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Physiology & Medicine / Re: What is the science of gender designation?

« on: 31/03/2017 12:27:08 »

As you imply 5th, the orgasm seems primarily responsible for reproduction,  Otherwise we wouldn't do it.  Why replicate successors to yourself, if it makes you die?

 Could neurologists abolish the orgasm?  I mean could they find a nerve to cut, which would stop it.   Is any work being done in this field?

The natural purpose of sex is reproduction. Trace back the evolution of sexual differentiation to see what the original intent was. This is the natural means to blend genes and add variation in offspring. The pleasure of sex, such as an orgasm, is the carrot that helps lead the horse to the water. The pleasure can help lead us to the primary objective.There are a lot of people who are not trying to get pregnant, but nevertheless get pregnant, because the pleasure lead them to reproduction. The abortion industry exists because of this.

Food is needed to feed the energy and nutritional needs of the cells of the body. The pleasure of eating is a carrot on the string to assure we meet the primary objective. If all food tasted like toilet waste, people would only eat when near starvation; the primary would take over.

When you reverse cause and affect and call the secondary, the primary, things start to get messed up. If you ate only for pleasure, with no regards to nutrition, the body becomes weakened. One can still survive this way, but a constant chocolate cake diet, although pleasurable, is not a long term diet. The natural animal will find pleasure in its natural food, so both criteria are satisfied. Humans have choice and free will and can mess up this balance if they reverse the order of the primary and secondary. If we maintain the proper order and only ate bland food with high nutritional value, although pleasure is not satisfied the body can still be optimized.

As another example, prescription pain killers are designed to alleviate pain. This is the primary objective for these drugs. These are not designed with pleasure in mind, albeit, they can give pleasure to some people. Those who place the secondary first; pleasure, are the ones most likely to become addicted. This is no longer called weak willed, but a disease to justify effect before cause. When you mess up cause and affect, you pay the price. Those who place pain first, are less likely to become addicted, if the pain is real and not excuse for pleasure.

If you look at alternate sexual orientations, where the body does not match the choice of orientation, this is the secondary placed ahead of the primary. Sex its pleasurable, with the pleasure of sex able to be derived from both organic and mechanical means. Like the pleasure of chocolate or vanilla cake, pleasure first can become addictive while not satisfying the primary objective. This can lead to obsessive behavior.

The university system is slanted left. This is not news. The leftist tend to believe in relative behavior defined by statistics and not absolute reference and behavior, as defined by cause and affect. This means that reason is placed secondary to emotions. They don;t wish to hurt anyones feelings, therefore they will justify behavior based on altruistic intent, and make up a reasonable scenario. The universities do a lot of research, with the results tailored to the needs of their POV, which is not rational, but more statistical, which allows anything to go, if there are odds,

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Chemistry / Re: Can hydrated calcium chloride be reverted to an anhydrous state?

« on: 18/09/2016 20:56:36 »

a quick google search recommends 200 °C overnight, but may take longer depending on degree of hydration. You might have to stir it a few times (but be careful because it's likely very hot and very sticky!)

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: What happens when flying current loop hits electrostatic field?

« on: 03/08/2016 12:12:32 »

What happens to the ring once it gets between the plates (assuming that it does)?

I'm not precisely clear as to what you're asking. Can you please clarify your question for me please? Why are the charges on a dielectric rather than a conductor? Using two conductors makes it a lot easier to set up in the lab since all you'd need to do is get two conducting plates such as steel or copper and then apply a difference in potential across the plates using either a battery or a power supply, depending on what kind of field strength that you'd like.

If you're looking for the exact equation of motion then this becomes a very complex question. If you're merely looking for a qualitative response then its a bit easier. If you're not familiar with relativistic electrodynamics then you should look into that. It will give you an idea of what you want to know.

The textbook Classical Electricity and Magnetism by Panofsky and Philips is a superb text for these kinds of scenarios, i.e. moving magnetic dipoles. That's essentially what you have here, i.e. the current loop is a magnetic dipole. Due to relativistic effects, when it's in motion its also an electric dipole. This is due to the fact that what is a pure electric field in one frame becomes a mixture of an electric and magnetic field in a frame moving relative to the original frame. Also, what is a pure magnetic field in one frame becomes a mixture of an electric and magnetic field in a frame moving relative to the original frame. Almost all textbooks on special relativity (SR) have the transformation equations for the EM field in them. Their easy to derive if you note that the EM field is describe by a tensor called the Faraday tensor and that the components of tensors in SR transforms using the Lorentz transformation. You can find the EM field transformations on the internet. You can also download Panofsky and Philips from the following URL: http://bookzz.org/book/2058380/30648b
You have to register first but its free and very easy to do. It's a wonderful website. I highly recommend it.

It's been a while since I've worked with these equations. Do you really need help or can you find it yourself with the information that I've just given you?

