Naked Science Forum
On the Lighter Side => New Theories => Topic started by: sim on 19/04/2009 11:14:01
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Natural selection is defined to be
”natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rare” (Ref: Futuyma, Douglas Evolution 2005
Bowler, Peter. Evolution: the hisotry of an idea)
Natural selection is proven wrong for 4 reasons
1)the cambrian explosion as darwin saw invalidates his theory
2)NS is invalidated by the fact of speciation as NS only deals with traits already present and cant deal with the generation of new species
genetics might be able to account for the generation of new species [ see below where it is shown genetics cannot account for the generation of new species] but NS cant as the generation of new species it not part of its remit
3) NS deals with the transmission of favorable traits and the eradication of unfavorable traits so the fact that unfavorable traits ie the gene for breast cancer are and can be transmitted and become common invalidates NS out right
4) genetics cannot account for the generation of new species-ie the cambrian explosion
You can read the complete refutation of natural selection here
published 2009
http://gamahucherpress.yellowgum.com/books/philosophy/Natural_selection.pdf
THE REFUTATION
EVOLUTIONARY THEORY:
NATURAL SELECTION
SHOWN TO BE WRONG
BY
COLIN LESLIE DEAN
B.SC, B.A, B.LITT (HONS), M.A, B,LITT (HONS), M.A,
M.A (PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDIES), MASTER OF PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDIES, GRAD CERT (LITERARY STUDIES)
THE REFUTATION
EVOLUTIONARY THEORY:
NATURAL SELECTION
SHOWN TO BE WRONG
BY
COLIN LESLIE DEAN
B.SC, B.A, B.LITT (HONS), M.A, B,LITT (HONS), M.A,
M.A (PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDIES), MASTER OF PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDIES, GRAD CERT (LITERARY STUDIES)
GAMAHUCHER PRESS WEST GEELONG, VICTORIA AUSTRALIA
2009
There are five points which show natural selection [NS]is invalid or wrong
1)the cambrian explosion as darwin saw invalidates his theory
2)NS is invalidated by the fact of speciation as NS only deals with traits already present and cant deal with the generation of new species
genetics might be able to account for the generation of new species [ see below where it is shown genetics cannot account for the generation of new species] but NS cant as the generation of new species it not part of its remit
3) NS deals with the transmission of favorable traits and the eradication of unfavorable traits so the fact that unfavorable traits ie the gene for breast cancer are and can be transmitted and become common invalidates NS out right
4) genetics cannot account for the generation of new species-ie the cambrian explosion
TO GIVE DETAIL
Natural selection
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection
“Natural selection is the process by which favorable heritable traits become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable heritable traits become less common,”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution
”natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rare” (Ref: Futuyma, Douglas Evolution 2005
Bowler, Peter. Evolution: the hisotry of an idea)
Note the terms “favorable” “ unfavorable” and “common” are subjective value laden theory laden and relative terms. All open to varying ideological interpretations
it is stated
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objections_to_evolution#Evolution_is_controversial_or_contested
“evolutionary theory itself has been entirely uncontested in the field of biology and is commonly described as the "cornerstone of modern biology”
Evolution takes place via two process according to evolutionary theory
Natural Selection and genetic drift
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution
Two major mechanisms determine which variants will become more common or rare in a population. The first is natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rare. This occurs because individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to reproduce, meaning that more individuals in the next generation will inherit these traits.[2][3] Over many generations, adaptations occur through a combination of successive, small, random changes in traits, and natural selection of the variants best-suited for their environment.[4] The second major mechanism driving evolution is genetic drift, an independent process that produces random changes in the frequency of traits in a population. Genetic drift results from the role that chance plays in whether a given trait will be passed on as individuals survive and reproduce.
points which disproves natural selection
1_punctuated equilibrium
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium
“Punctuated equilibrium is a theory in evolutionary biology which states that most sexually reproducing species experience little change for most of their geological history, showing stasis in the fossil record, and that when phenotypic evolution does occur, it is localized in rare, rapid events of branching speciation (called cladogenesis).”
Charles Darwin noted
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium
“The sudden appearance and lack of substantial gradual change of most species in the geologic record—from their initial appearance until their extinction—“
now the current thinking notes that speciation or punctuated equilibrium contradicts Darwin theory
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium
“Thus punctuated equilibrium contradicts some of Darwin's ideas regarding the specific mechanisms of evolution, but generally accords with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection”
It is claimed that Goulds intention with PE was to be compatible with NS. Goulds intentions are irrelevant. As the consequence of PE is that it invalidates NS
Now NS is invalidated by the fact of speciation as NS only deals with triats already present and cant deal with the generation of new species
genetics might be able to account for the generation of new species [ see below where it is shown genetics cannot account for the generation of new species] but NS cant as the generation of new species it not part of its remit as it only deals with traits already present . A new species has completely new traits which were not in an antecedent so the antecedent species could not have passed them on
NS is all about the transmission of already acquired traits
if evolution can take place by speciation i.e. a new species has new traits that are not present in the antecedent species thus NS is invalid as it cannot account for speciation
NOTE
“Natural selection is the process by which favorable heritable traits become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable heritable traits become less common,”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution
”natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rare” (Ref: Futuyma, Douglas Evolution 2005
Bowler, Peter. Evolution: the hisotry of an idea)
2_The Cambrian explosion disproves natural selection
“Natural selection is the process by which favorable heritable traits become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable heritable traits become less common,”
but the cambrian explosion contradicts natural selection
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_explosion
Cambrian explosion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_explosion
“The Cambrian explosion or Cambrian radiation was the seemingly rapid appearance of most major groups of complex animals around 530 million years ago, as evidenced by the fossil record.[1][2] This was accompanied by a major diversification of other organisms, including animals, phytoplankton, and calcimicrobes.[3] Before about 580 million years ago, most organisms were simple, composed of individual cells occasionally organized into colonies. Over the following 70 or 80 million years the rate of evolution accelerated by an order of magnitude (as defined in terms of the extinction and origination rate of species[4]) and the diversity of life began to resemble today’s.[5]
The Cambrian explosion has generated extensive scientific debate. The seemingly rapid appearance of fossils in the “Primordial Strata” was noted as early as the mid 19th century,[6] and Charles Darwin saw it as one of the main objections that could be made against his theory of evolution by natural selection.[7]
The long-running puzzlement about the appearance of the Cambrian fauna, seemingly abruptly and from nowhere”
now the explosion of new species in the cambrian period shows something other that natural selection is at work
species appeared from no where
“The long-running puzzlement about the appearance of the Cambrian fauna, seemingly abruptly and from nowhere,”
now even Darwin saw this as destroying his theory
“The Cambrian explosion has generated extensive scientific debate. The seemingly rapid appearance of fossils in the “Primordial Strata” was noted as early as the mid 19th century,[6] and Charles Darwin saw it as one of the main objections that could be made against his theory of evolution by natural selection.[7]”
NOTE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_explosion
“Charles Darwin considered this sudden appearance of many animal groups with few or no antecedents to be the greatest single objection to his theory of evolution:”
note there is little or no evidence in the preceeding geological strata of transitional fossils
thus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objections_to_evolution
“Darwin himself found the paucity of transitional species to be one of the greatest weaknesses of his theory:”
all Darwin could say was
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium#Relation_to_Darwin.27s_theories
“who appealed to the imperfection of the record as the favored explanation.”
