1

New Theories / Re: If there was one Big Bang event, why not multiple big bangs?

« on: 04/03/2022 15:25:35 »

And after the Big Bang, there are scenarios that explain the expanding observable universe, a universe that seems to have no center because the expansion seems to be accelerating in all directions. But then, an infinite and eternal universe would have no center, would it.
17025,117086,

The observation of the universe expanding relative to the galaxies, could be explained as a simple action and reaction. The galaxies are lowering gravitational potential, as stars form and atoms are created. This lowering of gravitational potential is exothermic; energy output. a reflected reaction to this action would mean the opposite should happen; absorbing energy and gravitational potential increasing; expansion, relative to all the big sources of action; galaxies.

I could never figure out why the traditions blindly assumes space-time can expand. lead, and be the source of action, that then lead matter as the reaction. It is far easier to have matter leading space-time through action and reaction in the lab; add to take away mass or increase density. Has anyone ever got space-time to expand first, in the lab, without using any form of matter? Has anyone ever seen dark energy in the lab, to see if this works in the lab? 

If you look at rotations, such as in spiral galaxies, a rotation will create a centrifugal force, the force vector of which is in the opposite the direction of the galactic center of gravity. Rotation of spiral galaxies add up to part of the gravitational action and reaction of spiral galaxies. The galaxies are lowering gravitation potential, with more turns of the spiral; more centrifugal force vector, means faster internal action over time.

2

New Theories / Re: artificial manipulation of earth's magnetic field

« on: 11/12/2021 11:36:07 »

The earth's magnetic field periodically reverses with north pole becoming south pole and vice versa. Geological evidence also shows the earth's magnetic field will also wander around the earth before it fully changes polarity. These science based observations, may provide a way to manipulate the magnetic field. Instead of using the existing field, maybe use a scenario where field is about to wander; anticipated by some future science. Then build a large attractive field device that can be used to target and attach the wandering field for extra energy. This will not be permanent since the field is controlled at the core but it would be a temporary science marvel that can add to the plot. Later the same technology helps finish the reversal cycle so things can get back to normal.

3

New Theories / Re: If there was one Big Bang event, why not multiple big bangs?

« on: 22/11/2021 12:01:45 »

The term entropy was coined in the 19th century during the development of steam engines. The developers found that when known inputs and outputs were measured for engine efficiency, there was always lost energy. They could not make any engine 100% efficient. They called this lost energy entropy. Entropy is an experimental fact and not just an abstract theory like dark energy with no lab proof. This lost energy is easier to measure and quantify in a closed system.

In an open system, entropy still absorbs energy; lost energy, but an open system allows energy from other areas of the system to come and equilibrate. This makes it harder to quantify the entropy change. However, the bottom line is there is still lost energy, that is conserved as an entropy increase. 

The universe is net losing energy into entropy according to the second law even if it is trying its best to equilibrate the energy that is left over. The universe is aging since with less useable energy over time, it has to alter its state; new equilibrium, while also relying on the conserved entropic states since this is part of energy conservation. We cannot undo bell curves to retrieve this lost energy in any net way. Instead these conserved entropic memories become the foundation for the future; learn from the past. Electron orbital states are part of the entropic memories of the early days. These do not change since the universe does not have the useable energy it once had.

Even if the universe was to collapse, it will never be same as the original. It may form a black hole and just stay there. It does not have the useable energy available to repeat the original origins. However, the conserved energy within entropy will imply the need for a more evolved path, so it can continue evolving.

The three equations of Special Relativity implies that at the speed of light mass, distance and time all become discontinuous. Mass cannot exist in a speed of light reference, nor can space-time, as we know it. Instead distance and time decouple, allowing one to move in time without the limits of space; omnipresent, and/or move in space without the constraints of time; all knowing or omniscience. This implies a state of maximum or infinite entropy; anything goes, which is the driving force for the second law. All paths are heading back in an attempt to lower the entropic potential between the origin reference, at the speed of light, and formed inertia universes based on space-time; 2nd law.
 

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New Theories / Re: If there was one Big Bang event, why not multiple big bangs?

« on: 20/11/2021 12:12:15 »

One of the limitations for all universe scale theory is the second law, which states that the entropy of the universe has to increase. While an increase in entropy absorbs energy.

