Naked Science Forum

Non Life Sciences => Technology => Topic started by: CliffordK on 13/02/2012 03:18:48

Title: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: CliffordK on 13/02/2012 03:18:48
I was looking at some of the new solar panels.

 [ Invalid Attachment ]

Sunpower has some spectacular efficiency ratings.

22.9% cell efficiency.
20.4% module efficiency.

For the  E20: SPR-333NE-WHT-D (http://us.sunpowercorp.com/cs/Satellite?blobcol=urldata&blobheader=application%2Fpdf&blobheadername3=Content-Disposition&blobheadervalue3=attachment%3B+filename%3Dsp_e20_333_327_ds_en_a4_w%252C0.pdf&blobkey=id&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobwhere=1300265523352&ssbinary=true) solar panel. with a couple of other brands trailing close behind.

But, looking at the cells, they all have the corners chopped off, effectively octagons. 

I presume part of the about 10% difference between the cell efficiency and module efficiency is the holes at the corners of the cells. 

Are the octagonal soiar cells only because the silicon ingots are cast round, and so they are saving silicon?

I've heard that silicon prices have been coming down recently.  How much of the cost of the cells is the raw silicon, and how much is the processing?

I would assume the excess silicon that is trimmed is recycled, and can be cast into new crystals with minimal effort.

Obviously panel efficiency is only one rating, and related to the square footage of the panels.  The other important rating is the cost per watt, as well as the durability of the panels.

I suppose another option would be to lay out the cells in a hexagonal grid.
(https://www.thenakedscientists.com/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fincompetech.com%2Fgraphpaper%2Fhexagonal%2Fthumbnail.gif&hash=beee9ffa3497ff785ef66601de9ff923) 
The sides of the array would be a little bit of a problem, but one could use parallel wired half-cells at the top and the bottom, and perhaps equal area trapezoid cells for the sides.
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: RD on 13/02/2012 13:14:14
Are the octagonal soiar cells only because the silicon ingots are cast round

pulled not cast ... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czochralski_process

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siliziumwafer.JPG


Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: Geezer on 14/02/2012 06:18:47
I think it's packing density versus silicon area thing. They try to get the maximum silicon area per wafer, but they can't make them round because they would not pack well into arrays, so they make them square, which lets them pack well, but the square extends beyond the area of the silicon at the corners to maximize the use of silicon.

Those familiar with the calculus should be able to figure out the ideal ratio.
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: CliffordK on 14/02/2012 09:35:23
I'm not sure if module efficiency is much more than bragging rights in many cases.  However, it may be an effective marketing tool.  Square cells should give a 5-10% module efficiency boost for a minimal cost.  Or, perhaps hexagons as I mentioned above, although they are harder to deal with the edges.  Efficiency can be an issue in some installations.

Circular cells can be staggered, to minimize the loss of space, although edges still would be an issue (perhaps requiring parallel wired half cells as mentioned above).

(https://www.thenakedscientists.com/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fincompetech.com%2Fgraphpaper%2Fcircle%2Fthumbnail.gif&hash=94fbce97ada7e7e0ae126da9dc5810b2)
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: graham.d on 14/02/2012 10:39:13
As RD says, silicon wafers are sliced from a cylindrical, single crystal ingot so are always circular. They have a small flat on one side which indicates the lattice orientation, but that is not relevent to this.

I think the reason for the Octagon shaping is that someone is making a trade off between making best use of the wafer whilst not having too much non-productive area on the finished array of wafers. i.e you could cut the wafer into squares (and not have any area of the array non-productive) but this would throw away a lot of silicon, or you can pack them as Clifford shows above and have quite a bit of non-productive area on the array. The latter would be most cost effective but I expect it is a key selling point to have more power per square metre.
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: CliffordK on 14/02/2012 11:24:25
One other thing.
While one thinks about the big 200 or 300 watt panels. 
There is a huge market for little itty-bitty solar cells. 