As it stands right now the evidence of cambrian explosion invalidates NS
if there is no evidence to prove NS that is just to bad
and you cant live in hope the evidence will show up
As it stand right now the evidence of cambrian explosion invalidates NS
darwin saw
if you have an abrupt explosion of species out of now where ,that invalidates NS-the geological evidence cannot be found to support NS so empirically it is not suppported -thus invalidated -up to the present time
note that at the time of Darwin the cambrian explosion was evidence that refuted his theory all the religious people had to do at the times was refer to science itself for refutation of evolutionism ie the cambrian explosion and lack of EVIDENCE for natural selection
3)
NOW NS is invalidated by the fact that unfavorable traits are transmitted and can become common ie the gene for breast cancer
“Natural selection is the process by which favorable heritable traits become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable heritable traits become less common,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution
”natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rare” (Ref: Futuyma, Douglas Evolution 2005
Bowler, Peter. Evolution: the hisotry of an idea)
Note some say that harmful genes can be transmitted so long as they accompany good genes. But this is not what NS says – so that fact in fact invalidates NS. Also concepts of “good” and harmful/bad are subjective value laden ideological terms which can mean different things to different people.
Now NS is about favorable genes being transmitted and becoming common
and unfavorable genes becoming less common
Now unfavorable killer genes ie breast cancer genes can and are transmitted and are common-thus invalidating NS
Young women mums and grandmother are killed by it ie breast cancer genes
It occurs in women of childbearing age and they transmit it to their daughters. Some say a gene that kills after child bearing age does not invalidate NS. The fact is the gene for breast cancer kills Young women mums and grandmother. It is an abuse of language to say such a deleterious gene which kills all ages of women is not bad or unfavorable
Research has shown the breast cancer genes are common and may lead to other cancers – all of which invalidates NS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution
”natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rare” (Ref: Futuyma, Douglas Evolution 2005
Bowler, Peter. Evolution: the hisotry of an idea)
http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2009/03/30/2529713.htm
Researchers find new breast cancer genes
“Associate Professor Jennifer Byrne, at the University of Sydney's Faculty of Medicine, says the two studies suggest there are more of these "weak alleles" that affect breast cancer risk yet to be found.
Byrne, an oncology researcher, says these genes play a tiny role in increasing risk, but may be quite common in the general population.
"Individually they are probably not major factors, but cumulatively they could be helpful in working out who is at greater risk," she says.
"They are all small pieces of the puzzle."
She also suggests they may play an important role in what is termed sporadic breast cancer, which is cancer without an obvious genetic basis.
"These are the genes that might underlie this form of cancer," she says.
Regardless of their role in breast cancer, Byrne says the findings may have side benefits for cancer research in general.
Genes involved in breast cancer predisposition can also play roles in cancers such as ovarian and prostate, she says.
"They [the variants] may predispose to more than breast cancer in the end," she says”
4)
Now some people seem to think that Genetics can account for the generation of new species
lets be logical
there are only two possibilities
1)the generation of new species is random process
or
2) there is some purpose or design programmed into the genes/DNA such that the generation of a new species takes place in a certain manner
when you think about these alternatives
logically then genetics cant account for the generation of new species
1) if the process is random then genetics cannot account for why a species appears for being random there can be no deterministic reason why it happens in a particular why- once the generation process has started genetics can account for how it unfolds-but genetics cannot account for its random starting point chaos theory might but genetics cant
2)if there is some plan programmed into the genes/DNA such that species unfold according to the plan
then
genetics cant account for the generation of new species- it can account for how the process might unfold
but
it cant account why the genes have been progammed that way- the idea of god might but genetics cant
THUS IN SUMMARY
1)the cambrian explosion as darwin saw invalidates his theory
2)NS is invalidated by the fact of speciation as NS only deals with traits already present and cant deal with the generation of new species
genetics might be able to account for the generation of new species [ see above where it is shown genetics cannot account for the generation of new species] but NS cant as the generation of new species it not part of its remit
3) NS deals with the transmission of favorable traits and the eradication of unfavorable traits so the fact that unfavorable traits ie the gene for breast cancer are and can be transmitted and become common invalidates NS out right
4) genetics cannot account for the generation of new species-ie the cambrian explosion and speciation
ISBN 1876347783
Mod edit - formatted the subject as a question
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Oh please. Another person who does not understand evolution, yet considers themselves qualified to reject it.
You cannot honestly, on scientific grounds, fully understand evolution and still not accept it.
Please do some more reading. You will find that your objections to the theory are not at all valid.