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Dont you think that Pluto should be re-established as an honorary planet?

« on: 17/07/2016 00:11:18 »

But be kind to thousands of children that love Pluto and call it a planet, why not?

I think those thousands of children are more likely to call Pluto a cartoon dog than a planet.

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: What is absolute nothingness?

« on: 27/05/2016 23:08:20 »

Nothingness is the absence of anything. Absolute nothingness is the absence of absolutely everything. Only a human would be stupid enough to find the concept interesting.

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Technology / Re: How does illumination affect phototransistor noise?

« on: 06/02/2016 10:03:43 »

The light source will contain noise, mainly thermal noise, but this will be a constant proportion with distance as said in previous replies.

All transistors generate noise, mainly thermal and shot noise, and there will be variations depending on bias current, frequency and impedance matching which will be on the detailed data sheets for specific devices. In terms of light levels you will want to look at fluctuations in the generation of free carriers, diffusion and recombination fluctuations, and 1/f mechanisms. I would contact the manufacturer of some devices, you'll find them very helpful as there has been a lot of research in this area, particularly for low light levels.

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Technology / Re: Any experience with emergency vehicle starters?

« on: 06/01/2016 18:52:28 »

I have a lithium ion emergency vehicle starter which also dubs for a battery pack to recharge cell phones and other mobile devices on long trips.  I've had to rely on it recently as I've discovered the 12V battery for my car is almost dead but the replacement battery is easily available for retail so I had to order it online.

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Technology / Re: Any experience with emergency vehicle starters?

« on: 06/01/2016 09:41:37 »

Chris, your maths are correct but a vehicle battery may not have discharged below 50% so the starting point is higher. Also, I would never use one of these devices to recharge a battery, but putting the 2nd in parallel may give enough amps to get the vehicle started, then the alternator will soon get the battery back.
I have used one of these as an emergency system and they work when the car battery gives a slight growl but won't turn the engine over eg v cold weather. One problem is remembering to keep them charged up  []
If the weather is really cold or you have doubts about a battery, better to put on trickle charge when not in use or spend the money on a new battery, or even a spare, small, car battery and jump leads can be cheaper (many emergency starter packs only have a 17Ah battery). Remember as well that only deep discharge batteries will survive a discharge of 50% without serious loss of capacity.

Edit: I should have mentioned, important to look at CCA (Cold Cranking Amps) of a battery, for a short duration, say 15 sec, even a small battery will deliver a few 100 amps, enough to start a car. Also, if you do get one get it with jump leads as the cigarette lighter is really only good enough for charging when engine running, not starting.

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Technology / Re: Any experience with emergency vehicle starters?

« on: 06/01/2016 08:37:10 »

I have been quite sceptical of these gadgets prior to now, although admittedly I have never actually done the maths to work out what might or might not be achieveable with them.

My understanding is that they plug into the cigarette lighter / power socket in the car and top up the battery.

The max rated current through the power socket (roughly) is 10 amps. P=VI, so 12 x 10 = 120 J/s or 120W.

The starter motor of a car engine pulls 100-200 amps. Let's assume the engine needs a 5 second crank in the cold to make it start: that's 200 amps x 12 volts x 5 seconds = 12000 joules.

At 120W power delivery from the top-up charger, that's 12000 joules /120 joules/second = 100 seconds to return the energy from a single starting crank, which sounds reasonable.

But these products are usually marketed as rescue packs to get you going when you've left the lights on on and pancaked the battery. They often say they can "restore a flat battery in 15 minutes". So let's examine that:

A car battery is about 150 Ah (amp-hours). This means it can supply a current of 1 amp at about 12 volts for 150 hours; that's 1 x 12 x (150 x 3600) = 6,480,000 joules of energy.

To deliver this amount of energy back into the car battery via the cigarette lighter - at 120W - would therefore take 6,480,000 / 120 = 54,000 seconds or (divide by 3600 seconds per hour) = 15 hours!

After 15 minutes at 120W you could have transferred 120W x 15m x 60seconds per minute = 360,000 joules.

These are extreme case numbers that I have used, but all the same, you can see that one of these "get you started" rescue packs is not capable to restoring a car battery to the fully charged state from a fully discharged state.

Also, the current draw of 10A or higher from the recharge pack is quite high and likely to, ultimately, degrade the cells; so they are not going to survive too many discharge cycles like that.

I'd suggest, therefore, investing in a pair of jump leads, a mobile phone and an AA or RAC subscription as a more viable alternative.

[Can someone please check my reasoning / maths above, just in case my early-morning mental fog has caused me to make a mistake]

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: What is the largest possible rest mass of the photon?

« on: 30/10/2015 15:41:56 »

The largest possible mass which is consistent with the experimental data that we have is 4x10^-51 kg. This is the value stated in Classical Electrodynamics - 3rd Ed. by J. D. Jackson, page 7.