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gravitational fields are formed by ephemeral, tunneling electrons; these electrons appear for roughly one unit of the Planck time in the gravitational field of the object to which they belong, move through space in tandem with the object's rotation, and exchange W particles with protons (if they're within the electroweak range), or absorb/emit a photon, or exchange a neutral current with a neutrino (leading to an oscillation, or change in flavour), depending on the sort of particle they're closest to when tunneling to a new location.
If this is the truth, then it would account for the reflective capacity, via general relativity, of gravitating bodies (since we know, of course, that electrons reflect light).
Extrapolated to galaxy clusters, as in the vase of 'dark' energy, we could surmise that, since the Big Bang, huge amounts of radiation (photons) have been accumulating between galaxy clusters and the radiation pressure generated has led to the accelerating expansion of the universe.