The implication is the material universe is bleeding energy into entropy. This energy is not net reusable since entropy has to increase. This entropic energy is conserved; energy conservation,  but not in a way that makes it net reusable by the universe. The universe is aging and evolving and cannot go back to the same beginning, since entropy makes the useable energy balance different as time lapses. Even an infinite spongy universe would need to evolve and age. It may well would bigger sponge holes and/or become finite over time as it ages, due to net irreversible loss of energy into ever increasing entropy.

The goal of any universe scenario appears to be for it to end up with just energy, in the form of entropy, without the matter and forces implicit of the physical universe. This end point would be like memories of past states; entropic ghosts states being conserved.

An expanding universe increases the rate at which entropy increases. An expanding universe implies space-time is expanding and that time is speeding up. In the twin paradox, the moving twin ages slower since he is in a reference where time is slower. The stationary twin is in a reference where time lapses faster; ages faster.  An expanding universe is aging faster than a stationary one, with the accelerated expansion making this even faster. The universe is learning from the past; entropic state energy, and this is causing the universe to quicken via expansion.

The second law appears to stem from the limiting conditions of space-time that occur at the speed of light. If you plug c into the three equations of special relativity, discontinuities appear in time, distance and mass. We know mass cannot exist at the speed of light since this will require infinite energy. It appears space-time also does not exist. Instead space-time decouples into separated time and space. This allows one to move in time without the constraint of space; omnipresent, and allow one to move in space without the constraint of time; omniscience. This lack of space-time constraint creates a state of infinite entropy since all states are possible; simultaneously, including those once limited by space-time. This matrix appears to be the potential that is driving the second law for all physical universe(s); The potential is to return all material universe(s) back to the speed of light reference. They age in the process.

Gravity is consistent with this since mass and gravity causes space-time to contract toward a reference similar to the speed of light in special relativity. The black hole approximates this limit but is restricted due to lingering mass. Fusion, which can result from gravity, causes mass burn which is also consistent with a movement back to the speed of light reference; mass to energy. While all the forces give off energy; photons from matter, with this energy moving at the speed of light. All roads lead back to where universes originate; omnipresent and omniscience.

Forming a new universe from a reference where space and time are decoupled requires placing limits on the infinite entropy of omnipresence and omniscience. Our universe has limitations compares to a state of infinite entropy. Not all states are possible due to the laws of the physics in our universe. The decrease from infinite entropy to a limited subset;  releases energy from infinite entropy and allows a new universe to appear. Space-time requires mass to sustain since mass cannot go the speed of light and is therefore outside the non limits of the decoupled state of origin. It creates limitations, so a universe appears finite in both energy and entropy.

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New Theories / Re: If there was one Big Bang event, why not multiple big bangs?

« on: 19/11/2021 12:04:08 »

In the standard model of the formation of the universe, the BB singularity exists before space-time. The standard model could lead to a problem for multi-universes. Our universe has expanded space-time. This would alter the space-time starting conditions, such that other universes cannot  begin the exact same way. They would now have to begin with finite space-time, which may cause them to be smaller, faster, or not at all.

If alternate universes could form with space-time already spread out, that that would bring to question the assumptions of the standard theory, since formation with space-time already spread out would be the preponderance of the data, for universe creation, plenty of alternate, and would make the BB, unique; creation? In the beginning was the human universe.

One question one might ask is what would happen if a primordial atom was forced to begin a universe that had a boundary condition of finite space-time, instead of zero? This would add what would appear to be negative gravity at the boundary, since the space-time boundary would already be expanded as though its gravity is lower than implied of a singularity which begins at zero. This could pull a vacuum that catalyzes and accelerates the expansion. Such a universe would evolve and age faster.

An alternate explanation is the the singularity would be stay in place and try to reverse local space-time toward the singularity it needs to begin the process defined by standard theory. It may look like a Black hole.  All this would be easier to figure out if we knew more about the events before the primordial atom and space-time when space and time were uncoupled and mass did not exist; speed of light reference.

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New Theories / Re: Does man's use of energy in the last 200 years mean global warming is man-made?

