1

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Does a particle's weight increase with speed? More on relativistic mass.

« on: 26/07/2016 01:17:40 »

If you accelerate proton to really really high velocity,
and hit it with other stationary proton,
there will be created proton-antiproton pair:

p+ + p+ -> p+ + p+ + p+ + p-
Input two particles are creating four particles on output.

Proton has rest-mass 938.272 MeV/c^2
Anti-proton (also) have rest-mass 938.272 MeV/c^2

So basically from kinetic energy of incoming particles there are created two new particles (proton and antiproton)..

Baryon Number conservation:
prior event: +1 +1
after event: +1 +1 +1 -1
+1+1=+1+1+1-1

BTW, kinetic energy in Special Relativity is not E.K.=1/2*m*v^2 but
E.K.=m0*c^2*gamma-m0*c^2
where gamma=1/sqrt(1-v^2/c^2)
Basically, subtract relativistic-mass from rest-mass, and multiply by c^2.

2

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / How to find decay mode or decay energy of unstable isotope/element?

« on: 26/07/2016 00:04:06 »

How to find decay mode or decay energy of unstable isotope/element?

I have made Android application for it (not special privileges needed):
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=eu.trueart.www.decayenergycalculator

You have to enter Z, proton quantity, atomic number.

Then there will be showed info about the element that has been selected,
with information like name of element (f.e. Hydrogen), shortcut of element (f.e. Pb),
and average molar mass/mass atomic unit of element,
and min-max Mass Number of available isotopes (there is built-in 3142 the largest in the world database of isotopes of the all 118 elements).
will be showed to user.

Then you have to enter Mass Number of isotope.
And more information will be revealed, like decay mode, decay energy, about isotope you selected.

For example Uranium 235 decay by alpha decay:

3

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Quantum physics and classic physics history database for scientists and hobbyist

« on: 25/07/2016 23:49:39 »

Now it's available also as Android application (no special privileges needed)
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=eu.trueart.www.physicshistorydatabase
It's one of the most not uninstalled my Android apps..
Apparently people find it quite useful..

Once you click entry, there is showed details about entry,
and you can go directly to wikipedia website about discovery or theory, and website of author of it.

It's free application.

4

Chemistry / Re: How To Make Calcium Carbonate?

« on: 06/12/2015 17:37:49 »

Then learn from wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggshell
"The chicken eggshell is 95-97% calcium carbonate crystals"

When it'll be burned to receive CaO, organic impurities will vaporize.

"The eggshell is mostly made up of calcium carbonate and the membrane is valuable protein. When separated both products have an array of uses."

In video I am showing mostly how to get rid of membrane. It has smaller density than water, therefor it floats on the surface.

Another link for you to read
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonate
"Biological sources: Eggshells, snail shells and most seashells are predominantly calcium carbonate and can be used as industrial sources of that chemical."

5

Chemistry / Re: How To Make Calcium Carbonate

« on: 06/12/2015 05:25:18 »

This forum is for the discussion of chemistry, not self promotion.

Making calcium carbonate, then from it calcium oxide, then from it calcium hydroxide, are essential chemical reactions that people should know how to do..
I am simply illustrating them on videos.

6

Chemistry / How To Make Calcium Carbonate?

« on: 06/12/2015 01:54:50 »

Hello!

How To Make Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) video tutorial.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9X1egChC8Ac

Best Regards!

7

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: What happened to the matter of the bodies vaporized by the bomb?

« on: 05/09/2015 09:34:57 »

Countries with atom bombs such as North Korea and Pakistan don't get invaded by the Americans that's why they want them.

Peaceful countries, living in harmony with the rest of world, are not invaded by Americans..
Bomb is not needed.

8

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Is proton-proton fusion feasible?

« on: 28/08/2015 15:42:54 »

Fusion of 2 protons to produce a Helium nucleus with 2 protons (²He) takes a very high temperature. This nucleus is fairly stable (comparable to Uranium), but its formation releases a relatively small amount of energy.

What?! Where did you get such idea?
Helium-2 is extremely unstable
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_helium
(some source said half-life 3×10−27 s)

To release a larger amount of energy (such as for a space rocket engine), you need to fuse 4 protons into 2 protons & 2 neutrons (⁴He=an Alpha particle), which is the nucleus of the familiar Helium atom. This occurs through the decay of ²He into ²H=Deuterium, which is the rate-limiting step, with a half-life of a billion years or so.