Mods - please consider banning this user before this turns into another Asyncritus-fest
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1)the cambrian explosion as darwin saw invalidates his theory
2)NS is invalidated by the fact of speciation as NS only deals with traits already present and cant deal with the generation of new species
genetics might be able to account for the generation of new species [ see below where it is shown genetics cannot account for the generation of new species] but NS cant as the generation of new species it not part of its remit
3) NS deals with the transmission of favorable traits and the eradication of unfavorable traits so the fact that unfavorable traits ie the gene for breast cancer are and can be transmitted and become common invalidates NS out right
4) genetics cannot account for the generation of new species-ie the cambrian explosion
You say 4 reasons but all i can see is 2
Cancer and the generation of new species with the only period of time used as evidence being from the Cambrian explosion.
Im not an expert on any of the subjects but lets give this a go
Cancer:
Obvious answer. We have medicine and medical procedures which can on occasions eradicate cancer,prolonging the life of those afflicted allowing them to reproduce and therefore pass on their genes.
New species explosion during the cambrian period.
The period was 500 millions years ago, i am not really surprised the evidence for Natural selection for this time period is incomplete.
There are also probably 100's, or 1000's of fossils of previously unknown species still to be found.
The fossils and rocks may have eroded away.
What was the earth like just before this period. Was this a period of high geological activity preventing fossils from forming or surviving.
The ancestors of the "NEW SPECIES" may have been made from soft bodies or of a make up that prevented them from forming fossils.
It is also very easy to quote sources of information from the Internet. Makes life very easy i suppose not having to do any work yourself.
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Speciation just isn't a problem and anyone who says it is has clearly mis-understood all of natural selection. So I'm not sure why I'm bothering to post this... however...
On the question of cancer - cancer in evolutionary terms just another genetic disease, there are lots of those... the cancers which are known to be familial (certain breast cancers, for example) are mostly diseases of middle and old age - note that we think of 30 as terribly young to develope cancer but many people died much younger than that from all sorts of other causes, especially women who so often died in childbirth. Any disease that affects an individual whose children are already independent is unlikely to affect their ability to reproduce successfully. (Infact - and I have no reason to think this other than that is seems plausible - if an individual didn't have to support their aged parents and grandparents it just might improve their chances of successfully rearing their children).
Points 1 and 4 are the same, not only does the poster not understand the theory he/she/it claims to disproove, they haven't even read their own post. Muppet.
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Evolution itself has evolved. Darwin merely noticed it first and explained some of its realities. Thousands of scientists have since added to and modified the original concepts. We are still finding new things about how animals and plants evolve. There was a recent discovery that different species can share genetic material by means of a virus vector. This last discovery alone involves hundreds of scientists.
This wiki article describes the process (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_vector)
Viral vectors are a tool commonly used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into cells. This process can be performed inside a living organism (in vivo) or in cell culture (in vitro). Viruses have evolved specialized molecular mechanisms to efficiently transport their genomes inside the cells they infect. Delivery of genes by a virus is termed transduction and the infected cells are described as transduced. Molecular biologists first harnessed this machinery in the 1970s. Paul Berg used a modified SV40 virus containing DNA from the bacteriophage lambda to infect monkey kidney cells maintained in culture.[1]
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Strange for a creationist to go for natural selection specifically as a target, it's so easy to prove it happens...
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Strange for a creationist to go for natural selection specifically as a target, it's so easy to prove it happens...
Exactly; the engineers who study the process can actually use it to produce new species, such as the new soy and corn products. [:)]
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According to:
COLIN LESLIE DEAN
B.SC, B.A, B.LITT (HONS), M.A, B,LITT (HONS), M.A,
M.A (PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDIES), MASTER OF PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDIES, GRAD CERT (LITERARY STUDIES)
(hmm.. no institutions quoted above there...make your own conclusions...)
Not only is Evolution wrong, but so is Mathematics.
This is from Colin...
"Godels incompleteness theorem ends in meaninglessness. A case study in the view that all views end in meaninglessness. As an example of this is Gödel’s incompleteness theorem. Gödel is a complete failure as he ends in utter meaninglessness. Godels theorems are invalid for 6 reasons: he uses the axiom of reducibility- which is invalid, he uses the axiom of choice, he constructs impredicative statements - which are invalid ,he miss uses the theory of types, he cannot tell us what makes a mathematical statement true, he falls into 3 paradoxes (Read criticism section first starting at page 43-52 part 2, then back to 37 part 1)"
Mathematics is wrong when Colin says there are 5 reasons why evolution is wrong and quotes 4. Or is that arithmetic is wrong?
This fellow is hilarious..check him out just for fun in your search engine. Sadly, truth is that obviously some of his flock take him seriously.
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The Cambrian explosion event leads to what?
"and the diversity of life began to resemble today’s"
That's a good sounding sentence which could easily be misunderstood by a reader. I assume that the writer is referring to phylums. The uninformed might think that land animals existed, or birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, mammals, trees, or grass existed.
"The long-running puzzlement about the appearance of the Cambrian fauna, seemingly abruptly and from nowhere"
Here we have the sneaky word seemingly in there. The 'explosion' is probably not the quick event that the word suggests. The 70 to 80 million years is more time than the Cenozoic age we live in. Evidence today suggests that some animals existed before the Cambrian.
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The beginning of the Cambrian began about 550 to 600 million years ago. The earliest known live is about 4.3 BILLION years old. Up until the Cambrian, life had evolved from very simple blue-green algae to testate amoeba & sponges. That is almost as great an advance as sponges to man. The slow advance just picked up speed, it didn't suddenly happened.
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Creationist often misconstrue the evidence, the data out there. I recall reading a few years ago about the discovery of sponge fossils in a phosphate deposit in China. The author suggested that the site had been overlooked because of an assumption that fossils would not be found there.
This pushed back the first known appearance of sponges. So the 'explosion' time period has been widened.
It should be noted that the Cambrian 'explosion' is often mentioned by Creationists. What about when life moved onto land? That 'explosion' of life forms is not touched on by Creationists.
