1

New Theories / Re: Are we living in an Episodic Cyclic Cosmology?

« on: 23/03/2021 16:39:09 »

I have just done a bit of editing on the main document and also got the image of the two sets of dimensions for a stable two part universe.  That is one with an expanding universe like ours and a Kerr black hole collapsing universe inside the moment I call "Now!" in its time dimension containing the opposite sort of matter in our case what we call antimatter. 

It is important to note that the positions of what we call matter and antimatter could be reversed and that stellar mass black holes are creating antimatter dominated universes in different space dimensions cut of from us by the event horizon.

2

New Theories / Re: Are we living in an Episodic Cyclic Cosmology?

« on: 22/03/2021 23:51:45 »

Puppy power.   Conventional weak interaction radioactive decay processes are not relevant to this discussion only particle pair production processes. 

The conditions for stellar mass black hole formation are beyond that of a conventional atomic nucleus  They are best described as a Quark, Gluon, Lepton plasma.  However the thermal energy of the particles is still relatively low and too low for electron pair production.

There is a class of supernovae with stars of above 100 solar masses where pair production happens in the stellar core causing a thermal collapse before the gravitational collapse of the potential neutron star due to it exceeding the mass/temperature limit. 

These stars eventually completely disrupt themselves entirely as "pair production supernovae" you can check this on Wikipedia and quite a lot of recent astronomy papers.

Pair production happens when the thermal electron energies in the mix exceed twice their rest mass  or something over 1MeV

The LHC energy levels are clearly vastly higher than this showing that we understand physics at much higher energy levels than this.

3

New Theories / Re: Are we living in an Episodic Cyclic Cosmology?

« on: 22/03/2021 23:29:12 »

I agree Kryptid but that is not relevant.  We are not saying anything about what is outside of the black hole  only what is happening to the stuff that fell into it at the moment the event horizon is formed if the universe was formed from matter it will be mostly matter if it was antimatter antimatter.

4

New Theories / Re: Are we living in an Episodic Cyclic Cosmology?

« on: 21/03/2021 23:39:56 »

I am afraid that you are thinking wrongly Kryptid you are starting your big bang from the singularity that has been generated theoretically to explain the symmetry breaking from scratch and there is absolutely no proof or possibility of a proper experimental proof of this. There is also no reason to believe that there is a process to drive this expansion than an unlikely event it the quantum mechanical vacuum.

I am starting my argument from the collapse of a stellar mass black hole in a universe similar to ours but made of antimatter inside its event horizon.   It is easy to prove that this collapse initially under a simple inverse square law and heading towards the plank dimensions will release far more energy than the total mass energy of our universe and there is absolutely no reason to believe that the laws of physics would change on crossing the event horizon in fact as I state above the LHC claims to have tested physics down to less than nanoseconds after the big bang. 

This will be seeded by antiparticles similar to ours and will generate particle pairs in this collapse process. this clearly provides a process with sufficient energy to create a big bang

I should add at this point the antiparticles are travelling in what they "think" as the "normal" direction of time and it is the generated particles in the pairs that are travelling backwards in time. 

Note the fact that as you cross an event horizon space becomes "time like" and time becomes "space like" (read Roger Penrose "the road to reality" to confirm this) all I am suggesting is that space and time interchange and the expansion of the particle rather than antiparticle based new big bang results in a reversal in the direction of time with the collapse continuing to produce all tyhe antimatter hidden it a kerr singularity hidden in the moment "Now!" this energy of course is seen in the form of the uncertainty principle and provides a complete and logical explanation of quantum mechanics entanglement.

The only departure from our current physical and mathematical thinking is that this universe does not have the CPT symmetry violation needed to explain why our universe consists of matter and this is just the application of Occams razor.  Why break a symmetry when you don't have to.

5

New Theories / Are we living in an Episodic Cyclic Cosmology?

« on: 21/03/2021 15:33:51 »

Are we in a Recycled Universe?
 
A new approach to solving "the antimatter problem" in our big bang cosmology opens the gate to the possibility of an Episodic Cyclic Cosmology
 
 
Introducing Antimatter
Let us first look at antimatter.  Every matter particle has its antimatter partner some neutral particles like photons can be their own antimatter partners .  When an antimatter particle meets and interacts with its matter particle the only thing that comes out if the interaction is pure energy in the form of a pair of photons, that is, no massive particles all the mass has been concerted back to energy. 
 
The most familiar particle is the electron. This is a light negatively charged particle.   Its antimatter partner is the positron a positively charged particle with exactly the same mass,  it also has exactly the opposite spin and one more important feature.  The electron is travelling normally through time, depending on its velocity, but the positron is moving backwards through time.  This is the result of strict   Charge Parity Time (CPT)  symmetry. This is the most fundamental and as yet unbroken symmetry in the universe.
 