Proper reaction is:
p+ + p+ -> D+ + e+ + Ve + 0.42 MeV
then
p+ + D+ -> He-3 + y + 5.494 MeV
we need to repeat it once again to have two.
then
He-3 + He-3 -> He-4 + p+ + p+ + 12.856 MeV

Half-life of He-2 has nothing to do with rate.

Probability of hitting two He-3 together to form one He-4 in cloud of protons is very small.
Star has initial content ~75% of H-1, and ~25% of He-4, by mass. Which is 12:1 ratio per mole.
Once concentration of Helium-3 increases with time, probability is growing.

Additionally fusion energies 5.49 MeV and 12.856 MeV are way too high for some other Deuterium around, and it can be disintegrated:
D+ + 2.22 MeV -> p+ + n0

9

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: What is the evidence for the existence of protons and neutrons?

« on: 28/08/2015 13:47:07 »

You can build your own particle detector for something like 20-50 usd.
http://www.ultimate-theory.com/en/2014/6/8/how-to-build-cloud-chamber-particle-detector

There are videos showing how it works in practice.

10

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Structure of an atom

« on: 28/08/2015 13:36:36 »

Is there an experiments proving existence of  neutrons and protons?

Quantum particles can be seen in Cloud Chamber for instance.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_chamber

Charged particle is leaving trace.

We can detect kinetic energy of incoming particle, it's correlated to length of trace.
Positively charged particle spin in different direction than negatively charged particle in applied external electric and/or magnetic fields.
If particle is decaying to other charged particled, trace is "ending" and new branches are appearing from that location.

Unstable isotopes proton-rich, are decaying by emission of free proton (or positron and neutrino).
While unstable isotopes neutron-rich are decaying mostly by emission of free neutron (or electron and antineutrino).

For further info read
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_emission
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_emission
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_decay
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission

Alpha particles are Helium-4 atoms. They're emitted in alpha decay process by heavy unstable isotopes, such as Uranium-238.
It's decaying to Thorium-234
U-238 -> Th-234 + He-4 + 4.27 MeV energy released

If such highly accelerated alpha particle will hit f.e. Deuterium (Hydrogen with one proton, one neutron), it'll give it missing energy 2.22 MeV, and there will be disintegration:
H-2 + 2.22 MeV -> p+ + n0
to free proton and free neutron.
Again, it can be seen in Cloud Chamber (proton).
Neutron within 15 minutes (~10 minutes half-life) will decay to:
n0 -> p+ + e- + Ve + 0.782 MeV

If neutron will be captured by stable isotope of precisely picked up element, and after A+1 it'll become radioactive,
it'll decay emitting f.e. electron,
which we will be able to detect and count.
f.e.
Deuterium turns to Tritium
H-2 + n0 -> H-3
Tritium is unstable isotope (but with quite high half-life 12.32 years)
H-3 -> He-3 + e- + Ve + 18.6 keV
it'll decay to Helium-3 atom, emitting electron.
Once again we can detect either Helium (second the lightest gas after all),
or detect electron,
if electron accelerated by 18.6 keV energy will hit some material there will be blink and photons from that location,
can be detected by photomultipliers.

11

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / How To Make Copper Acetate?

« on: 20/07/2015 08:37:27 »

Hello!

How To Make Copper Acetate Cu(CH3COO)2, see video experiment if you're interested:

In experiment we can see reaction:
CuO + 2 CH3COOH -> Cu(CH3COO)2 + H2O

Best Regards!

12

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / How do you make copper oxide from copper hydroxide?

« on: 20/07/2015 08:34:59 »

Hello!

How To Make Copper Oxide from Copper Hydroxide, see video experiment if you're interested:

In experiment we can see reaction: Cu(OH)₂ → CuO + H₂O

13

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Can electrolysis of water with copper electrodes make copper hydroxide?

« on: 12/07/2015 01:56:20 »

How can I be confused?
I am showing performed experiments, to people that didn't see it ever on their own eyes.
If you already performed this experiment, or saw it on lesson f.e., then it's not for you.
Different metals produce different kind of hydroxide or oxide during electrolysis, different amount of oxygen (or not at all).
I am going from metal to metal, to show these differences, so you can compare results.
There are used graduated cylinders (up side down) to collect gas, and tell exact volume of gas (if produced).
There is used timelapse recording in digital camera to shrink 2 hours of experiment to 2 minutes or so.
Yet another advantage in comparison to other people video experiments.