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I found this on a site
Wiki has changed its definition of natural selection after colin leslie dean had shown that natural selection was invalidated by the transmission of harmful genes which become common
http://www.thenakedscientists.com/forum/index.php?topic=22412.0
Wiki removed half of their defintion -the part that was invalidated by colin leslie deans arguments
So it looks like wiki changes scientific definitions for ideological reasons-not very good for a net online encyclopedia that is used by students
here is the scientific definition in a book )2005) lucky wiki cant change books
natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rare
and that defintion is taken from
Ref: Futuyma, Douglas Evolution 2005
Wiki has changed its definition of natural selection after colin leslie dean had shown that natural selection was invalidated by the transmission of harmful genes which become common
here is there entry for yesterday [16/4/09 ie definition of natural selection
go to the history to see
“Natural selection is the process by which favorable heritable traits become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable heritable traits become less common,”
here is their defintion today [17/04/09]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection
Natural selection is the process where heritable traits that make it more likely for an organism to survive long enough to reproduce become more common over successive generations of a population. It is a key mechanism of evolution.
here is their defiition under Evolution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution
he first is natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rare
and that defintion is taken from
Ref: Futuyma, Douglas Evolution 2005
Bowler, Peter. Evolution: the hisotry of an idea
you can see the changes being made by looking at the history
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?tit ... on=history
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I've merged these threads as it's exactly the same (flawed) argument.
Sim - I'm sorry, but you're wrong. Natural selection has not been proven wrong. Colin Leslie Dean is also wrong. You seem to have attached to him as a source, but I might recommend reading around the subject a bit more.
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Wikis are free-for-alls and should be taken with a grain of salt. They are not peer reviewed, but open to the commentary of all just as forums are. It's a good lesson for students to learn - look at your source!
I would be rather suspicious to label something helpful or harmful. That's a rather black and white categorization that isn't the way the world works. It's a scheme created by people that want to propose a point without evidence.
A so-called 'harmful trait' might be passed on for a number of reasons:
1. It 'lurks' by being recessive or whatever and is expressed infrequently
2. It has advantages during the reproductive time of an organism
3. An organism can reproduce despite the harmful trait
These thoughts come to my mind without looking things up.
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Sickle-cell anaemia being a very good example of something that is harmful/helpful depending on context.
To be honest, I suspect Sim is just one of those people who posts the same nonsense on lots of fora, then doesn't get involved in the discussion, so much of this will be wasted
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read this
http://www.genesispark.com/genpark/explo/explo.htm
Some modern Darwinists have suggested that the absence of primitive lifeforms below the Cambrian is not a problem for evolution. However, this difficulty was fully appreciated by Darwin and it has only become more acute since his days.
While many of scientists have commented about the "missing links" in the fossil record, H.S. Ladd of UCLA observes, "Most paleontologists today give little thought to fossiliferous rocks older than the Cambrian, thus ignoring the most important missing link of all. Indeed the missing Pre-Cambrian record cannot properly be described as a link for it is in reality, about nine-tenths of the chain of life: the first nine-tenths." (Geological Society of America Memoir, vol. II, 1967, p.7.)
you say
Sickle-cell anaemia being a very good example of something that is harmful/helpful depending on context.
if harmful genes are transmitted and are common this invalidates NS no matter if they are transmitted in conjunction with good genes- as this invalidates the formulation of NS which say harmfull genes should be come rare less common
”natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rare”(Ref: Futuyma, Douglas Evolution 2005”
read this
http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2009/03/30/2529713.htm
Researchers find new breast cancer genes
“Associate Professor Jennifer Byrne, at the University of Sydney's Faculty of Medicine, says the two studies suggest there are more of these "weak alleles" that affect breast cancer risk yet to be found.
Byrne, an oncology researcher, says these genes play a tiny role in increasing risk, but may be quite common in the general population.
"Individually they are probably not major factors, but cumulatively they could be helpful in working out who is at greater risk," she says.
"They are all small pieces of the puzzle."
She also suggests they may play an important role in what is termed sporadic breast cancer, which is cancer without an obvious genetic basis.
"These are the genes that might underlie this form of cancer," she says.
Regardless of their role in breast cancer, Byrne says the findings may have side benefits for cancer research in general.
Genes involved in breast cancer predisposition can also play roles in cancers such as ovarian and prostate, she says.
"They [the variants] may predispose to more than breast cancer in the end," she says”
http://www.genesispark.com/genpark/explo/explo.htm
The problem has become more acute as recent studies in developmental biology make clear that mutations expressed early in development typically have severely deleterious effects, including mutations in crucially important "master regulator" or hox genes. The problem has led to what geneticist John F. MacDonald has called "a great Darwinian paradox." He notes that genes that vary within a populations affect only minor aspects of form and function, while genes that govern major changes - the very stuff of macroevolution - apparently do not vary, or vary only to the detriment of the organism. (McDonald, "The Molecular Basis of Adaption: A Critical Review of Relevant Ideas and Observations," Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic, 1983 14:93)
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If you believe this "if harmful genes are transmitted and are common this invalidates NS no matter if they are transmitted in conjunction with good genes- as this invalidates the formulation of NS which say harmfull genes should be come rare less common"
then you don't understand natural selection. This may explain why you think it has been disproved, even though it hasn't.
The question that those who don't believe in NS have to answer is "What stops it?". Does the sky-fairy go round every night and undo the fact that some animals bore more young that day because they were just lucky enough to be better fitted to their circumstances?
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you say
Sickle-cell anaemia being a very good example of something that is harmful/helpful depending on context.
if harmful genes are transmitted and are common this invalidates NS no matter if they are transmitted in conjunction with good genes- as this invalidates the formulation of NS which say harmfull genes should be come rare less common
”natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rare”(Ref: Futuyma, Douglas Evolution 2005”
I'm afraid you haven't understood this at all. The point is that natural selection selects for genes that are advantageous in a certain environment. Sickle cell anaemia offers some protection against malaria, and so is advantageous in malarial regions. It's deleterious outside of malarial regions, and so is selected against. Don't believe me? Research the distribution of sickle cell anaemia and of malaria.