The reverse process is also possible.  When a high energy particle interacts violently with another particle new massive particles can be created.  This happens in the earth's atmosphere when high energy cosmic rays produce intense showers of electrons and positrons. it is also the process used to investigate particles using high energy physics experiments like the Large Hadron Collider and its precursor,  the Large Electron Positron Collider which produced intense showers of particles and their antiparticles of all types by simply colliding an electron and a positron head on at an extremely high energy.    The important factor is that every particle is always created together with its antiparticle.
 
The Serious Antimatter problem in Cosmology
 
The antimatter problem in our current well accepted "big bang" cosmology is the fact that when energy is converted into matter by particle interactions at high energy, the matter is always created in matter-antimatter particle pairs, that is there are always equal quantities of matter and antimatter created during the initial stages of particle creation from the pure energy of the initial state. 
 
This is usually "explained away" by saying there must be some sort of broken symmetry between matter and antimatter under the initial conditions. However no hint of this  exists at the limit of current high energy physics. It is also true in theoretical physics the currently highly precise equations of quantum electrodynamics, which proved the existence of antimatter in the first place back in 1928, tell us that this broken symmetry does not exist.
 
This symmetry breaking idea is in some way understandable because of the success of Theoretical Physics in explaining the current standard model of particle theory in terms of gauge symmetries and symmetry breaking in the strong and weak interaction fields all the way up to thew most recently discovered Higgs Boson which gives the particles their masses and links togerther the strong and weak interactions with the electromagnetic interaction
 
The Two part universe proposed
 
In 2020 Neil Turock of the Perimeter Institute in Canada a highly respected area of fundamental theoretical Physics studies suggested that the problem could be solved without breaking the CPT symmetry if, when our big bang expansion of a matter universe happened, at the same time it created a collapsing antimatter universe containing this unwanted antimatter to be bound up in a singularity and hidden from us.  That is our expanding universe of matter also contains a collapsing universe of antimatter hidden within itself.  It is again useful to note that the converse with an expanding universe of antimatter and a collapsing universe of matter might also be true.

  here is a youtube video of the presentation note it is more than one hour long.
 
The extension of the concept to form a cyclic cosmology
 
Let us look again at this "two part universe" and consider what happens when matter collapses under its self gravity.
Several important facts are known and accepted.
 

• A great deal of gravitational energy is released.   This is the fundamental process that creates new stars by the gravitational collapse of cold matter. 
• If this collapse goes beyond clearly defined limits an event horizon forms and the collapsing material is for ever cut off from the universe in which the collapse takes place.
• There is no reason to believe that the physical laws change significantly across the event horizon because even in the most violent black hole creation that of the smallest possible black holes by the symmetrical collapse of a star compressing its neutron star core into a black hole the conditions are much milder than those explored by the LHC which is claimed to explore the physics right down to fractions of a nanosecond after the initiation of the big bang.
• The collapse of material towards the theoretical singularity can release an infinite amount of energy. This is essentially accepted and seldom stated during the description of black hole formation and it is generally assumed but not stated that something would prevent this from happening
• Quantum mechanical interactions including those creating and destroying matter are time symmetrical  that is the direction of the arrow of time can be reversed without any change.  On this basis a full reverse of the basic arrow of time causality as an event horizon is crossed is plausible.
• This creates the possibility that the gravitational collapse of material in an antimatter universe could in effect create and drive the expansion of a new matter universe at least as large and complex as ours. 
  

We have therefore created a physical reason for the start of a big bang universe and also the possibility of a cyclic process for the origin and development of universes whereby part of an older universe during its life creates new universes. 
 
I will call this process an Episodic Cyclic Cosmology (ECC) alternatively you could include the concept of the big bang cosmology with in the name by calling it an Episodic Cyclic Big Bang Cosmology  (ECBBC). However I personally prefer the former because of its greater simplicity and also because the concept of an explosion in this model is completely denied because the process may take place very quickly but it is one of cooling by the creation of a vast quantity of new matter together with cooling by the expansion of a new universe and avoids the need for arbitrary cosmic inflation processes.
 
Looking further at the collapse inside the event horizon of a rotating black hole
 
It is known and accepted that inside an event horizon space becomes "time like"  and time becomes multidimensional and "space like"  a good reference for this is the work of Roger Penrose  a good well established reference book is his book "The Road To Reality" tis book also covers several other aspects of this paper.
 
The probability that a collapsing black hole has absolutely no angular momentum is vanishingly small so all black holes are in fact Kerr black holes.  It has been proved that these collapse to form a ring singularity 
 
This is therefore a universe with a single ring dimension of space and three slightly extended dimensions of time during the collapse so it fits the requirement  Max Tegmark's chart for a universe with one dimensions of space and three dimensions of time where space and time have been exchanged.
 