So, one could make round cells, cut them into squares, then resell the extra bits to make yard lamps, solar calculators, autonomous toys, and etc.  Perhaps also photodetectors.
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: graham.d on 14/02/2012 13:46:58
That may be a good idea, Clifford. I don't think photcell technology requires the fine photolithographic techniques used on integrated circuits so there would probably not be a problem with masking, step and repeat patterning etc.
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: CliffordK on 14/02/2012 23:59:25
Even with IC's , they make multiple chips out of a single silicon wafer.

With the solar cells, the processing for the entire wafer would be essentially the same, so they could produce the solar cell on a round wafer, then trim it to make multiple large and small cells.  I was thinking the electrode grid would be applied last, but at least the portion of the grid that is painted on could likely be patterned before cutting.

Engineers for small solar equipment might like 20% efficient solar cells, but our current economics probably would preclude paying extra for "premium cells".

I suppose the question is whether the waste from the doping would be more expensive than the waste from the trimming raw silicone, and thus it would determine when in the manufacturing process the wafer would be trimmed.
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: Geezer on 15/02/2012 02:32:10
Back on the original question, I think it boils down to:

What are the dimensions of the square that encloses the maximum area of a circle?

I was hoping some of our mathematically inclined correspondents might take up the challenge, but apparently, they all ran away.
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: graham.d on 15/02/2012 09:57:01
Clifford, although multiple device designs can be made on a single wafer, this is not a wholly flexible process. Typically, for a multi-project wafer, the different chip designs are arrayed on to a reticle that is around (say) 25mm square (so up to 25 types each occupying 5mm x 5mm). This reticle is then stepped across the wafer giving a repeat pattern of the 25 chip array. What you are suggesting is that the patterning be different on 4 "edges" of the wafer. This can, and has been, done (in wafer-scale integration) but it is not a common process and requires more manual intervention.

However, I suspect that the required process dimensions for photocells are rather large compared with IC technology so that older technology may be usable which can pattern the whole wafer in one go (projection or proximity aligned to a mask the size of the wafer and photographically produced). I don't know enough about photocell production.

Sawing the wafer would be no problem. There is very little waste. Typically the saw can cut a wafer down a line about 100u wide without damaging the chips either side.
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: imatfaal on 15/02/2012 14:49:35
Back on the original question, I think it boils down to:

What are the dimensions of the square that encloses the maximum area of a circle?

I was hoping some of our mathematically inclined correspondents might take up the challenge, but apparently, they all ran away.

The actual question is quite different.  The square which has the highest area of silicon is one completely within a circle ie from the centre to the corner is is equal to the radius of the wafer; if the wafer was radius 1 then the square would be side length root 2.  The square with the least amount of wasted silicon water would be the one entirely surrounding the circular wafer - for the unit radius wafer that would be square side of 2. 

To optimise and take up Geezer's challenge you need to decide what is the relative values of wasted silicon (i guess high) versus wasted space in array (I would guess lower)

I have done the calcs and will put them out when I have a sec (these scumbags at my company are acutally insisting I do a bit of work!)
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: graham.d on 15/02/2012 15:59:00
Yes, exactly, Imatfaal. I am not sure how to reach a conclusion on this. The area efficiency of a panel of photocells is a matter of marketing for specific applications - it may be quite acceptable to use a larger area in many cases, so the value of a smaller area would not have so much value in this case. The cost of the wasted silicon has a defined cost but the trade off between the two is a matter of marketing. 
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: SeanB on 15/02/2012 18:28:05
I would guess the shape is related to the processing machinery used, more than anything else. Probably the cut off sections are the hold down fingers which held the cells whilst being processed, and they would be cut off and recycled into the raw silicon again. As the cells are going to be placed under a glass cover they would be arranged for maximum packing density irrespective of shape.  This extra spacing will reduce area slightly, but some area will be required for the tabs that connect each cell, and for insulating space between cells. Often cells that are faulty are cut into parts and tested to find the good sections, which are then used to make the cheap solar arrays you find in lawn lights.
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: Geezer on 15/02/2012 18:28:57
Yes, in retrospect, I was talking complete nonsense. (A first for me!)
 