However, if medical care is sufficient to reach breeding age without sickle cell anaemia causing fatal consequences, as it often is in the west at least, it will not be selected against.
It doesn't matter how many times you quote a definition of natural selection to us, you clearly do not understand what it entails, and so are in no position to speak against it.
Genetics is more complex than good genes/bad genes.
I assume you're happy that artificial selection occurs? You should be, seeing as there's a vast amount of evidence in its favour in almost everything you eat. We have chosen which plants/animals to breed to get characteristics that we favour.
As has already been explained to you, if bad genes do not stop you from breeding, and medicine can help negate the effects of bad genes, then they will not be selected against. You quote an example of a gene which can increase breast cancer risk - if breast cancer doesn't appear until after breeding age, then this gene is irrelevant to natural selection, and your argument is irrelevant also.
It may also occur to you that humans are remarkably good at side-stepping the results of natural selection. Helping to bring up another's child, medicine and social care all negate selection to an extent. Try to find examples of natural selection not working in entirely wild populations.
Sim, thanks for getting involved in the discussion - I did think you were a 'hit and run' poster spouting nonsense you hadn't really understood. But please learn a bit about the subject from non-biased sources. Genesispark is a good example of a terribly biased source.
Out of interest, what do you propose is the alternative?
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I find the argument put forward by sim to be an excellent example of why NS is valid and ID is invalid. The fact that bad genes are not weeded out demonstrates that no designer is overseeing this operation.
Your posting sim also points out that a fish did not give birth to a frog. You posted that sudden, major mutations are detrimental to the organism. I'm certain all evolutionists agree with that. Evolution affects species, not individuals.
Your posting has the right start, but somewhere along the way the conclusions you draw are a bit off. I am sure people around here like BenV and Bored Chemist can help you figure out where your deductions may have broken down.
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read this
http://www.genesispark.com/genpark/explo/explo.htm
For example the Cambrian strata of rocks, vintage about 600 million years, are the oldest ones in which we find most of the major invertebrate groups. And we find many of them already in an advanced state of evolution, the very first time they appear. It is as though they were just planted there, without any evolutionary history[/quote]
The introduction of a variety of organisms in the early Cambrian, including such complex forms of the arthropods as the trilobites, is surprising.... The introduction of abundant organisms in the record would not be so surprising if they were simple. Why should such complex organic forms be in rocks about six hundred million years old and be absent or unrecognized in the records of the preceding two billion years? ...If there has been evolution of life, the absence of the requisite fossils in the rocks older than the Cambrian is puzzling." (Kay, Marshall, and Edwin H. Colbert, Stratigraphy and Life History, 1965, 736 pp.102-103, as cited in Morris, 1974)
some genetic disorders
http://www.noah-health.org/en/genetic/
Specific Conditions
* Achromatopsia
* Adrenal Hypoplasia Congenita
* Adrenoleukodystrophy
* Aicardi Syndrome
* Alagille Syndrome
* Albinism/Hypopigmentation
* Alexander Disease
* Alpers' Disease
* Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
* Alzheimer's Disease
* Amblyopia
* Angelman Syndrome
* Anencephaly
* Aniridia
* Anophthalmia
* Ataxia Telangiectasia
* Autism
* Bardet-Biedl Syndrome
* Barth Syndrome
* Batten Disease
* Best's Disease
* Bipolar Disorder
* Bloom Syndrome
* Branchio-Oto-Renal (BOR) Syndrome
* Canavan Syndrome
* Cancer Genetics
* Carnitine Deficiencies
* Carnitine Acylcarnitine Translocase Deficiency
* Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase Deficiency
* Cerebral Palsy
* Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
* Cleft Lip/Cleft Palate
* Coffin Lowry Syndrome
* Coloboma
* Color Blindness
* Congenital Heart Defects
* Congenital Hip Dysplasia (Dislocation)
* Connective Tissue Disorders
* Cooley's Anemia
* Corneal Dystrophy
* Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
* Cystic Fibrosis
* Cystinosis
* Developmental Disabilities
* Diabetes
* Down Syndrome
* Duane Syndrome
* Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
* Epidermolysis Bullosa
* Familial Dysautonomia
* Familial Mediterranean Fever
* Fanconi Anemia
* Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
* Fragile X Syndrome
* G6PD (Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase) Deficiency Anemia
* Galactosemia
* Gaucher Disease
* Gilbert's Syndrome
* Glaucoma
* Hemochromatosis
* Hemoglobin C Disease
* Hemophilia/Bleeding Disorders
* Hirschsprung's Disease
* Homocystinuria
* Huntington's Disease
* Hurler Syndrome
* Juvenile Retinoschisis (X Linked)
* Klinefelter Syndrome
* Krabbe Disease
* Leber Congenital Amaurosis
* Leukodystrophies
* Lipid Storage Diseases
* Long Q-T Syndrome
* Macular Degeneration
* Marfan Syndrome
* Marshall Syndrome
* McCune-Albright Syndrome
* Menkes Disease
* Metabolic Disorders
* Microphthalmus
* Mitochondrial Disease
* Mucolipidoses
* Mucopolysaccharide Disorders
* Muscular Dystrophy
* Neonatal Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease
* Neural Tube Defects
* Neurofibromatosis
* Niemann-Pick Disease
* Noonan Syndrome
* Optic Atrophy
* Osteogenesis Imperfecta
* Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
* Phenylketonuria (PKU)
* Polycystic Kidney Disease
* Prader-Willi Syndrome
* Progeria
* Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
* Ptosis
* Rentinitis Pigmentosa
* Scheie Syndrome
* Schizophrenia
* Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
* Sickle Cell Anemia
* Skeletal Dysplasias
* Smith-Magenis Syndrome
* Spherocytosis
* Spina Bifida
* Spinocerebellar Ataxia
* Stargardt Disease (Macular Degeneration)
* Stickler Syndrome
* Tay-Sachs Disease
* Thalassemia
* Treacher Collins Syndrome
* Tuberous Sclerosis
* Turner's Syndrome
* Urea Cycle Disorder
* Usher's Syndrome
* Velocardiofacial Syndrome
* von Hippel-Lindau Disease
* Werner Syndrome
* Williams Syndrome
* Xeroderma Pigmentosum
* XXX Syndrome
* XYY Syndrome
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Or you could read some real science instead of telling us to read your rubbish. You might actually LEARN something, *GASP*.