I would now like to quote from a paper published in 1997 by Max Tegmark  He is another well respected and innovative thinker in the field of cosmology. 
“On the dimensionality of space-time”      By Max Tegmark   http://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/dimensions.pdf
 

Stable Spacetime_dimensionality.jpg (90.24 kB . 600x600 - viewed 3884 times)

Abstract. Some superstring theories have more than one effective low-energy limit corresponding to classical spacetimes with different dimensionalities. We argue that all but the (3 + 1)-dimensional one might correspond to ‘dead worlds’, devoid of observers, in which case all such ensemble theories would actually predict that we should find ourselves inhabiting a (3 + 1)-dimensional spacetime. With more or less than one time dimension, the partial differential equations of nature would lack the hyperbolicity property that enables observers to make predictions. In a space with more than three dimensions, there can be no traditional atoms and perhaps no stable structures. A space with less than three dimensions allows no gravitational force and may be too simple and barren to contain observers.
 

Additional notes
The "We are here" box in the space time dimensionality diagram shows our normal three dimensions of space and one of time 
 
The chart also shows a second area for a long lived predictable universe.   One with three dimensions of Time and one of space!  This universe is populated only by what he calls Tachyons. 

Now Tachyons are particles that always travel faster than light or backwards in time.  This could be seen as another way of describing antimatter.  So what we have is an antimatter dominated universe that has a single dimension of space and three complex dimensions of time. 

This is a specification of the later stages of a Kerr black hole containing a single dimensional ring singularity space dimension and three complex time dimensions opened up by the gravitational gradients.  This would be formed form the collapsing inside a black hole in an antimatter dominated large universe,
 
Confirming evidence of this going back nearly one century
 
In 1928  the creation and solution of the Dirac equation of the electron and the start of quantum electrodynamics required the existence of antimatter.  This equation is the most accurately known and accepted in all of physics.  Dirac said that this antimatter universe must be (virtually) fully populated with particles or our matter particles would be continually collapsing into it because of the requirements of Fermi Dirac Statistics.  The existence of antimatter in the form of the positron was proved experimentally around the same time.
 
This is also seen in the mathematics. It has been known for some time that the mathematics of the vast number of possible string theories allows for the concept of tachyons and other so called "ghost" particles that are essentially undetectable and but the possible link with antimatter has not been proposed to my knowledge.  This problem has again been largely swept under the carpet.
 
This gives very clear support going back many years for Neil Turok's proposal for a "balancing" collapsing antimatter universe. hidden in our own universe.
 
Where is this collapsing half universe of antimatter?
 
True Einsteinian relativity only applies to situations of infinite time and space.   Our universe is not infinite in time or space because it started at a particular instant in time (I will call this instant Now!) and our horizons are limited by the velocity of light.  We cannot define a location for the instant Now! because this is the origin of our space but we can know our velocity with respect to the cosmic Microwave Background because of its extreme uniformity of temperature and by virtue of the  the true velocity of all radiating objects in the universe could in theory be measured.
 
It follows that the multidimensional aspects of time are locked in this instant Now!  in the form of its compactified tiny ring singularity.   This instant is totally unobservable because the moment you move away from it, the limited velocity of light hides it from you.  This instant that is held in common by every particle within the universe wherever it is and however it is moving. 
 
In effect it contains as much mass (or mass energy) as our whole universe because every matter particle existing at any instant in the universe has its antimatter counterpart in this instant.  Conversely the few antimatter particles in our universe have matter particles in the instant Now! There is one interesting exception to this.  Most of the neutrinos in our universe are called antineutrinos to balance the weak interaction process so most of the neutrinos in Now! will be neutrinos.
 
Interesting Results in other areas if this concept is valid
 
Our universe has been measured to contain  5% Normal Matter  27%  Dark (gravitational interactions only) matter and 68% Dark energy
 
Firstly it explains most of the dark energy that must be in the universe because the moment Now! contains 50% of total mass and energy of the universe this leaves around 18% dark energy in our part of the universe.
 
The possibility of having all particle properties linked via the moment Now! in a common multidimensional time goes a long way towards providing a simple and understandable explanations of some of the mysteries of entanglement an superposition in quantum particles and may even open new doors into quantum computing approaches.
 
The favoured Symmetries of string theory  called E8xE8 also suffer from undetectable "ghost" particles like the Dirac electron quoted earlier they also require large numbers of dimensions
 
Quantum theory and cyclic processes like waves and orbits are best treated using complex numbers which splits each number into an amplitude and a phase in the repetitive cycle of the orbital or wave the total dimensionality is therefore twice the number of dimensions less on for a uniform real episodic time dimension the three dimensions of space give six complex dimensions and the two free complex dimensions of time in the moment Now! give another four making a total of eleven.  The remaining time dimension is the episodic causal and reversible time dimension that is defined by the common moment Now!
 
This reversal of the effective direction of time as we switch between the matter dominated large universe and the antimatter dominated large universe resolves the thermodynamic and information related problems of cyclic universes.
 
This recycling matter/antimatter alternate universe model offers the possibility of defining what the cosmological constant is and how it develops over time.
 
