable of running at top (mouse) speed on a treadmill for up to six hours without stopping.These impressive wee beasties have been genetically engineered to have unusually high levels of an enzyme calle...
Researchers studying the high Alpine plant edelweiss may have stumbled on an impressive new sunscreen strategy. Brussels-based researcher Jean Pol Vigneron and his colleagues wondered how the eledweiss plant was able to withstand so effectively the high doses of UV radiation that accompany life at h...
Kitchen Science
Make a flame jump several centimetres using just a humble candle.
QotW
If the speed of light is slower in glass than in air, where does the energy come from to speed it up as it exits the glass into air?
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Interviews
It seems that it’s no longer impressive just to have been able to climb mount Everest; now the goal is to fly over it! We spoke to Giles Cardozo and Bear Grylls...
Questions

Are spiders web edible?
Spiders do eat their webs. Sometimes they eat them everyday to try and get back in some of the energy they've expended on it. Another interesting use of spider webs is that they've got quite a lot of a vitamin K in them which can help your blood to clot, and before the use of gauze, people used to put spider webs on wounds. People are currently looking into what makes spider webs so strong, with hope to make this artificially, they would make great bullet-proof vests. They've found the proteins in them that makes them strong, called Spidroin 1 and 2, and you can produce these in the lab. But they have to use insect cells to grow it, because the insect cells do some chemical modification and insects are more closely related to spiders. They're not at the point where you can scale it up to a bullet-proof vest yet, but its certainly interesting.

Why do we get wrinkles?
It’s probably because your skin’s regenerating as you have cells in the top layer of your skin or epidermis that are constantly multiplying to replace the skin that dies but the bit that holds the structure of your skin at a lower level is called the dermis and that contains a molecule called elastin which breaks down as you get older. You also lose the fat in the lower layers of your skin. So although the top layer of your skin is regenerating it’s the bottom layer that’s going saggy and makes you wrinkly.
And if you smoke, the chemicals in cigarette smoke also encourage that break-down to accelerate which is why people tend to get a lot of wrinkles around their mouth if they smoke. A good way to anti-age yourself is to stop smoking and stop going on sunbeds as well.

Why is it recommended to put salt on cuts?
A lot of bacteria, especially the ones that cause ones in the mouth are bacteria like streptococci, and some of the other mouth-dwelling organisms and they’re quite salt-sensitive. When you put a big dose of salt on them the salt is a bit like putting salt on a slug. It pulls the water out of the bacteria and dehydrates them and can damage them. Other bacteria though like staphylococcus (aureus) actually like salt so if you have a wound on your finger it might not actually be so good for that because it will kill the bugs in there which are not staphs but it might end up with your being colonized entirely by staphs. It’s quite good in very high concentrations it stops bugs growing. The likelihood of you getting enough concentration of salt on the wounded area to kill the bugs is quite unlikely. It does have a soothing effect though.

Why do your arms lift after pushing out for a while?
This is to do with the way in which your muscles control their length because hidden inside each of our muscles is a tiny thing called a muscle spindle and this is like a miniature muscle which has nerve fibres in it and those nerve fibres can tell how much the muscle is being stretched or lengthened. When you put force through a muscle it’s trying to register, ‘how hard should I contract, am I contracting at the right rate?’ If the muscle is contacting hard but not going anywhere then this spindle doesn’t stretch and it keeps sending messages back to the muscle saying you’re not getting any longer, work harder. So when you’re pushing up against the wall and your arm isn’t going anywhere , it’s trying to contract harder and harder to move the wall which, of course, doesn’t move. Then when you move away from the wall and you switch off the voluntary drive to the muscle the spindle is still set to say I’m too short, I need to be longer. It tells your nervous system automatically like a reflex to make your arms longer.

Why does moving air feel colder than still
This is the wind chill factor and the answer to this is a bit like saying ‘I’ll turn the fan on.’ Does it make a room colder? A fan running does not cool a room. A running fan keeps the room at the same temperature it just moves more air past you. Air molecules, when they’re run past you if you’re sweating and hot, each molecule can take a little bit of heat away from your skin so the more molecules that pass your skin the more heat you can lose. It makes you feel cooler but it doesn’t actually affect the temperature and that’s why when you’re driving along nice and fast with your window down lots of air molecules running over you cools you down.

Why are there apes in the zoo?
Essentially, all of the apes have evolved separately. We separated from chimpanzees somewhere about 5 million years ago and we’ve all evolved in our own different ways since then. It’s quite an interesting question that why are some in the zoo and others aren’t and I guess that doesn’t say much about us as a species. If we found a hobbit today and put that in the zoo it would be quite an interesting one. But it’s not just evolution by anatomy as well. There’s research showing that some groups of chimpanzees in Africa have actually developed the use of stone tools several thousand years ago. So there’s a stone tool age for chimps.
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