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”natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rare” (Ref: Futuyma, Douglas Evolution 2005
this prove NS wrong as genetic disorders are common when NS says they should be rare or less common
http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-738782_ITM
Publication: Genomics & Genetics Weekly
Publication Date: 25-MAY-01
2001 MAY 25 - (NewsRx Network) -- New research indicates that a vast majority of children admitted to hospitals have a genetically determined underlying disorder.
The study, led by a pediatrician and medical geneticist at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, found such disorders accounting for more than two-thirds of all children admitted to a large full-service pediatric hospital over a one-year period.
Moreover, regardless of reason for admission, children whose underlying disorder had a strong genetic basis tended to be hospitalized longer, with charges for their care accounting for 80% of total costs.
The new findings and their potential implications were presented April 30 to the 2001 Pediatric Academic Societies and American Academy of Pediatrics joint...
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Sim, do you read any of these posts? You've once again provided a definition of natural selection, and demonstrated a complete lack of understanding as to what it really is.
Once more - humans bypass a great deal of natural selection (medicine, social care etc), so any examples you find in humans are irrelevant.
Have you researched any examples that run contrary to natural selection in the wild? Do you have any comment on artificial selection?
What do you propose is the alternative?
Really, just stating your incorrect point over and over again is not the way to get involved in a discussion of a scientific topic.
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”natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rare” (Ref: Futuyma, Douglas Evolution 2005
there are many genetic diseases which are common some occur in about one in every 200 births-which according to NS should be rare
http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/270/Genetic-Disorders.html
There are more than 6,000 known single-gene disorders, which occur in about one in every 200 births. Examples are cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anemia, Huntington's disease, and hereditary hemochromatosiss
Some of the most common chronic diseases are multifactorial in origin. Examples include heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, diabetes, and cancer.
The science of genomics relies on knowledge of and access to the entire genome and applies to common conditions, such as breast and colorectal cancer, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. It also has a role in infectious diseases once believed to be entirely environmentally caused such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, which is the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome [AIDS]) infection and tuberculosis. Like most diseases, these frequently occurring disorders are due to the interactions of multiple genes and environmental factors.
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Sim - read what other people say. Human examples are irrelevant because of modern day medicine. You clearly didn't read the earlier comments about sickle cell anaemia, otherwise you would have not included it as an example.
So, once again...
Have you researched any examples that run contrary to natural selection in the wild?
Do you have any comment on artificial selection?
What do you propose is the alternative?
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It really is very simple in the light of the evidence the position of the evolutionists/darwinists is untenable - not colin leslie dean dean is not a creationist
NS is s very simple formulation
”natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rare” (Ref: Futuyma, Douglas Evolution 2005
the cambrian explosion shows NS is wrong
. No real progress has been made by evolutionists since Darwin’s day and "The Cambrian evolutionary explosion is still shrouded in mystery." (Eldredge, N., The Monkey Business, 1982, p. 46.)
For example the Cambrian strata of rocks, vintage about 600 million years, are the oldest ones in which we find most of the major invertebrate groups. And we find many of them already in an advanced state of evolution, the very first time they appear. It is as though they were just planted there, without any evolutionary history
and
the the fact that harmful genes are transmitted and are common or not rare shows NS is wrong
There are more than 6,000 known single-gene disorders, which occur in about one in every 200 births. Examples are cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anemia, Huntington's disease, and hereditary hemochromatosis
ew research indicates that a vast majority of children admitted to hospitals have a genetically determined underlying disorder.
The study, led by a pediatrician and medical geneticist at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, found such disorders accounting for more than two-thirds of all children admitted to a large full-service pediatric hospital over a one-year period.
i think the case is closed
the evidence is out there and copious to show NS is wrong as colin leslie dean has shown
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It seems that sim is too busy posting nonsense to read the responses.
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It seems that sim is too busy posting nonsense to read the responses.
So he is.
Sim, repeating yourself doesn't make you right. Quoting him doesn't make this Dean person right either.
the cambrian explosion shows NS is wrong
The Cambrian explosion is not relevant to your line of argument against natural selection. Are you picking creationist arguments at random and posting them here?
the fact that harmful genes are transmitted and are common or not rare shows NS is wrong
Please read some of the above posts - this is a silly comment to keep trotting out, especially after it has been explained to you so many times why it is that you are wrong.
People are banned from the forum for this kind of trolling, so I will offer you a chance to defend yourself.
Would you do me the honour of addressing my questions?
Here they are for you again:
Have you researched any examples that run contrary to natural selection in the wild?
Do you have any comment on artificial selection?
What do you propose is the alternative?
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The fossil record had caused Darwin more grief than joy. Nothing distressed him more than the Cambrian explosion, the coincident appearance of almost all complex organic designs
And we find many of them already in an advanced state of evolution, the very first time they appear. It is as though they were just planted there, without any evolutionary history
“The Cambrian explosion has generated extensive scientific debate. The seemingly rapid appearance of fossils in the “Primordial Strata” was noted as early as the mid 19th century,[6] and Charles Darwin saw it as one of the main objections that could be made against his theory of evolution by natural selection.[7]”
NOTE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_explosion
“Charles Darwin considered this sudden appearance of many animal groups with few or no antecedents to be the greatest single objection to his theory of evolution:”
thus we have at the cambrian period are rapid speciation-
now
go read dean
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But dean is wrong about this, so why would I wish to read it? i could read all sorts of more useful stuff instead.
You're just repeating your nonsense again.
Final warning Sim - answer the questions or be banned for trolling.