One important factor must not be forgotten whilst the  black hole implies a collapse to the limit singularity in a finite time.  The Kerr collapse is different. The initial collapse under an inverse square law releases energy at a rate equal to the reciprocal of the radius of the gravitating mass as in the Scwartschild case but as the temperature cools by matter creation and the gradual reduction in particle interactions by the establishment of the ring (or toroidal surface singularity) the dominating dimensionality of the energy release will reduce initially towards a two dimensional gravitational field which releases energy at a logarithmic rate but still tends to infinity in extremis. and finally will reach a limit in the planar approximation of a toroidal surface where the interactions become linear and there is no further release of energy.
 
By way of additional explanation,  the inverse square law of gravity and electrostatic fields is due to them being three dimensional.  This is because the energy spreading ion three dimensions is as the area of the surface of a sphere on its radius.  That is one less than its number of spatial dimensions.  For other cases:-
If we had a true four dimensional space the field would fall off as an inverse cube law
An "infinite" cylindrical field falls of as the inverse first power of the distance
That of an infinite plane is constant.
 
note particle antiparticle production at high energies will cause the mass to increase and the diameter of the singularity to shrink but will not affect the angular momentum limits of the originating event horizon.  This will drive the initial inflationary stage of the new universe.  it seems likely that the final size of the ring will approach the Planck dimensions or may even go smaller than that.  It may also be associated with the definition of the Planck constant itself.

A serious request for Peer Review
I honestly believe that this suggestion could be proved and completely change the direction of a lot of theoretical and practical physics and astronomy and am asknig for someone with a real understanding of the subject to take these fully referenced ideas apart and show me where I am wrong.

There is a great deal more evidence and references to be looked at on my website  https://iankimber.org   Go through to the main workspace via the "Evolutionary Cosmology" button to see work in progress and contact me directly.   

This work represents the first big step in my attempts to prove that like life on earth even our universe has evolved fro simple beginnings in the form of pure energy in the form of what we call the quantum mechanical vacuum trying to find a way to extend itself through time.
 

6

New Theories / Re: Evolutionary cosmology

« on: 13/02/2020 16:29:06 »

This topic comes high on a google search of "evolutionary cosmology"

There are updated pages on

https://www.thenakedscientists.com/forum/index.php?topic=78110.0

and

https://www.thenakedscientists.com/forum/index.php?topic=78272.0

7

New Theories / Re: Is an Evolutionary Cosmology AND a Complete theory of everything Possible?

« on: 25/01/2020 23:54:31 »

There are two other very imoportant additional benefits to the approach to cosmology that I am suggesting

Firstly it explains why our large universe consists largely of matter when most theories of origins suggest that when matter is created it from energy is always in particle pairs with one matter and its corresponding antimatter particle.  The tendency is to suggest that there is a slight imbalance in favour of matter and that most of the matter and antimatter created during the big bang has annihilated releasing energy.  There are hints of a very slight asymmetry between matter and antimatter in Tau particles but this is very small.

The matter in this concept is locked into the compacted dimensions of what was space and is now time.

Secondly the fact that the multidimensional compacted time dimensions are common to all particles at all times allows the wilder concepts of quantum physics to be explained and understood as all the matter particles in our universe have their antimatter partners locked in these compacted time dimensions which are colocated.

8

New Theories / Re: Is an Evolutionary Cosmology AND a Complete theory of everything Possible?

« on: 18/01/2020 23:51:20 »

Puppypower your latest statements are slightly more coherent and on topic but still do not show a proper understanding of what I am trying to get over to the experts in the field.

Let me explain.  My whole professional life has been involved successfully in creating innovation in areas of systems science and technology in advance of the developments of technology at its growing points together with persuading businesses to adapt and develop their products and skills to make use of them as they become available.  As part of this I have had to keep up with scientific advances over a very broad field as well as exercising my personal interest in the fundamental limits of physics and astronomy.  One of the main things is to find "holes" through which totally new industries and products can emerge.

I do not dispute any of the established science and mathematical theories.  These involve a great deal of skills and knowledge and also a lot of painstaking observations.

The message I am trying to get over is that there is a very important blind spot or gap where theoretical and experimental study is possible.   That is the behaviour of material inside the event horizon of a black hole from shortly after it formed to a short period later when conditions reach the limits of experimental science.  These are well researched and understood for the big bang but are not considered for what I will call for want of better words "the medium sized crunch"!

To my mind this is about the same as saying that the future of our universe is uninteresting because it is perfectly obvious that it will all end in the heat death after a suitably long time.

The possibility of an Evolutionary Cosmology leading to a theory of everything is an interesting aspect that could make putting effort into the study of this critical period more attractive.   However even if this is not possible it could result in further insight into the potential choices in string theoretical and quantum gravitational studies and break down the current impasse brought about by the generalities and multiple solutions caused by unlimited mathematical synthesis.

What is needed is some good ideas to generate suitable boundary conditions for the equations and geometries involved.

9

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Is an Evolutionary Cosmology Possible?

« on: 10/01/2020 19:25:39 »

I have just realised that I had not answered a couple of important comments on this thread and must apologise for the wrong draft that has been posted up for a few days.