« on: 11/11/2021 15:50:37 »

One consideration that is not included in the man made climate change analysis is the impact of supercritical water on organic materials.

Years back, I was a development engineer geared toward developing new environmental remediation technologies. While doing research for a different project, I read an article about a team that developed a technique to get rid of cancer causing organic chemicals. They used supercritical water; hot and high pressure water. Water at these conditions is not only a good organic solvent, but in their technology, it broke down these nasty organic chemicals all the way to CO2.

This made me think, was it possible that the earth is breaking down fossils fuel resources, all the way to CO2 using supercritical; hydrothermal water, deep in the earth. This type of organic decomposition reaction could be contributing to the CO2 rise we see, and it is not in the current equations.

Another problem I have with the climate change models is they are based on obsolete earth science, that does not include some very provocative new earth discoveries. The main discovery is the iron core of the earth is rotating faster than the surface. This discovery suggests the core is dragging the mantle and crust along via visco-plastic friction. This means heat generation that is not in any of the models.

Another discovery was the earth magnetic field periodically wanders over the earth and reverses polarity. This was easier to explain when the earth was a uniform ball. But the rotating core discovery; always one direction, makes it harder.

It was also discovered that there is an ocean of water, the size of the Arctic Ocean, in the mantle  just below the crust, in SE Asia. There was another parallel discovery of a scar on the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean where the mantle was exposed. Combined these two discoveries suggests mantle water can periodically breach the crust and add water and heat to the oceans. These discoveries are not part of the climate change models. The current earth science used did not anticipate any of these things. 

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New Theories / Re: Puppypower's assertions on brains

« on: 29/09/2021 14:25:48 »

Offtopic - Perhaps if We ever find Aliens for whom Water is Toxic...

Then, We could focus more on the Liquid State of Matter vs Water as an Elixir for Life.

PS - have funn!
👍

The liquid state is unique, among the states of matter. The gaseous state can exhibit pressure but not tension. If we pull a vacuum on a gas, we do not create tension but simply lower its pressure.   The solid state can exhibit pressure and/or tension but not both at the same time and reach steady state. If we push and pull a block of metal it will move or rotate.

The liquid state can exhibit both tension and pressure at the same time and reach steady state. For example an open glass of water will be under atmospheric pressure and surface tension at steady state. This odd behavior is useful to life. If you need to both push and pull to get the DNA t to do what you need, the liquid state can do that. Pure DNA is more like a solid; crystal, and cannot do this on its own without spinning or moving.

Water has many selective advantages in terms of being the liquid state choice for life. First and foremost, water is the second most common molecule in the universe, second only to H2 or hydrogen gas. Carbon monoxide is third. Water is a stable product from stellar fusion, allowing any generation star to make it. Oxygen is the third most common atom in universe, behind only hydrogen and helium. Carbon is also common, but less so than oxygen, since although carbon forms first, oxygen is more stable than carbon at the nuclear level. There is a natural nuclear potential between them that translates into chemical antagonism.

Water is also one of the end products, if you burn any of the suggested organic solvents with oxygen. The main problem with life in organic solvents is as they evolve better metabolism and try to expand their energy bandwidth, they will start to self combust their own solvent, since it has high energy value. This inevitable doom will make water and CO2. 

Water is so stable, that this metabolic energy limit will not occur if water is used as the solvent. If all life evolved side-by-side, water based life will become more and more energy vigorous, and will dominate, since it can burn all the way to hydrogen gas in oxygen, without self destruction, to make more water.

Water is very stable at the level of covalent bonding; stable combustion product. However, it is very active and fluid at the level of secondary bonding; hydrogen bonding. The liquid state is defined for water, via its hydrogen bonding. The hydrogen bonding of water makes water the most anomalous substance in the known universe, with over 70 known anomalies/departures where it does not follow the trends found in other substances. For example, water expands when it freezes, whereas all but a few other materials will contract upon freezing. Hot water will freeze before cold water. This seems counter intuitive, but this anomaly is observed and is mediated by hydrogen bonding. Hot water and freezing water both expand, so the hydrogen bonding, which define similar space needs is closer, allowing an easier freeze for hot water. Cold water has the hydrogen bonds closer so there is a need to rearrange the hydrogen bonding grid, first, which takes time.