The most efficient use of silicon would be to use complete circles.
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: graham.d on 15/02/2012 19:16:53
Sean, the shape of the photocell is always originally circular (minus a small flat deliberately produced to show the crystal orientaion). This is because they are slices of a cylindrical grown single crystal of Silicon; at least this is the case for the photocells described in this thread which are to be used for general electricity generation, rather than specialist small devices for specific light sensing applications. There is a small amount of edge waste on wafers but this can be limited to 2 or 3 mm. The type shown in the picture is not sub-divisable into smaller sections and would rely on an acceptable defect density to yield sufficiently, though there may well be types as you describe.
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: imatfaal on 16/02/2012 10:54:52
Yes, in retrospect, I was talking complete nonsense. (A first for me!)
 
The most efficient use of silicon would be to use complete circles.

No - not complete nonsense.  There is quite clearly a calculation being made - otherwise cells that look like the one Clifford posted at the very top of the thread would not be made like that.  I am pretty stunned that they are willing to throw away what I thought would be really expensive silicon for the sake of filling the array - I would have thought that rooftop real estate was enormously cheaper than silicon wafer.  But that is clearly not the case - otherwise all units would be (probabably hexagonal) arrays a full disc of silicon.

Reading the spec sheet that Clifford provided - I think the reason for it is a race to higher "efficiency".  If you calculate your efficiency as the panel efficiency rather cell efficiency AND if this is a selling point; then it is possibly worth losing some silicon in order to increase the panel efficiency.
 
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: CliffordK on 16/02/2012 11:37:34
Where is the majority of the cost in manufacturing Silicon ingots?
Purifying the silicon?
Pulling the ingot?

It should be possible to trim the ingot into a rectangular block prior to other manufacturing steps, and melt down the waste silicon for reuse with no further purification steps. 

I see the now defunct Evergreen Solar used a String Ribbon (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_ribbon) method for creating cells that had much less waste, and produced nice rectangular cells, but unfortunately the cell efficiency also suffered.
 
Panel efficiency is important, if one fills the entire sunny portion of the south facing rooftop.  In which case, the higher the efficiency, the more power that is generated. 

Or, for a commercial installation, it determines watts per acreage.

I'd like to add some solar panels to my EV to give myself a nice mid-day boost, in which case, the overall efficiency, or power density, is critical.
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: imatfaal on 16/02/2012 12:13:03
We want to work out the area of the little area hashed in green (wasted silicon) and the two areas in red (unused space) all in terms of the radius of the circle R and the side of the square 2r  - and then multiply by four.

wasted silicon. this is the area of the wedge formed (between O a b) less the area of the isoceles triangle oab

1. Area of triangle = 1/2 base * height. The base is the chord length between a and b.  The height is the r - half the square side.
1a. What is the chord length - ie between ab? 
Half this distance can be worked out using simple pythagoras - the midpoint (m) of ab forms a right triangle with points o and a. 
oa = R   om = r 
am^2 = R^2 -r^2 
am = Sqrt(R^2-r^2)
1b.Area of triangle = 1/2 base * height.  1/2 base is shown above to be am = Sqrt(R^2-r^2), height is r
Area of trinagle = r(sqrt(R^2-r^2))

2. Area of wedge = 1/2 Angle * radius^2. 
Let's actually calculate the area of the little wedge oam - of angle theta in diagram.
Trig Alert!
2a.Cosine of angle in right triangle is (Adjacent side length = r) divided by (hypoteneuse length=R)
Cos Theta = r/R
Theta = arccos (r/R)
2b. Area of little wedge oam is 1/2 arccos(r/R) * R^2
2c. Area of full wedge is double that ie Area wedge oab is R^2.arccos(r/R)

3. Area of wasted silicon = Area of wedge - Area of triangle

Area of wasted silicon = R^2.arccos(r/R) - r(sqrt(R^2-r^2))


unused area.  This is the area of the quarter square (made by triange with centre o, and top right and bottom right corners) less the amount covered by silicon