Firstly in reply to CPT Ark Angel  reply no 14 on 16 nov 2019.  I have tried to make it quite clear that I am not suggesting any sort of Anthropic principle.  Life as we experience it is just a fortuitous stable conditions and low temperature addition to the fact that complex nucleii are essential for the creation of conventional stellar mass black holes.

As far as dimensionality is concerned  I am suggesting 6 complex (two part) dimensions ie 12 in all of which only three of space and one of time are large scale dimensions and the remaining are compact and Co located with all the other extended dimensions.. Whether a dimension is "space like" or "time like" is flexible and an event horizon is the first stage in the transfer of space like to time like dimensions and vice versa.  This results in alternate expansions of the universe being dominated by matter and antimatter.  All the expanded matter particles have essentially a "counterpoise" of quantum entangled antimatter locked inside the collapsing co-located compact dimensions.   That is probably enough on that for the moment.

AS far as the number of critical parameters to form a universe like ours  I refer you to the excellent book "Just Six numbers"  By Martin Rees who points out how very few finely balanced constants define our universe.  There are several other good books on the same theme.

One other aspect of your comment seems to suggest that following on the lines I am suggesting os pointless.  I hope to answer these shortly but must go elsewhere now.

10

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Were any heavy elements created in the Big Bang?

« on: 10/01/2020 18:12:33 »

The simple answer amalia is No. 

Only a few more complex nuclei were created during the big bang.  Mostly helium, a smaller quantity of Duterium  and a tiny quantity of lithium. 

The reason for this is that there is an unstable gap in stable nuclei in that two helium nuclei cannot fuse to form a beryllium nucleus it needs another neutron to hold them together and to get beyond this impasse requires the high temperatures densities and pressures that are found in the cores of stars  to normal stars make all the elements from beryllium to iron that are common on our planet.  They cannot get beyond this because nuclear fusion energy runs out at this point.  anf the formation of all the elements beyond iron are formed using violent stellar core collapses and supernovas.

11

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Do the electrons that generate an electric current come from the wire's atoms?

« on: 10/01/2020 17:58:23 »

Amelia,   Kryptid has given a good reply but I think that there is one more vital fact to get over.  The electrons associated with atoms that are bound together in the form of liquids solids or compounds behave very differently fro the electrons associated with atoms that are on their own in empty space as gases.  This is where the changes in energy levels can produce the emission of electromagnetic radiation including light.

When elements and compounds are in the liquid or solid state the electrons in the outer shells of the atoms are in effect linked to form the physical and chemical bonds that hold the atoms together.  These bonds can take several forms and this has a great bearing on the properties of the solid or liquid. 

In some substances they are locked together solidly in a formal pattern and this creates hard insulators that can be transparent like glass and diamonds. 

Sometimes they are freely moving and this creates metallic conductors like copper and aluminium  that can also  be soft and formed to shapes. 

The really interesting ones are the ones that are half way between these tow extremes  the semiconductors where with care the properties can be controlled by physical and electrical effects.  These semiconducting elements and compounds are the source of almost all of today's information technology.

12

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Bottles And Hemholtz Resonace?

« on: 10/01/2020 17:27:58 »

The Helmholtz resonator happens when a "piston" oscillates on the volume of air in the bottle the best angle is found by practice with a particular bottle.  the resonant frequency depends on the effective size and mass of the piston of air and the volume of the bottle  in both cases the larger the lower frequency.  Good low notes are produced by wine fermenting demijohns with a one gallon volume ( see jug bands) 

If you drill holes in a reasonably sized bottle that is a good helmholtz resonator you can make a simple musical instrument  when all the holes are closed by your fingers the note will be that of the bottle an as the holes are opened the note will change but it will not matter much which of the holes are opened just the number.

The ocarina is a musical instrument that is designed to operate using the principle of the Helmholtz resonator
here is an example of the somewhat mystical sound it makes

13

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Why do sheets get so tangled in the dryer?

« on: 10/01/2020 16:50:03 »

I presume your annoyance is that If they form a hard ball and roll around in the dryer they will not dry properly or take much longer.

I can see three possibilities. 

Washing machines can cause things to form a ball which is flattened out by the spin drying process but is still in effect a knotted mess.  It is important to separate them out and put them in individually or this could continue.  This is particularly easy if you use a washer dryer and run the process straight through from washing to drying without a quick sort out before starting the drying.

The second possibility is that you are overloading the dryer.  For a washer dryer or a domestic sized dryer the drying load is usually half that for the washing process.  This is because the clothes need more room to fall through the air than be agitated when heavy and wet during the washing process.  Commercial dryers are much bigger and give the material much more room to fall through the warm air.

Finally you have a very badly designed dryer which should include reverse rotation processes to help to prevent forming lumps like this.

14

New Theories / Re: Is an Evolutionary Cosmology AND a Complete theory of everything Possible?

« on: 08/01/2020 17:56:00 »

Puppypower

Firstly I have taken the trouble to scan through your vast number of words and come to the following conclusions.

What you are writing has nothing to do with any sort of analysis of the topic that I started.

It appears to have been written using a science and cosmology keyword random text generator and is total garbage.