Water is the liquid state wild card of the universe, using the most abundant material of the universe; hydrogen, in unique ways to create anomalies. The pH affect shows hydrogen able to go from being covalently bonding to oxygen, to being detached as an independent ion, and all in between. This affects allows water to make strong bonding more plastic; catalysis. 

The hydrogen bonding in water allows the hydrogen proton to do things for water what electrons do for metals. The hydrogen proton is 1000 times heavier than an electron, so the use of the hydrogen proton will slows things down. This is needed in the nano-world for manipulating large solid/fluid structures within the liquid state. There will be longer time delays, so you need a slower way than electricity, but with muscle mass to help push and pull.

The hydrogen bond is also a type of binary switch; pH affect, able to shift between polar and covalent settings, with each setting having different properties in terms of entropy, enthalpy and volume (pressure-tension). The hydrogen bonding switch can be used to send binary information. It also has free energy and mechanical muscle that is used to assist the organics of life; information with muscle allowing changes in organic shapes to send data and muscle. This is how cells can coordinate in 4-D; space and time.

To clarify for Bored Chemist, when I said water can go beyond itself, I was comparing the limits of pure water, to what water can do when it is assisted by the organic structures found in life. The analogy may be two people forming a team, like in marriage, where the team becomes more that the sum of its parts, allowing each part to become better than it was. The range of water becomes higher within life, allowing the ever evolving push we call evolution at the nanoscale. Water drives evolution at the nanoscale, in an evolving organic way, due to this team affect.

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New Theories / Re: Puppypower's assertions on brains

« on: 18/09/2021 14:09:07 »

And...the Question is???

Are You tryin to make a point?

Looks more like a thesis.
👍

I donno wat to make out of all your words.
🤔
Can anyone Help?

Those posts were in response to the topic of will power and choice. Others in the topic were discussing brain experiments that tracked the reaction of the brain to choice based stimulus, to see if the brain was processing, what we call choice, first, at a pre-conscious level. If so what we feel as will and choice would actually be determinism.

I was trying to point out that the brain and consciousness is not just hardware, as these hardware experiments were assuming. The brain is not like an old fashion clock composed of little gears so the hardware; gear ratios, alone can define all output responses. Consciousness is more fluid and would be more like the modern approach of a digital clock that has both software and hardware.

Like a computer, if you probe just the hardware, you have no clue which software is running since all software can use the same hardware. That type of research data, although consistent with the philosophy of science, is half baked when it comes to consciousness and ambiguous things like will power and choice.

Next, I felt it would be useful to explain the duality of consciousness; software and hardware, and the brain by detailing some of the considerations needed to address the brain's operating system.  I also suggested a different type of experiment based on the researcher becoming both the experiment and the scientist; self observation of externally induced operating system output. This type of data is closer to what we need to supplement the hardware approach. However, it starts to go outside the philosophy of science, since the data is often unique and cannot be easily verified or reproduced by other teams.

This type of data is needed to address will power and choice, however software is much different from hardware. So you do need a new approach. You cannot just place two probes onto a DVD to know the code, but rather you have to change the format; print out, to help process that data. So I thought I would get deeper into both the hardware and software to show how they connect. It is not simple but has many pieces.

The last entry was about how neurons stop replicating very early in our life and remain the same neuron for rest of out lives. This is the foundation of consciousness. Neurons will grow branches, but they never replicate again to become something slightly different; daughter cells, due to replication mutations. This lack of replication allows the body of the neuron and its DNA to avoid mutations caused by replication, which science often equates as a main source of change for evolution. They are not designed to evolve in place in a traditional hardware way; mutation.

Neurons maintain a solid OEM based DNA foundation, that can last for decades. This provides a  consistent system restore point for healing the body via nervous integration to healing. It also allows the neurons to integrate all firmware changes within its branches, with epigenetic change on the OEM DNA;  the never changing foundation. The changes in firmware and the epigenetic changes on the DNA are connected to sensory input and learning, both rooted in the foundation DNA. This allows the inner self a connection all the way to the DNA; while still maintaining the OEM DNA set point.

