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New Theories / Gravitoelectroweak Hypothesis?
« on: 28/03/2023 05:15:58 »
Hi, I thought I'd post a bit of a draft paper I'm working on trying to summarise a few years' independent work on the problem of quantum gravity. I've come at the problem very much from a philosophy/humanities background with about the same level of mathematical sophistication as Michael Faraday, i.e. not much. I reasoned that, while a huge amount of mathematical excellence has been thrown at this problem of quantum gravity, not a huge amount of progress has been made. I thought maybe it'd take someone who could, so to speak, see the wood for the trees might have a better chance (no offence to anyone's mathematical abilities). Here's the paper:
A Gravitoelectroweak Hypothesis?
By Mr. SP Cottle.
Abstract:
If a unification exists between electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force, it follows that there may exist some extension to that framework incorporating gravity. The resulting ‘gravitoelectroweak’ interaction would manifest as the summed exchanges, between bodies consisting of atomic material, of W+ and W- particles with tunneling electrons in the background. These background electrons would form something akin to the spin foams (or spin networks) of loop quantum gravity and would lead to a Dirac Sea permeating space. Therefore, the loop quantum gravity model would be supported as would Felix Finster’s suggestion of a causal fermion system. The specifics, however, of how gravity would be transmitted between particles at distance comes from the tunneling of electromagnetic particles (electrons) exchanging W particles with protons and other positively-charged particles. The impact of these electrons on subatomic particles could be tested by, for instance, testing the g-factor of the muon in space. According to this hypothesis, in microgravity, the g-factor of the muon ought to roughly accord with the predictions of the standard model.
Introduction: Electron Densities and Gauge Fields.
The interaction that would lead to the macroscopic force of gravity is the exchange of a W- for a W+ between a foreign electron and a local proton. The electron would tunnel from one atom, at a distance separate from the atom containing the proton, and exchange the W- for a W+ leading the two atoms (to which the foreign electron and local proton belong) moving closer together. Therefore, as an atom (containing a proton) falls into a foreign electron density (gravitational field) it experiences the exchange of several W- particles for several W+ between its own proton and the electrons in the gravitational field into which it’s falling. The greater the density of electrons, the greater the macroscopic force of gravitation. Hence, in regions of high gravitational potential such as near the event horizon of a black hole, we find a greater number of these background, or gravitational, electrons. These electrons diminish in inverse proportion to the square of the distance from the surface of the object to which they belong.
The electrons comprising the gravitational field also, of course, reflect light and give rise to the reflective capacity of bodies as established in the theory of general relativity. For instance, in a system that causes the gravitational lensing of light around an object, the photons would be hitting electrons and become trapped between electrons in the gravitational field; probability would dictate that most photons would be deflected either towards, or away from, the object in question, though a certain number would be channeled around the object for us to observe as this effect of gravitational lensing. A number of other macroscopic effects could also be anticipated in this theoretical framework, such as the accelerating expansion of the universe; the universe would be reflecting photons between galaxy clusters and photons would be building up between galaxy clusters as a result, and the radiation pressure from these buildups would then be leading to the expansion of the observed universe.
Another intriguing facet of this model is that the simultaneous exchange of a W+ and W- between a proton and a gravitational electron would create a massless, spin-2 gauge field in the interstitial space between the electron and proton. However, this gauge field would exist only for the briefest of moments at an incredibly small length scale (never greater than the electroweak range). Though the W particles, when observed in particle accelerators, have mass, in this scenario their like-signed charges cause their masses to cancel. There is an admittedly obscure relationship in this regard between mass and charge, however, to clarify things I’ll suffice it to say that the attraction and repulsion between charges gives rise to the resistive quality associated with mass and gravitation; the clouds of electrons I describe surrounding massive bodies give rise to a force of attraction over other atomic material traveling through them, though they also create resistance due to the mutual repulsion between the gravitational electrons and the electrons comprising the foreign atomic materials. The mutual attraction of the W+ and W- can be seen as two naked charges of exact equivalence canceling one another; it’s important to note however that the electron is still attracted to the W+ and the proton is still attracted to the W-; as such, in this four-body system, there is still the net tendency for the electron and the proton to move towards one another.
The Primary and Secondary electron density.