1.  Area of quarter square
Area of square = side^2 = (2r)^2 = 4r^2
Area of quarter square = r^2

2. Area covered by silicon. The area of silicon is by observation a quarter circle minus the green sector which is wasted
Area of circle = pi.R^2
Area of quarter circle = 1/4 pi.R^2
Area of segment wasted from above is  = R^2.arccos(r/R) - r(sqrt(R^2-r^2))
Area covered by silicon in quarter of a circle is 1/4pi.R^2 - [R^2.arccos(r/R) - r(sqrt(R^2-r^2))]

2. Area not covered by silicon is Area of quarter square - area covered

Unused Area = r^2 - {1/4pi.R^2 - [R^2.arccos(r/R) - r(sqrt(R^2-r^2))]}


We know have the two areas in terms of the radius and the side length - the next step is to set the radius to 1 (ie the silicon wafer is seen as fixed) and vary the side length.  But I have n urgent meeting at the Windmill Pub on Mill Street (best pies in the country) - so the calculus will have to wait
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: graham.d on 16/02/2012 12:30:07
I would expect all the subsequent wafer processing to be done prior to trimming the wafer edges off. I think this is likely because all the equipment for wafer processing is designed to handle circular wafers, even though I expect the photcell manufacturers are nothing like state-of-the-art in this respect. So the cost of chopping off bits of the wafer are effectively related to the final processed wafer cost rather than the raw wafer cost. Having said this, the cost of masking, processing and handling for photocell designs is nothing like that of making ICs and I suspect they are probably getting good value by using 150mm diameter wafers that the IC industry hardly uses any more, being on 200mm to 300mm (even some 375). As a result the cost of NOT using all the wafer is not as high as may be thought especially as it only amounts to (in the above pictured example) about 10% of the total available area. In fact 150mm wafers with some preprocessing sell for only about $4 to $5. The cost of connecting up the wafers and putting them in a housing may be much more significant and the benefit of minimising the total area of panelling more attractive.
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: graham.d on 16/02/2012 12:31:34
Wow, you have got some spare time, Imatfaal. I drew it out on squared paper and estimated it.
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: CliffordK on 16/02/2012 13:21:36
It is easy enough to calculate the area of a circular cell, and the area wasted around it by mounting on a square grid, or the area wasted by trimming to a perfect square.  I.E.  Maximum wasted space, minimum wasted silicon, or visa versa.
 [ Invalid Attachment ]
Area of outer square: 4r2
Area if circle: πr2
Area of inner square: 2r2

Wasted space circles on a square grid:
1 - (πr2 / 4r2) = 1 - π/4 = 21%

Wasted silicon, cutting squares from circles.
1 - (2r2 / πr2) = 1 - 2/π = 36%
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: graham.d on 16/02/2012 15:39:40
Clifford, the example in the photo you present is neither one or the other of the diagram above, but it is between the two extreme cases.
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: imatfaal on 16/02/2012 16:35:30
I would expect all the subsequent wafer processing to be done prior to trimming the wafer edges off. I think this is likely because all the equipment for wafer processing is designed to handle circular wafers, even though I expect the photcell manufacturers are nothing like state-of-the-art in this respect. So the cost of chopping off bits of the wafer are effectively related to the final processed wafer cost rather than the raw wafer cost. Having said this, the cost of masking, processing and handling for photocell designs is nothing like that of making ICs and I suspect they are probably getting good value by using 150mm diameter wafers that the IC industry hardly uses any more, being on 200mm to 300mm (even some 375). As a result the cost of NOT using all the wafer is not as high as may be thought especially as it only amounts to (in the above pictured example) about 10% of the total available area. In fact 150mm wafers with some preprocessing sell for only about $4 to $5. The cost of connecting up the wafers and putting them in a housing may be much more significant and the benefit of minimising the total area of panelling more attractive.
  I was very surprised when I read your ideas of pricing - but they fit right into the reality of the design of arrays, and it makes much more sense now.