Cellular replication typically involves the dissolving of the mother cell's scaffolding which rigs and wires the inside of the cell; microtubules. Neurons not replicate, so they do not lose their OEM wiring, allowing the inner wiring to extend into the outer wiring of the dendrites and axons, and vice versa.

Epigenetic changes are change that do not alter the DNA hardware; base pairing. The DNA does not change in terms of any base or base pair. Instead epigenetic changes is another layer that can  alter the expressions of genes; protein cues that can divert or rewrite the OEM DNA intent. The epigenetic layer is a type of a firmware layer on the DNA hardware. The DNA does not have room to address every situation in life. Interaction, learning and forward integration; wisdom, places this epigenetic firmware onto the OEM DNA, to enhance its real time capacity; Consciousness.   

 

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New Theories / Re: How does Mass Warp Spacetime?

« on: 17/09/2021 14:26:51 »

Let me give it a stab using Classic Physics. Mass takes up space. If there was no mass in the universe, space would be at a maximum, since no space would be occupied by mass. Once we add mass, which takes up space, space becomes less, since some of the space is now occupied by mass. Less space means space contracts.

When a star attracts mass and matter, via gravity, into a concentrated area of higher density, the mass takes up a larger and larger percent of the available space. We see this high percent loss of space, due to compressing mass, as local space contracting. Time follows space due to the integration of space-time.

Mass can also have inertia. In this case, the mass is still taken up space but not at the same point of space, over time. If we stop time it takes up x amount of space. The lead edge of the mass in motion is causing space to contract, while the rear edge of the motion, is where it is making more space available. We see this as the Doppler shift.

During the beginning of the universe, when mass appeared in a concentrated place; primordial atom, it took up all the local space; extreme density. Space from afar needed to rush in to fill the space vacuum. This caused the mass to expand; stages of development. Space was trying to expand the mass density, so distant space could equilibrate with local space. The expansion of the universe is lowering universal mass density so more space can appear among the universal mass.

10

New Theories / Puppypower's assertions on brains

« on: 15/09/2021 13:45:22 »

The brain has software, hardware and firmware. Placing a probe in the hardware of the brain will  not give you all the needed information to determine choice and determinism. The analogy is placing a probe inside a computer's hardware, while various software is running. What is going to happen depends on the software.There is more going on in the brain than what the hardware does. Consciousness is closer to software, albeit assisted by hardware via firmware.

For example, pain level is not an easy thing for doctors to determine in terms of their patients. This causes problems in terms of prescribing drugs for pain. Pain can be different in different people under the same circumstances. It can also be faked by some for free drugs.

A probe into hardware of the body, where the pain appears to originate, cannot tell us pain level. The nuance of pain level requires the consciousness of the patient, telling the doctor  what they feel, from the inside. Consciousness is like a probe to the software. There is inside data being generated in the brain that cannot be seen from the outside. This data is real, but the doctor cannot always verify it from the outside. The philosophy of science breaks down when it comes to consciousness, since third person data alone is not complete.

Say you were a scientist, who has volunteered to be brain hardware probed, to see where in the brain and body the pain is centered. The other scientists in this study, will follow the philosophy of science and look at your brain hardware response, in the third person, detached from any pain. You as the test subject will be inflected with various types of pain; drill a tooth. You as the test subject will get to experience pain from the inside your own body. Your job is to relate the software and firmware extrapolations, on your mind and body, in the first person.

You may see lots of data processing occurring from the direction of nerve pulses to memories of the past. If the pain is too severe, you may not be able remain fully objective and do you job. This is why doctors are not allowed to operate on themselves. It is different from the inside. The first person data is not the same as the third person data and can impact the focus of consciousness since consciousness may have to process too much data. 

There is more going besides what the third person science hardware probe will see. However, inside data; first hand software and firmware data, is not exactly reproducible. In the case of pain, different test subjects will see it differently. This data is objective to each person but it is subjective as a group; both objective and subjective. However, this type of data is also needed to make the analysis complete, even though this first hand firmware and software data does not fully obey the philosophy of science. There is no machine or fellow human who can verify you and reproduce your exact results. Hardware science of the brain is half baked at best, and should be understood as only part of the data needed to fully define the phenomena of consciousness. Third hand data approach of science is good for looking at a rock, since a rock does not think.