It is therefore not worth the effort of taking apart and is best ignored by others.   

I would request that if it is possible all the conversations and flaming after my initial presentations on the main topic be deleted or moved to another location by the administrators because it is just not worthy of this site's attention.

15

New Theories / Re: Is an Evolutionary Cosmology AND a Complete theory of everything Possible?

« on: 17/12/2019 17:41:18 »

Awkward questions.
 
I have been thinking of these ideas for nearly. 30 years now and have developed them slowly.  All the time I have been looking for anything that can prove them false.  I may have missed a fundamental fact that rules the whole thing out if so I will be glad to hear it.  However I have considered answering a few awkward questions that could be asked.
 
     Black hole mass
 
Q.  if all this mass is being created inside a small stellar mass black hole shouldn't this show in the gravitational field outside of it.
 
A. No because like light, which cannot escape, any additional gravitational fields created by new particles cannot escape from the event horizon.
 
     Black Hole Mergers
 
Q.  If our universe is, in effect, inside a small black hole in another universe what would happen if it merged with another similar black hole or even fell into a massive black hole.
 
A.  Firstly to generate enough energy to create a whole universe the actual "size" of our universe inside this small black hole is almost infinitesimally small it would also have a powerful but short range hawking radiation “barrier” around it associated with the gravitational gradients around the collapsed space dimensions that have now become recycling (complex) time dimensions and the two baby universes could well in effect bounce off each other and never merge.  If that is true a very large black hole will in effect contain a whole swarm of tiny universes all milling around and bouncing off each other.  This could describe the "brane world" description of a big bang in which two "dead" universes are revived by a collision between them.
 
It is also interesting to note that this concept could in fact explain the biggest "error" in physics namely why the energy density of the universe to be expected from quantum theory is out by a factor of 10^120.
 
     The conservation of information
 
One of the big questions about black holes was the fact that information appeared to be lost from our universe and it was felt that information was conserved like energy in our universe.  It has now been agreed that the eventual evaporation of a black hole would result in the release of this information so no information is actually lost.
 
The release of energy during gravitational collapse in effect creates information in the form of particles and this continues the link between energy and information so no problems are created here.
 
       What about quantum gravity?
 
So far I have not discussed quantum gravity because initially this is not needed.  Current thinking in this area based on the equations which show that the simple collapse inside the event horizon of a black hole leads to the formation of a "mathematical singularity" in a finite amount of time.    String theory approaches to particle physics using the classic pure mathematical approach and an arbitrary vibrating string offer a vast number of solutions with little prospect of physical proof without the ability to restrict this selection in some way.
 
I strongly feel that some physical insight will be also needed to solve the problem of creating a quantum gravitational theory and I would like to return to one of the first ideas I had about the universe when I was a teenager and first became aware of space time distortion and general relativity.  I considered that the ultimate structure of the universe would in the end turn out to be that the entities in any universe were in effects bits of the space time of the universe screwed up in one way or another. 

Now a simple vortex in a fluid creates a linear string like structure and can be quite stable in conventional fluid media as can a toroidal "smoke ring" structure this together with some concepts of the physical properties a multidimensional "bulk" fluid medium and the concept of the dimensionality effects on conservation laws could be a starting point with a bit of physical insight to those who wish to solve this problem.  The people who wish to study this might find a lot of help on this from people currently solving problems in computational fluid dynamics where pseudo quantum like effects can occur in classical fluid media.

One of the things that puzzle me about the literature is the concept of the graviton as a particle of gravitational energy.  To me it seems obviously that this is in effect a gravitational analogue of the photon ie a massless particle with the energy in each element dependant on the frequency of the gravitational waves and linked by Planck's constant and in fact is probably the source of the value of that constant.  It is interesting to consider the scales on which gravitational interactions will have to take place between particles in a quark lepton plasma at fantastically high densities for the interaction frequencies to be high enough to to be related to the mass of the particles and start to drive the processes.

One other particle concept that I would like to introduce is that of the gravitino that is the the gravitational equivalent of a neutrino.  That is a particle with half integer spin that exhibits fermionic repulsion but only interacts via gravity  similar to the concept of the sterile neutrino others have used.  The creation of this particle (which would be a supersymmetric particle member)  in the final stages of the toroidal collapse of a spinning black hole could well provide the inflation drive to fully expand the the time dimensions into a new universe and represent a large proportion of dark matter and dark energy,
 
    Where does the second law of thermodynamics fit into all of this?
 
This is probably the most misunderstood law in all of physics. I do not dispute simple facts of the universe continuing downhill run towards a final state of heat death as we can see in the eventual demise of our universe as the black holes in it finally evaporate into mostly very low energy quanta but this aspect of the law only applies to NON INTERACTING PARTICLES!   If particles interact, the route to this final state can be very different because as it is well known and accepted that the precursor state of our universe evaporating is a collapse into black holes! The same is also true for the crystallisation of substances into highly ordered crystals not a diffuse gas.  The eventual evaporation of a black hole in our universe should not affect the existence of the new universe it created because other dimensions in "the bulk" must be involved for these ideas to work.
 