This has thus far been one of the more unpopular ideas of this hypothesis. However, as a pedagogical mechanism, and a general aid to clarifying these ideas and separating which electrons form the gravitational field and which electrons’ influence are directly canceled by the presence of a nuclear proton, I’ve come to refer to primary and secondary electron densities. For instance, those electrons that appear up to and including the Van der Waals radius of an atom would be part of the primary electron density whereas any that exist (for a given time) beyond that point would be part of the secondary electron density. The secondary electron density contains gravitational electrons and the electrons comprising the primary electron density do not, as such, have any input into the force of gravity. That said, from a certain philosophical perspective; and from the perspective of unifying forces; we might say that the primary density electrons exert a force of gravitation over the proton in the nucleus of the atoms to which they belong. This is only if we’re conflating the force of electromagnetism with the force of gravity. I grant that, in doing so, we’d be extending our understanding of the force of gravity (and probably also of electromagnetism), but the idea that they’re one and the same force in a total sense is somewhat beyond the scope of this paper.
To calculate the number of electrons comprising the secondary electron density, and thereby contributing to the force of gravity as it’s classically understood, one must first take the number of atoms (since this applied to objects formed of atomic materials), multiply that by the average atomic number of the materials in question, and then divide by the ratio between the force of gravity and the force of electrostatic repulsion. The resulting equation is:
(eq.1)
This equation can also be made time-dependent and, in some circumstances, this is necessary since for certain bodies a non-sensible number of electrons in the secondary density will be derived using this method. For example, if you were to impute the number of atoms and average atomic number for a hydrogen atom, you’d end up with a number far smaller than one; this is ok for certain calculations, but others require the time-dependent equation. The amount of time an electron remains in a given position is equal to the amount of time it can remain at a given location in space without interacting with another particle. Given that we clearly live in a soup of quantum particles, I’ve estimated this number to be the Plack time; i.e. the smallest amount of time with any physical meaning. The time-dependent equation is:
(eq.2)
One can use this first equation then, with Coulomb’s law, to produce a figure for the force of gravity between two hydrogen atoms that differs only slightly from the results obtained using Newton’s law for universal gravitation. The reason for the slight variance in the results is the influence of radiation pressure between two bodies. Newton’s constant and Newton’s law are derived from the observation of massive bodies and hence account implicitly for the influence of radiation pressure whereas Coulomb’s law does not. Through exploring this relationship, and symmetry, between Coulomb’s Law and Newton’s, we might come to a clearer understanding of how gravity unifies with electromagnetism. It takes the problems here in a seemingly somewhat back-to-front manner, however, following from establishing the relationship between the two laws and how they interrelate, we can then integrate the weak force into the picture relatively easily through considering the beta decay of the neutron.
A Gravitoelectroweak Hypothesis?
By Mr. SP Cottle.
Abstract:
If a unification exists between electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force, it follows that there may exist some extension to that framework incorporating gravity. The resulting ‘gravitoelectroweak’ interaction would manifest as the summed exchanges, between bodies consisting of atomic material, of W+ and W- particles with tunneling electrons in the background. These background electrons would form something akin to the spin foams (or spin networks) of loop quantum gravity and would lead to a Dirac Sea permeating space. Therefore, the loop quantum gravity model would be supported as would Felix Finster’s suggestion of a causal fermion system. The specifics, however, of how gravity would be transmitted between particles at distance comes from the tunneling of electromagnetic particles (electrons) exchanging W particles with protons and other positively-charged particles. The impact of these electrons on subatomic particles could be tested by, for instance, testing the g-factor of the muon in space. According to this hypothesis, in microgravity, the g-factor of the muon ought to roughly accord with the predictions of the standard model.
Introduction: Electron Densities and Gauge Fields.
The interaction that would lead to the macroscopic force of gravity is the exchange of a W- for a W+ between a foreign electron and a local proton. The electron would tunnel from one atom, at a distance separate from the atom containing the proton, and exchange the W- for a W+ leading the two atoms (to which the foreign electron and local proton belong) moving closer together. Therefore, as an atom (containing a proton) falls into a foreign electron density (gravitational field) it experiences the exchange of several W- particles for several W+ between its own proton and the electrons in the gravitational field into which it’s falling. The greater the density of electrons, the greater the macroscopic force of gravitation. Hence, in regions of high gravitational potential such as near the event horizon of a black hole, we find a greater number of these background, or gravitational, electrons. These electrons diminish in inverse proportion to the square of the distance from the surface of the object to which they belong.