The two centers of consciousness may not be easily seen with only a hardware approach. These are not localized affects, but are wired throughout the brain to allow the integrated affects that we attribute to consciousness; firmware. However, they do appear to come to a focus at the level of firmware and software. This inference requires inside data from the first person since software is not the same as hardware, and needs a software approach to see it. 

If I was to guess, the inner self would be wired into the center of the brain; thalamus region. The thalamus is the most wired part of the brain. It is the central switching station and it merges input and output from all parts of the brain. Making use of the most wired  part of the brain would make most sense in terms of natural selection; inner self consciousness. This would allow the inner self to have its finger in all pies; firmware on top of hardware.

The ego center appears to be more located in the cerebral matter. The inner self is firmware while the learned knowledge of the ego, implies that the ego is partial firmware but also software based. Both centers can be active and integrated at the same time, via input and output loops from the thalamus. With the thalamus as the central switching station, software command lines from the ego; walk, will go to the thalamus, where long term natural wiring patterns allow the body to integrate the walk, with little ego support needed, besides steering.

11

New Theories / Re: If there was one Big Bang event, why not multiple big bangs?

« on: 21/07/2021 16:00:01 »

One main consideration connected to multiple universes and even the future of our own universe is connected to energy. A BB event takes a lot of energy to not only make all mass and matter of the universe, E=MC2, from nothing, but it also needs energy to separate this matter into space-time while opposing gravity.

In both the single BB and multiple BB scenario,s we need a source of energy. One BB events implies a one time energy deal. Multiple BB implies a larger pool of origin energy, that bubbles up every now and then. Or a multiple BB may use the same pool as the single BB, but makes smaller additions to the one universe, with each bubble.

The one time deal of the standard BB theory is closer to what Creationism believes; universe is a one time deal. The BB was first proposed by a Priest/Scientist with neither science or religion able to quantify the science based physics for this energy; before t=0.

With life, science takes a different approach and assumes multiple life BB's; many places of life origin in the universe.  Creationism sticks to the one of approach, like a single BB; let there be light/energy, then a single source of life; breath of life! The one time occurrence premise for life, better reflects the hard science data, since no other life has even found outside the earth to create any data to contradict this. The multiple point of life theory is connected circumstantial inferences, but no data. This debate is where religion is more scientific; hard data, and science becomes a religion of speculation and gambling odds.

Another consideration is the second law connected entropy. An entropy increase will absorb energy. If the entropy of the universe has to increase, this implies energy is being lost by the universe, into increasing entropy, as time goes on. This energy being transformed into entropy cannot ever be fully reused by the universe, or else the second is wrong. The second law implies that universe is aging and losing its energy into a pool of conserved energy that is not fully reusable. The pool gets larger and universe ages.

The second law creates a problem for most cosmology theories. Many cleverly use hidden perpetual motion assumptions, such as all energy is recyclable, but the second law says this is not true.. An infinite universe is a loophole to avoid the second law. Even if we are losing energy into an entropy pool, that is off limits and causes aging, the infinite universe always has extra energy up its sleeve, thereby allowing perpetual motion and eternal life any time we need. The second law is provable but that assumption is not.

The Multiple BB scenario would still be under the second law, This scenario would also lose energy into the pool of entropy, that cannot be reused, thereby allowing universal entropy to increase. In a multiple BB scenario, one might expect see all the various stages of the universe, at the same time, with each old universe aging and each new BB addition looking like an infant universe.

If we look out into space, we do see all stages of a universes, at the same time, with telescopes. We also see the youngest stages at the edge of the universe. This may be where new BB's are be added. They may need isolation from matter to set the potential for creation. I am following the logic trail to see where it take us.

 

12

New Theories / Re: Gold may come from closer to home.

« on: 14/07/2021 12:03:14 »

I also believe the gold on earth came from the sun, when the modern solar system and earth was forming. Our sun is a second generation star, that was once a first generation star. Its first life cycle  ended in less than super nova fashion, allowing the sun to project its materials close by, to form planets. It then reconstituted itself for a second life cycle. The gold was dispersed in the new solar system, among the closer planets, due to its high material density.   