Edit - actually, I'll ty to make this easier for you. To be entirely honest, I don't think you understand the arguments you are putting forwards.
Have you confused Natural Selection with Evolution? Natural selection is one of the many processes that are pat of evolution, and one that no rational person could argue with, as we know for a fact that it happens. It seems to me that you would like to believe that evolution is an incorrect theory, but don't understand it well enough to even follow your own arguments.
I'll go through the arguments with you...
1)the cambrian explosion as darwin saw invalidates his theory
There's a couple of things to address here. Firstly, Darwin wouldn't have published if he thought the cambrian explosion to actually invalidate his theory. Secondly, we've had 150 years of evolutionary science since Darwin, so Darwin's concerns are not the present scientific reality. Thirdly, the cambrian explosion doesn't invalidate natural selection - in fact, if there was a signiture on each and every cambrian fossil saying "from god, with love" it still wouldn't have any impact on natural selection - even if all species on earth were created several million years ago, the process of natural selection can be seen to occur.
2)NS is invalidated by the fact of speciation as NS only deals with traits already present and cant deal with the generation of new species
So you're saying that speciation is outside the remit of natural selection. This in itself makes points 1, 2 and 4 completely irrelevant to any discussion of natural selection - you;ve argued against yourself there. But regardless, natural selection can result in speciation, given enough time and selective pressure. If nothing else, The fact that all species on Earth are genetically linked shows this for us.
genetics might be able to account for the generation of new species [ see below where it is shown genetics cannot account for the generation of new species] but NS cant as the generation of new species it not part of its remit
I don't think you, or whoever wrote this first, has the first clue what 'genetics' means. I'm not entirely sure you understand speciation either. You may be interested to hear that speciation is practically irrelevant from an evolution perspective. It's merely a consequence of evolutionary processes.
3) NS deals with the transmission of favorable traits and the eradication of unfavorable traits so the fact that unfavorable traits ie the gene for breast cancer are and can be transmitted and become common invalidates NS out right
Ah, the only comment in this list that could even be faintly considered as an argument against natural selection! Sadly, it's wrong, as if the unfavourable traits do not stop an animal from breeding, natural selection cannot act against them. Again, due to the fact that we have medicine and social care, natural selection in humans is reduced. If breast cancer genes do not stop you from having children, why would natural selection select against them? Do you know what natural selection actually is?
4) genetics cannot account for the generation of new species-ie the cambrian explosion
A sublimely idiodic statement, and not even faintly related to natural selection. I don't think you really understand this particular point, otherwise you wouldn't have posted it.
So, to conclude, what you have presented is 3 irrelevant and poor arguments against evolution, and a misconception about natural selection.
Now, lets try to get your brain working with some simple questions:
Have you researched any examples that run contrary to natural selection in the wild (don't even think about human examples, they're totally irrelevant)?
Do you have any comment on artificial selection? After all, it's the same process as natural selection, just with human- rather than environmental- or competition-derived pressures.
What do you propose is the alternative?
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you say
Would you do me the honour of addressing my questions?
Here they are for you again:
Have you researched any examples that run contrary to natural selection in the wild?
Do you have any comment on artificial selection?
What do you propose is the alternative?
1)Have you researched any examples that run contrary to natural selection in the wild?
i dont have to in the humans NS is invalidated by the presence of harmful gene that are common
if you say that is because humans are not in the wild
then you prove that NS is not operating with humans
2)Do you have any comment on artificial selection?
no comment
3)What do you propose is the alternative
i dont
further
But regardless, natural selection can result in speciation, given enough time and selective pressure. If nothing else
NS cannot result in speciation as NS is only about the transmission of already acquired triats
and thus speciation invalidate NS
Now NS is invalidated by the fact of speciation as NS only deals with triats already present and cant deal with the generation of new species
genetics might be able to account for the generation of new species [ see below where it is shown genetics cannot account for the generation of new species] but NS cant as the generation of new species it not part of its remit as it only deals with traits already present . A new species has completely new traits which were not in an antecedent so the antecedent species could not have passed them on
NS is all about the transmission of already acquired traits
if evolution can take place by speciation i.e. a new species has new traits that are not present in the antecedent species thus NS is invalid as it cannot account for speciation
Thirdly, the cambrian explosion doesn't invalidate natural selection
http://www.peripatus.gen.nz/Paleontology/CamExp.html
Charles Darwin (1859, p. 308) recognised that the sudden appearance of a diverse and highly derived fossil fauna in the Cambrian posed a problem for his theory of natural selection, "and may be truly urged as a valid argument against the views here entertained."
also
it invalidates NS because it was a period of speciation -read the above
even if all species on earth were created several million years ago, the process of natural selection can be seen to occur.
the process of NS can be seen to occur once the new species are present -but it cant account for the speciation it self- read above
You may be interested to hear that speciation is practically irrelevant from an evolution perspective. It's merely a consequence of evolutionary processes.
the evolutionary process is NS darwin saw the cambian explosion as invalidating this process
Speciation is not part of or can be accounted for by NS read above
Do you know what natural selection actually is?
natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rare” (Ref: Futuyma, Douglas Evolution 2005
[/b]
the presence of common harmuful genes means NS is wrong
Have you confused Natural Selection with Evolution?
darwin say the cambrian explosion invalidating his theory of evolution via NS
“The Cambrian explosion has generated extensive scientific debate. The seemingly rapid appearance of fossils in the “Primordial Strata” was noted as early as the mid 19th century,[6] and Charles Darwin saw it as one of the main objections that could be made against his theory of evolution by natural selection.[7]”
you have not understood dean
dean is is saying darwin saw the cambrian explosion as proving his theory of evolution via NS wrong
dean is saying the rapid explosion of new species from no where is an act of speciation-which from the above shows NS to be wrong dean
if you have an abrupt explosion of species out of now where [that is speciation] ,that invalidates NS
-the geological evidence cannot be found to support NS so empirically it is not suppported -thus invalidated -up to the present time
so we have two invalidations due to the cambrian explosion
the one darwin saw
and the one dean points out due to the speciation of the period
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so we have two invalidations due to the cambrian explosion
the one darwin saw
and the one dean points out due to the speciation of the period
The Cambrian explosion does not invalidate anything. New species evolve out of old species because the individuals of the new species find a niche in the environment that they can exploit and so flourish. Many times in the past, the environment changed so that the new species could survive while the old species died out because it could not cope. Sometimes the old species and the new species survived together.