The electrons comprising the gravitational field also, of course, reflect light and give rise to the reflective capacity of bodies as established in the theory of general relativity. For instance, in a system that causes the gravitational lensing of light around an object, the photons would be hitting electrons and become trapped between electrons in the gravitational field; probability would dictate that most photons would be deflected either towards, or away from, the object in question, though a certain number would be channeled around the object for us to observe as this effect of gravitational lensing. A number of other macroscopic effects could also be anticipated in this theoretical framework, such as the accelerating expansion of the universe; the universe would be reflecting photons between galaxy clusters and photons would be building up between galaxy clusters as a result, and the radiation pressure from these buildups would then be leading to the expansion of the observed universe.
Another intriguing facet of this model is that the simultaneous exchange of a W+ and W- between a proton and a gravitational electron would create a massless, spin-2 gauge field in the interstitial space between the electron and proton. However, this gauge field would exist only for the briefest of moments at an incredibly small length scale (never greater than the electroweak range). Though the W particles, when observed in particle accelerators, have mass, in this scenario their like-signed charges cause their masses to cancel. There is an admittedly obscure relationship in this regard between mass and charge, however, to clarify things I’ll suffice it to say that the attraction and repulsion between charges gives rise to the resistive quality associated with mass and gravitation; the clouds of electrons I describe surrounding massive bodies give rise to a force of attraction over other atomic material traveling through them, though they also create resistance due to the mutual repulsion between the gravitational electrons and the electrons comprising the foreign atomic materials. The mutual attraction of the W+ and W- can be seen as two naked charges of exact equivalence canceling one another; it’s important to note however that the electron is still attracted to the W+ and the proton is still attracted to the W-; as such, in this four-body system, there is still the net tendency for the electron and the proton to move towards one another.
The Primary and Secondary electron density.
This has thus far been one of the more unpopular ideas of this hypothesis. However, as a pedagogical mechanism, and a general aid to clarifying these ideas and separating which electrons form the gravitational field and which electrons’ influence are directly canceled by the presence of a nuclear proton, I’ve come to refer to primary and secondary electron densities. For instance, those electrons that appear up to and including the Van der Waals radius of an atom would be part of the primary electron density whereas any that exist (for a given time) beyond that point would be part of the secondary electron density. The secondary electron density contains gravitational electrons and the electrons comprising the primary electron density do not, as such, have any input into the force of gravity. That said, from a certain philosophical perspective; and from the perspective of unifying forces; we might say that the primary density electrons exert a force of gravitation over the proton in the nucleus of the atoms to which they belong. This is only if we’re conflating the force of electromagnetism with the force of gravity. I grant that, in doing so, we’d be extending our understanding of the force of gravity (and probably also of electromagnetism), but the idea that they’re one and the same force in a total sense is somewhat beyond the scope of this paper.
To calculate the number of electrons comprising the secondary electron density, and thereby contributing to the force of gravity as it’s classically understood, one must first take the number of atoms (since this applied to objects formed of atomic materials), multiply that by the average atomic number of the materials in question, and then divide by the ratio between the force of gravity and the force of electrostatic repulsion. The resulting equation is:
(eq.1)
This equation can also be made time-dependent and, in some circumstances, this is necessary since for certain bodies a non-sensible number of electrons in the secondary density will be derived using this method. For example, if you were to impute the number of atoms and average atomic number for a hydrogen atom, you’d end up with a number far smaller than one; this is ok for certain calculations, but others require the time-dependent equation. The amount of time an electron remains in a given position is equal to the amount of time it can remain at a given location in space without interacting with another particle. Given that we clearly live in a soup of quantum particles, I’ve estimated this number to be the Plack time; i.e. the smallest amount of time with any physical meaning. The time-dependent equation is:
(eq.2)
One can use this first equation then, with Coulomb’s law, to produce a figure for the force of gravity between two hydrogen atoms that differs only slightly from the results obtained using Newton’s law for universal gravitation. The reason for the slight variance in the results is the influence of radiation pressure between two bodies. Newton’s constant and Newton’s law are derived from the observation of massive bodies and hence account implicitly for the influence of radiation pressure whereas Coulomb’s law does not. Through exploring this relationship, and symmetry, between Coulomb’s Law and Newton’s, we might come to a clearer understanding of how gravity unifies with electromagnetism. It takes the problems here in a seemingly somewhat back-to-front manner, however, following from establishing the relationship between the two laws and how they interrelate, we can then integrate the weak force into the picture relatively easily through considering the beta decay of the neutron.