The way this metamorphosis was possible can be understood by looking at the behavior of atoms inside the cores of stars, at the extreme pressure of gravity and the extreme temperatures of fusion.

On earth iron is heavier than hydrogen and will sink because of gravity. The hydrogen will float. On the other hand, if we pressurize and ionize one electron from both hydrogen and iron, hydrogen now becomes denser. Density is mass/volume. The ionization of the single electron of hydrogen decreases its volume to neutron density, while the iron with one electron ionized still has many electron left and it will retain it atomic density, since the rest of its electrons take up atomic space. At extreme pressure and temperature the ionization of smaller atoms makes these denser than the larger atoms, so they can feed the core fusion using gravitational pressures to create the density inversion.

What this scenario does is have the partially ionized larger atoms; oxygen, floating on a sea of smaller fully ionized and denser atoms like hydrogen and helium. The affect is similar to an iron ship floating on water due to the extra volume of the hull. Iron is denser than water, but will it float because the hull is takes up extra volume; atomic density of partially ionized heavy atoms is less.

The net result is the fusion core of a star will form a shell of heavier atoms which act as a diffusion barrier for the heavier hydrogen fuel going to the core.This helps the stars relegate their fusion rates so they do not flash in the pan. If fusion gets too hot, this will ionize the heavier atom shell. This makes the shell denser and restricts hydrogen diffusion, so the fusion core can cool. If fusion starves due to not enough fuel and gets cooler, the shell gains electrons, gets less dense and fluffs up more allowing more hydrogen to diffuse inward. We see this on the surface as solar flares and sun spots; hot and cold fusion output regulated by the shell.

Over time, the shell of increasing larger atoms will get thicker and will begin to restrict the flow of hydrogen to the fuse core at a higher bandwidth of temperature. The core will cool and the shell will gain electrons and fluff out as usual. However, the bulk materials will still limit hydrogen diffusion. Eventually the core will cool enough where the shell gets overly fluffy and a surge of hydrogen; back draft, will reach the core causing the fusion core to over achieve.

I call this fusion hammer, where the heat and pressure of the core fuel surge will bang against the shell leading to the synthesis of even higher atoms. In the extreme case of shell build up, this surge can clean the pipes and blow off part or all the shell. If only part of the shell is expelled, along with entrained gases and smaller atoms, a solar system can form. If this is done cleanly, the star can also reform with a thinner shell, that can help regulate its second life fusion. Binary stars can also form this way.

The gold was given to the earth when the sun's pipe were cleaned out at the end of its first life, with fusion hammer part of the force by which extra gold was made.

13

New Theories / Re: Objects can move faster than light speed

« on: 05/07/2021 15:07:30 »

We live in space-time where time and space are connected and need to work as a team. Their team effort is similar to a three legged race, that attaches time and space, by one leg, so they need to coordinate their movement, to be able to move forward in time and space. This awkward three legged connection slows both of them down, with the limit of their team speed, being the speed of light.

If we could separate the three legged space-time into separated space and separated time, then the speed of light is not longer the limit. The speed of light is the limit for the three legged race, but not the limit for races that involve one person running at a time. Time might be faster than space or vice or versa In either case, without the three legged connection to slow the fastest down, faster speeds become possible, for one or both.

If you plug the speed of light into the three equations for Special Relativity, discontinuities appear in distance, time and mass. The three legged race is no longer in effect.

As an example, human consciousness and the imagination can allow us to fly to the sun in two seconds, which should violate the speed of light. Yet my imagination can do this. There is no brain blockage due to space-time or the speed of light. I can also use my imagination to go back into time to infer the early instant of the BB, all while not moving in distance; sitting at my desk. Consciousness has the hardware in place to step out of space-time via thought and imagination.  This is not the same as physically doing this with mass and matter. However, since thinking and information has no mass, that limit of mass does not apply to consciousness.

All options, possible and impossible can exists in the imagination. We can build a sky scraper in an instant and then balance it on a needle before transporting it to Andromeda, all before lunch. On the other hand, only certain options are possible within space-time, since mass and matter run the show, and they set connected limits for both space and time. We may will need to slow down time and limit ourselves in space to maintain the limits crested by matter.