There have been times that challenged the livelihood of individuals. Some individuals found themselves more adept at survival than others. Those who were more adapt flourished. Those who were less adapt found their numbers diminished. This happened over and over in the past. It is happening again and again right now.
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New species evolve out of old species
the new specis has genes the old one dose not so the old one cannot have passed them on to the new one -speciation invalidates NS
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Have you ever heard of genetic mutation and recombination? That's where new genes come from.
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That's where new genes come from.
you cannt get around the fact that the new specis has genes the old one dose not so the old one cannot have passed them on to the new one -speciation invalidates NS
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Are you really that thick?
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Are you really that thick?
you cannt get around the fact that the new specis has genes the old one dose not- that is what makes it a new species- so the old one cannot have passed them on to the new one -speciation invalidates NS- if the old one passed on the genes we would not have a new species but only an adapting old species
also
when you think about these alternatives
logically then genetics cant account for the generation of new species
1) if the process is random then genetics cannot account for why a species appears for being random there can be no deterministic reason why it happens in a particular why- once the generation process has started genetics can account for how it unfolds-but genetics cannot account for its random starting point chaos theory might but genetics cant
2)if there is some plan programmed into the genes/DNA such that species unfold according to the plan
then
genetics cant account for the generation of new species- it can account for how the process might unfold
but
it cant account why the genes have been progammed that way- the idea of god might but genetics cant
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Have you ever heard of genetic mutation and recombination?
Your posts serve to do nothing but demonstrate your willful, idiotic ignorance.
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Have you ever heard of genetic mutation and recombination?
please tell us where the new genes come from that form a new species- genes that have never been before where do they come from
i am not asking for the preocess of
genetic mutation and recombination?
i want you to tell us where the genes come from that form a new species with genes never before there
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If you would just google the two words you would find out.
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If you would just google the two words you would find out.
i asked you
please tell us where the new genes come from that form a new species- genes that have never been before where do they come from
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You obviously don't listen when real information is given, so why should I?
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Reply with quote
If you would just google the two words you would find out
i am asking you
you are making the claim
so tell us
please tell us where the new genes come from that form a new species- genes that have never been before where do they come from
not how mutant genes or recombinations works
but
where the new genes come from that form a new species- genes that have never been before where do they come from
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You will understand where new variation (genes and gene combinations) come from when you understand mutation and recombination. Go forth and read. Wikipedia is a good place to start. While you're there, you should learn more about evolution and natural and artificial selection.
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Sim - read what other people say. Human examples are irrelevant because of modern day medicine.
Actually quite the reverse. Natural selection favours phenotypes that are fittest for a particular environment. All that medicine has done is to change the character of the environment. Consequently, despite poor eyesight that could have led to my early death, spectacles enabled me to reach breeding age and pass my 'bad eyesight genes' on to my children. My eyesight has little or no relevance in the environment in which I find/found myself.
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Read
http://conservativecolloquium.wordpress.com/2008/01/22/the-philosophical-and-theoretical-flaws-of-darwinian-evolution/
British geneticist C. H. Waddington also recognized natural selection to be a tautology. Consider another example: “vertebrates evolved from invertebrates.” But invertebrate by definition means “not a vertebrate.” Evolve means to change, and a changed thing is not what it once was, by definition. Thus the example can be reduced to absurd and useless repetition: something evolved from what it was not. The end result of the phrase is merely an assumption, not a demonstration. Evolution in this way assumes itself, cloaked in logical fallacy
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Sim, I wish you would make it clear what you are arguing against.
First you claim that Natural Selection is false. We point out that you are wrong, and explain why.
Now, you say that speciation somehow proves that natural selection is false, we point out why you are wrong again.
You admit in a post above that natural selection does occur, though with the caveat that it's within species -this shows that not only were your original arguments a load of idiotic nonsense, but also that you do not understand what you are talking about. If adaptation can occur within a species, then if you spit a species into two different environments, there is no reason they couldn't 'adapt' so far apart that they become different species.
None of your arguments stand up, you're clearly not willing to read other people's posts and actually understand the topic. You seem to content to remain in ignorance.
For this, I consider you a troll.
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Read
http://conservativecolloquium.wordpress.com/2008/01/22/the-philosophical-and-theoretical-flaws-of-darwinian-evolution/
British geneticist C. H. Waddington also recognized natural selection to be a tautology. Consider another example: “vertebrates evolved from invertebrates.” But invertebrate by definition means “not a vertebrate.” Evolve means to change, and a changed thing is not what it once was, by definition. Thus the example can be reduced to absurd and useless repetition: something evolved from what it was not. The end result of the phrase is merely an assumption, not a demonstration. Evolution in this way assumes itself, cloaked in logical fallacy
You posted this piece of elloquant nonsense while I was typing, so I didn't spot it. Read it back to yourself and really think about what it says.
I'll give you a clue to help you out. Evolution and natural selection do not care about the labels that we put on things.
Something evolved from what it was not
Of course it did, you idiot, if it hadn't changed from what it was we could see no evolutionary change. All things evolve from what they're not.
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Actually, I give up. Sim's wilfull ignorance, wanton stupidity and trolling has irritated me, almost certainly his intention in the first place. He has been banned for trolling.
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It's so sad that there are people like sim who will never know what it's like to understand and appreciate reality, and who encourage others to deprive themselves of the same enlightenment. [:(]
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Learning to learn from evidence is a very risky business. One might be forced to change ones mind about things involving faith. That could be uncomfortable for some people.
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It's interesting how someone like sim decides to be a totalitarian figure instead of a part of the group. He certainly misses out on the benefits of this group which is to learn something new.