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Chemistry / Creation of gama rays, x rays, microwaves
« on: 02/12/2007 21:10:21 »
cant gama rays be made by gamma decay?
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Instead the motor system re-tunes itself so that up becomes down and down becomes up, so you know to reverse what your eyes are telling you when you go to do something.
(within minutes).
Chris
Francium (IPA: /ˈfrænsiəm/), formerly known as eka-caesium and actinium K,[1] is a chemical element that has the symbol Fr and atomic number 87. It has the lowest known electronegativity and is the second rarest naturally occurring element (after Astatine). Francium is a highly radioactive metal that decays into astatine, radium, and radon. As an alkali metal, it has one valence electron.
Marguerite Perey discovered francium in 1939. Francium was the last element discovered in nature, rather than synthesized. [2] Outside the laboratory, francium is extremely rare, with trace amounts found in uranium and thorium ores, where the isotope francium-223 is continually formed and continually decays. Perhaps an ounce exists at any given time throughout the Earth's crust; the other isotopes are entirely synthetic. The largest amount ever collected of any isotope was a cluster of 10,000 atoms (of francium-210) created as an ultracold gas at Stony Brook in 1996.[3]
We study francium by cooling and trapping it in a magneto-optical trap, and then subjecting it to a variety of laser pulses. We trap francium by neutralizing on a piece of heated yttrium and injecting it into a magneto-optical trap (MOT). The MOT is formed at the intersection of six laser beams shining through a glass cell vacuum chamber and an anti-Hemlholtz magnetic field, as depicted in the above apparatus figure.--http://saaubi.people.wm.edu/ResearchGroup/Research/Francium_Research/Francium_Introduction.html
We use the MOT because it allows us to trap the francium in vacuum with no substrate in a volume less than 1 mm wide. The MOT also cools the trapped francium to below 100 µK, reducing the Doppler shift and broadening of spectroscopic lines to negligible levels.
In 1995, the Francium Spectroscopy Group trapped 3,000 francium atoms in a MOT for the first time. In 2002, after redesigning and rebuilding the apparatus, the group succeeded in trapping francium with peak MOT populations of over 200,000 atoms, and an average MOT population of 50,000 atoms.