The only threads that are allowed to be posted in all forums except new theories and chat must be questions.

Who said so experiments cannot be showed.. ?

If I will in future discharge of gas, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, CO2 etc. and pass through prism to show spectral lines, won't be able to show people.. ?

If you're not interested, ignore post. Simple as that.

14

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Can electrolysis of water with copper electrodes make copper hydroxide?

« on: 11/07/2015 02:31:58 »

Electrolysis Of Water With Copper Electrodes.

There is produced Copper Hydroxide Cu(OH)₂

In video we can see how water is slowly changing color to blue-cyan color.

15

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Can you send messages into the past?

« on: 26/06/2015 19:55:21 »

Basically, can you send messages into the past using this mechanism?

If you could send photon to the past, Universe in the past would receive energy, and total energy would have to be increased.
We could imagine situation where somebody sends photon to past, then use that energy to send even more photons in the past, and repeat it over and over.
As a result total energy in the past version of Universe would be growing to infinity..
Violating several quantum physics conservations..

Similar situation is with sending somebody, or something, to the past,
Baryon number conservation would be violated.
We would have to have same proton, same electron, same neutron, in multiple places at the same time.
Suppose so you're send to the past,
Protons(Hydrogen) that are in your body, yesterday were in water in some river, or in air as clouds, and you drunk it and they became part of your body.
So, if you would travel in time one day back from now, we could find these molecules either inside of you and in clouds/river/water.... Two places at the same time..
Repeat time travel to the past, and amount of matter would be growing to infinity.

There used to be theory that there exist just one electron in the entire Universe, and it's just traveling back and forth in time.

16

Chemistry / How to make Iron Hydroxide Fe(OH)3 video experiment

« on: 20/06/2015 21:47:32 »

How to make Iron Hydroxide Fe(OH)3 video experiment.

Physics Experiment Electrolysis Of Water With Iron Electrodes Timelapse Full HD video.

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Experiment Electrolysis Of Water With Aluminium Electrode Timelapse Recording

« on: 12/06/2015 15:51:46 »

In Gold experiment to was going from 60 mA to 70 mA or so.
Maybe even up to 80-90 mA. I am not stare ing at it whole 2h, just sporadically.
For my own purposed I am placing watt meter (it's always plugged) on front of camera, and recording.
It's hard enough making timelapse YT video without. Each experiment was repeated maybe 3-5 times. 1 day of working on 1 video.
I don't want to share video where I made some mistake.

In both Aluminium electrodes current was higher than either Gold only and Graphite-Aluminium cases.
If I recall correctly even some times there was 140 mA. I recall seeing also plentiful of 120-130 mA. That's why it ended up in 93 minutes.

In Graphite-Aluminium IIRC there was 110-120 mA. And ended after 117 minutes.

But problem is that current is never constant. It's changing during experiment. While doing Copper electrolysis it can even go from initial 140mA...250 mA to 1100 mA. It's so much that I am always switching it off for a while to drop temperature of water slightly.

The worst est is electrolysis of Iron. It could go above 18 A and shut down whole electricity in the apartment.

Once when there was plentiful of Al2O3/Al(OH)3 flowing on top of container, I turned on electrolysis (after dropping temperature), and it blow up fuse instantly as well (exceeded 18 A).
But there was couple centimeters foam from Aluminium electrodes.

18

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Experiment Electrolysis Of Water With Aluminium Electrode Timelapse Recording

« on: 12/06/2015 12:36:15 »

Electrolysis Of Water With Aluminium And Graphite Electrodes:

Compare differences between these two cases.
There is slightly different volume ratio between gases.
And there is no foam in the left graduated cylinder with negative electrode (that's now Graphite).

19

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Experiment Electrolysis Of Water With Aluminium Electrode Timelapse Recording

« on: 10/06/2015 22:50:34 »

Physics Experiment Electrolysis Of Water With Aluminium Electrode Timelapse Recording:

Compare results with Gold electrode:
http://www.thenakedscientists.com/forum/index.php?topic=57616.0

20

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / What happens when water is electrolysed using gold electrodes?

« on: 09/06/2015 00:22:15 »

Hello!

Physics Experiment Electrolysis Of Water With Gold Electrode Timelapse Recording Full HD video

Best Regards!