Quote
Wow, you have got some spare time, Imatfaal. I drew it out on squared paper and estimated it.
  I have a very nice job with large periods of downtime interspersed with lunches and drinks

It is easy enough to calculate the area of a circular cell, and the area wasted around it by mounting on a square grid, or the area wasted by trimming to a perfect square.  I.E.  Maximum wasted space, minimum wasted silicon, or visa versa.
As Graham said that is the two limiting cases - the trick is to find the formula for all cases; cos then you can put in your constants for weighting lost silicon and unused area and differentiate the beast - and get a minimum figure.

You can see that the area of wasted silicon is zero when R=r; Arccos of 1 is zero and R^2-r^2 is zero
Area of wasted silicon = R^2.arccos(r/R) - r(sqrt(R^2-r^2))

You will also find that area unused is zero when R=r.sqrt2
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: Geezer on 16/02/2012 18:32:25
Nice work Matt!  If we can get you up to speed on a CAD program now, you'll really be cooking with gas :)
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: imatfaal on 16/02/2012 19:01:18
Nice work Matt!  If we can get you up to speed on a CAD program now, you'll really be cooking with gas :)
:-)
I tried Dave's diagram editor - it took me twice as long as the entire calculation to get a square, a circle and labels - and then I managed to lose it.  So I gave up - two minutes later my pencil sketches were uploaded; never managed to properly attach them tho.  Is there still a bug about displaying attachments in the text?
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: Geezer on 16/02/2012 20:13:07

I tried Dave's diagram editor - it took me twice as long as the entire calculation to get a square, a circle and labels - and then I managed to lose it.  So I gave up - two minutes later my pencil sketches were uploaded; never managed to properly attach them tho.  Is there still a bug about displaying attachments in the text?


Yes - I think it's still on his toodoo list.

I was forced into learning a cad program some years back when the patent office rejected my drawings! They actually did me a favor, although it was a pain at the time. With the amazing graphics quality you get these days on PCs for next to nothing, I find I never draw anything on paper now.

I have used the cheapo TurboCADpro for a long time, and it's more than adequate for what I need. It can generate incredible 3-D renderings, so if you like to investigate interesting geometries you might find it helpful. However, be warned - it's also great time-waster!

There is also a thing called freeCAD ( http://www.ar-cad.com/freecad/index.html ) that let's you model, animate and graph dynamic systems. The drawn elements are primitive, but the math and physics behind the simulation are excellent. If you try running the famous three body problem on it, you'll see what I mean.

Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: syhprum on 16/02/2012 20:24:22
I understand that 450mm wafers are the latest thing
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: Geezer on 16/02/2012 20:31:48
I understand that 450mm wafers are the latest thing

That's almost 18 inches! (woops - maybe I should not have said that.)

Pretty soon they'll be able to measure them in meters.
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: CliffordK on 16/02/2012 20:51:14
I understand that 450mm wafers are the latest thing

That's almost 18 inches! (woops - maybe I should not have said that.)

Pretty soon they'll be able to measure them in meters.

Can I get that built up into a single IC?
Just think of the possibilities with and 18" single chip computer.
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: Geezer on 16/02/2012 21:25:29
I understand that 450mm wafers are the latest thing

That's almost 18 inches! (woops - maybe I should not have said that.)

Pretty soon they'll be able to measure them in meters.

Can I get that built up into a single IC?
Just think of the possibilities with and 18" single chip computer.

There are probably a lot of reasons why you could not, but I suspect defects in the silicon itself would prohibit it.

Graham will be able to give us a better insight.
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: CliffordK on 17/02/2012 04:31:35
I've tried the online drawing program a few times.  Am I the only one?  The new version seems to work smoother than the old one, but it still has a few faults.

You simply choose "Save (&exit)", and your drawing returns to the message.  You must still insert it into the message otherwise it will truly be lost.  However, when I was creating the simple diagram above, it managed not to output the middle (rotated square).  I re-drew the whole diagram twice, and still no middle square.  So, I exported to png and attached.