There is another important philosophical point about what aspects of a universe we should study here.  It is largely accepted that our universe is heading irrevocably towards its heat death of infinite scale and zero energy this is not considered as being a good reason not to study and model the route by which it achieves this.
 
The same is true for what is going on during the collapse of a black hole inside its event horizon which is at least accessible theoretically during its initial stages even though the ultimate Condition is the precise opposite of the heat death, a singularity of zero dimensions and infinite energy.  The important feature about this collapse process is that it involves the behaviour of a complex collection of interacting elements just like the heat death.
 

16

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Is an Evolutionary Cosmology Possible?

« on: 13/12/2019 17:33:30 »

Further work on this idea has been moved into the New theories area  go to

https://www.thenakedscientists.com/forum/index.php?topic=78272.0

17

New Theories / Re: Is an Evolutionary Cosmology AND a Complete theory of everything Possible?

« on: 13/12/2019 11:48:23 »

Page 3         Step 2  An analysis of the processes going on during the collapse

• As the temperature rises with the release of this gravitational energy a significant amount of the energy will be converted into matter and antimatter this will continue to drive the collapse and result in a largely balanced quantity of matter and antimatter interacting.
• It is highly probable that the black hole will contain a significant amount of initial angular momentum probably close to the maximum that a black hole of the originating mass can have.  This will result in a Kerr black hole structure where the collapse is not towards a point singularity but a ring (or toroidal surface due to the angular momentum residuals in other dimensions) singularity.
• This increase in final state spatial dimensionality from zero to 1 (or 2) will result in a reduction in the rate of collapse and possibly the achievement of a stable collapse state as a minute toroidal surface containing all the energy of the collapse in the form of a quark lepton plasma.
• Interactions between the particles and photons in this plasma will cause it to cool down (relatively) slowly  In fact the final dimension of space has in fact become a dimension of time.

                     Step 3  the conversion of the collapse towards the "singularity" into a "big bang" expansion.

• It is also accepted that as space contracts inevitably to a reduced dimensional state and becomes "time like" time also expands to become "space like" that is having three dimensions and bidirectional as particles and waves move through the contracting physical space
• My critical thesis is that during this process the collapse of space becomes "time" and the expansion of time becomes space, that is the expanding space in a new universe.
• Mathematically this has resulted in a change of sign in the equations  instead of the four dimensions of space time being x y z and -c  they are -x -y -z and c 
• What then does this mean for the material of this new big bang universe
• If you take the wave equations of a matter particle moving and collapsing towards the singularity and reverse their signs you get an antimatter particle expanding from a point source  so a black hole ha been converted into a white hole in new dimensions that do not intersect with the collapsing dimensions.
• The main structure of our universe is therefore explained by three complex dimensions of "space" and three complex dimensions of "time" of which only three space like dimensions and one time like are large at any time the remaining dimensions of time are curled up and colocated in time.  This goes a long way to explaining all the oddities of quantum theory because the universe is simultaneously very large in space and very small in the two time dimensions.

This is still work in progress there are other pages still to be added and this includes possible observations of our universe that could ad credence to this idea.

The developed concept stated simply

Our universe originated in the collapse of a stellar mass black hole in a universe, similar to ours but consisting largely of what we call antimatter.  It is probably still linked into this universe via a one way umbilicus in which antimatter particles can enter our universe but through which we cannot observe that universe. 

During the life of our universe which is dominated by what we call matter particles it will create many stellar mass black holes.

Each of these black holes contain a universe similar to ours but consisting largely of what we call antimatter.  We can send particles but not complex objects into this universe from our universe but we can never receive any information back from it other than the standard behaviour of a black hole in our universe as it grows through the absorption of matter and energy or shrinks through Hawking radiation.
 

18

New Theories / Re: Is an Evolutionary Cosmology AND a Complete theory of everything Possible?

« on: 13/12/2019 11:42:04 »

Page 2   Scientific steps
This details the critical scientific steps through the known properties of matter in our universe that allow me to propose this concept.  I will describe this in several major steps.  The each step is more tentative than the first.

Step 1  The release of gravitational energy inside a black hole to create the energy and matter required for a new universe