Anyway, I may still use the system for a few quick&dirty drawings, but I'll probably go back to drawing in OpenOffice/LibreOffice, as the online gizmo always seems to be cumbersome.

As far as image attachments.  Simply use the Shift-Alt-S to attach (see notes at bottom of editing page in case you forget). 
Then, go back to "Modify Document" (at top of message NOT AT BOTTOM OF MESSAGE), and insert the image where you want it to show up.

I look forward to your conclusions as the optimal size of a square to cut out of the circle.  My guess is that you will have the two cases I demonstrated above with either 100% circle  & no square, or 100% square and no circle.  If one chooses square corners, one might also choose to oversize the cells slightly, say 1/4" to allow rounded/blunted corners.

Perhaps I'll try to do calcs for hexagons, both just hexagons on circles, and losses around the edges of the panel.
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: Geezer on 17/02/2012 08:53:42

I look forward to your conclusions as the optimal size of a square to cut out of the circle.  My guess is that you will have the two cases I demonstrated above with either 100% circle  & no square, or 100% square and no circle.  If one chooses square corners, one might also choose to oversize the cells slightly, say 1/4" to allow rounded/blunted corners.


I suspect it's not possible for us to answer that without knowing the real cost of the non-collecting area within a panel.

If customers only care about watts per panel area, there has to be a trade-off between collection efficiency and silicon area.
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: SeanB on 17/02/2012 19:23:54
I understand that 450mm wafers are the latest thing

That's almost 18 inches! (woops - maybe I should not have said that.)

Pretty soon they'll be able to measure them in meters.

Can I get that built up into a single IC?
Just think of the possibilities with and 18" single chip computer.

Sir Clive Sinclair tried that in the 1980's, and eventually gave up. Even with the best masking and ability to work around defects he was stymied. I think that it could be doable today by using blocks built as FPGA arrays and flash memory, each with an ISP and self test ability, with a common bus set ( along with routing for short hop and longer hops, with some redundancy for broken links) to create a transputer like multicore unit, with built in distributed storage and distributed memory. Power will be a problem, I remember that Sinclair had to make chains of multiple wire bonds across the die to get power into the interior. Would be difficult to get high current in, and decoupling capacitors would be very large devices ( compared to the chip scale devices) and difficult to integrate. You would also have to use a conductive epoxy to bond the slice to a Kovar heat spreader, and would also need to have it inside a hybrid housing on a ceramic substrate to encapsulate. No possibility of a cheap overmold plastic chip carrier, ceramic case, copper lid and a conformal coating on the slice, as you would not be able to keep the bond wires stable otherwise. It probably would cost more than just using the slice to make chips, cut them apart and test, and assemble the tested parts into a hybrid module. It would also allow you to mix different process technologies, and give you less compromise as to thermal issues across the unit. 
Title: Re: Why octagonal solar cells?
Post by: graham.d on 19/02/2012 20:52:36
Sean, I and a few others in my company designed the basic memory unit for that very project. As it still may be regarded as proprietry, I will not go into details. The technical problems were mostly solved (including thermal problems) but a significant issue was that the design/production time needed to produce a "special" memory configuration meant that newer memory designs with 4x the capacity per unit area were available before the wafer scale device could become productionised. Access time was rather slow because of the way devices had to be addressed also. It was not a bad idea and quite adventurous as was Sir Clive's way. There could have been a number of interesting spin-offs too, but really the economics did not work out.

There are significant problems with wafer scale devices in general but mostly they are not technically insurmountable. Thermal issues can be managed in various ways on memories and defect problems are already solved by use of redundancy. I think access time is a probably an important issue and, with large wafers, this will involve driving long lines with a high capacitance and resistance or cascading a route of devices to get in and out from the wafer. I think the Sinclair device was only 4" wafers (maybe 6", I don't remember) so was not so bad.

Syphrum, 450mm wafers are not really in production yet (at least I don't think so) but they are being used in development and may well start in some lines this year.