• We are familiar with and can observe the release of gravitational energy during the collapse of cool clouds of interstellar gas and particles to form stars. 
• Simple inverse square law energy release analysis integrating 1/r² shows that for every reduction in the radius of an isolated (approximately spherical cloud) Mass M radius r  collapsing due to its self gravity releases energy in proportion to the reciprocal (1/r) of the radius.  It follows that for a change in radius from  r to r/2 releases a constant amount of energy.  This energy release increases the temperature of the gas and particles involved in the collapse and eventually it can form a star if the collapsing material is within a couple of orders of magnitude of the mass of the sun in either direction.
• It is known that high mass stars of the order of ten solar masses or more can at the end of their lives collapse to form black holes.
• During the formation of an event horizon in the sort of black holes created within our current universe,  that is mostly stellar mass black holes,  The conditions are well within the range of experimental high energy physics and the gravitational fields and gradients although very high would not affect the expected results.
• From point 4 here is therefore no reason to believe that the laws of physics suddenly change radically from immediately outside (observable)  to immediately inside  (not observable).
• From point 5 it is therefore quite reasonable to consider what would happen to the material collapsing towards the theoretical singularity using currently observed physical laws right up to the limits of our understanding of high energy physics when any quantum theory of gravity might start to dominate the process.
• During this process of collapse a great deal of gravitational energy will be released.  This tends towards infinity as a mathematical singularity is approached but this will not be observable outside of the black hole.
• Some form of physical process will prevent this situation of infinite energy but it is clear that sufficient energy to form a universe is in theory available.

I do not believe that any serious mathematical physicist working with black holes would dispute this argument it is the same argument about the "Ultraviolet Catastrophe"  solved by Max Planck  that helped to expose Quantum theory.  This has driven a lot of work to define a Quantum theory of Gravity


Next. We go to step 2  an analysis of the basic process in a simple scwartschild black hole and then extend it to include the most probable, the rotating or Kerr form of black hole.

on Page 3

19

New Theories / Re: Is an Evolutionary Cosmology AND a Complete theory of everything Possible?

« on: 13/12/2019 11:22:47 »

Critical Steps in the Evolutionary Cosmology Concept Page 1
 
This note aims to describe the critical logical and scientific steps in the process of developing my concept of an Evolutionary Cosmology that fits within current cosmological thinking.
 
Logical steps
These are steps in my thinking that lead to the consideration that the investigation of a possible physical process that might explain the origin of our universe as it is currently understood could be something worth considering by others with greater skills and experience than me.
 

• Our studies of the earliest origins of our big bang cosmology are largely limited at the point of the cosmological microwave background and any imprints that may gave been left on it by earlier events although neutrino and primordial gravitational wave astronomy and spectroscopy may produce more insight if devices could be designed to perform the observations.
• High energy experimental physics is also limited by similar horizons of practicality which prevent the direct observations of gravitational effects between fundamental particles. 
• This means that speculating about the origin of our universe is the province of theoretical mathematical physics.
• The current mathematical approach is on two fronts; firstly the search for "a theory of everything"  that fully explains the fundamental laws that govern all interactions that can be observed experimentally and can include the concept of a gravitational force, and Secondly  the development of a quantum theory of gravity that could then explain the origin of the universe and its physical laws.
• Current mathematical synthesis has produced a vast number of potential theories without any way of creating insight into which version is the most likely to be worth investigating at a deeper level.
• It follows that a plausible physical approach could possibly produce this insight.
• It has been shown that very small deviations in the values of the few physical constants that define the development of our universe through time would result in a universe that is very different from ours and probably does not have the complexity and variety that ours has.
• We have faced this problem before.  This was when science first started to consider the origins and evolution of life.  Could then  an evolutionary solution be proposed for this cosmological problem.
• Lee Smolin made the first step by suggesting that our physical laws appeared to be finely balanced to create the maximum number of stellar mass black holes during its lifetime.
• If an evolutionary cosmology did exist where a universe could produce many progeny similar to itself, it could dominate a multiverse of cosmologies and make our universe much more probable.
• It is therefore worth looking further to see if an evolutionary cosmology could exist and a good place to start would be to study what could go on inside the event horizon of a stellar mass black hole as it forms

The Initial concept stated simply
 
Our universe originated in the collapse of a stellar mass black hole in a universe, similar to ours.
 
During the life of our universe which is dominated by what we call matter particles it will create many stellar mass black holes which themselves are new universes .
 

20

New Theories / Is an Evolutionary Cosmology AND a Complete theory of everything Possible?

« on: 13/12/2019 10:56:20 »

My original Question and discussion "Is an Evolutionary Cosmology Possible"  aroused quite a lot of interest. and has helped me greatly to find out where the sticking points in the arguments are, and encouraged me to create a different approach to what I am trying to get over. 

If you are a new reader you can find this via this link 

https://www.thenakedscientists.com/forum/index.php?topic=78110.new#new

It has also encouraged me enough to "go the whole hog and complete the thinking on this subject.  In the hope that it may stimulate a few more innovative minds to do some serious work on it

       "The complete Theory of everything
Here is a brief explanation on what I mean.

Many people talk about a "Theory Of Everything"  and mean a complete understanding of all the laws of physics that define how our universe works.  This is in effect only part of the story.  A true theory of everything should include a reasonable model describing how and why these physical laws exist and how and why they work together to produce our universe and any others if there are good reasons why they should exist.  This is what I will call "A Complete Theory of Everything"

What follows requires several steps of innovative thinking that work together so it is a good idea to try and read and understand all of it before nit picking on detail.

My wish is for people with a good solid knowledge and understanding of this range of subjects to analyse seriously What I am saying and find any real fundamental errors in the analysis and synthesis I propose.