I can imagine a bridge over the Atlantic ocean make of noodles. This is not possible in space-time. However, that odd idea now exists in time, but only in the limited space, where others have read this. Information and thought, is not under the material limits of space-time. Many scenarios can work that exceed the speed of light, using a thought matrix where space-time becomes untied.

A worm hole can move matter across the universe is an instant of time. Quantum jumps can move in smaller spaces in zero time. Is this imagination, or part of a parallel universe not ruled by matter, where space and time can each run their own race? 

All the forces of nature; natural and unnatural create accelerations, which are d/t/t or one part distance and two parts time. This is the three legged race of space-time plus an extra time vector not restricted by space. The forces of nature are the same in all references. The forces include a vector of  time, that is independent of space-time references. It is as though information is wired into the forces so they can act the same wherever they might travel; inner beat in time.

14

New Theories / Re: Earthquake - the result of an explosion of magmatic gases

« on: 28/06/2021 14:36:50 »

Water at temperatures and pressures above its critical point, will change phase from the liquid state, into a hydrothermal state of water. This phase of water is an aggressive solvent for the earth crustal materials. It becomes more and more aggressive as temperature and pressure increase. Water contained in pockets and pool that can maintain pressure will eat downward following the thermal gradient for ever increasing solubility; entropy driven.

Hydrothermal water also becomes a very strong organic solvent, that can grind down fossil fuel into CO2. This is a process technique used to disable harmful cancer causing chemicals, into inert CO2. Hydrothermal water, inside the earth, may well  contribute to the green house gases via its unique organic decomposition reactions. I hope this is in the computer models since it can be done in the lab like the greenhouse gas simulations?

At the even higher temperatures and pressures of the upper mantle, hydrothermal water changes phase into what is called superionic water. This is loosely similar to semi-free oxide and hydrogen protons. Superionic water is nasty stuff, with a sudden pressure drop causing it to explode, as it phase changes back from superionic and mineral complexes, into supercritical water. Water at the hydrothermal-superionic phase boundary; mantle/crust, is the grease and boom for continental plate movement and a source of targeted pressure induction for volcanos. Crust subduction can increase the equilibrium toward superionic. The opposite; crust rising, will get a powerful boost from the energy release of the water phase change. We get more mountains than craters.

The current models ignore many of the latest and exciting discoveries about the earth. For example, is everyone aware that a large ocean of water was found below the crust, the size of the Arctic Ocean? Also a large scar was found on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, where the mantle is exposed. One theory is something blew a hole in the ocean floor crust, all the way down to the mantle. This could also have been due to a mantle water spring. Both of these observations are consistent with the hydrothermal/supercritical water phase boundary.

Water can theoretically, eat its way to the core of the earth, driven by the increasing pressure and temperatures changes and the resultant phase changes.  As such it is likely that water defines the layers of the inner and outer earth based on the position of the water phase boundaries. Experiments have even shown that water will become a metal at the temperature and pressure assumed for the earth's core. Speaking of the earth's core, it was found that it rotates faster than the surface. The core laps the surface once every 400 years. This is slow but orders of magnitude faster than plate movement. The core rotation should be part of the equation.

What was also discovered was that the inner materials of the earth are denser north to south compared to east to west. From pole to pole seismic waves travel faster than through the earth at the equator, even if you normalize the differences in distance; factor out the bulge. The earth rotates and this is used to explain why the earth bulges at the equator, but nobody assumed that the bulge was at least partly due to the equators inner earth materials being less dense.

One explanation offered is that may be due to the magnetic field. However, other data has shown that the earth's magnetic field can wander and even reverse, with the earth never changing the direction of rotation. The magnetic field may contribute but there is something else.

The current consensus theory does not explain these latest data. That theory should be down graded and moved to alternate theory, unless politics leads science. This could be possible since they control the money, and nobody with a large money investment of tax payers dollars wants to have egg on their face. It also means there is room for new ideas.

A new theory that I developed several years ago is connected to water being common throughout the outer and inner earth, from the atmosphere to the core. Experiments to collect data for the extreme phases of water show that the temperature and pressures of phase boundaries at similar to independent estimates in the inner earth layers. It is reasonable to conclude a parallel.

Water's extreme phases, at very high temperature and pressure; hydrothermal, superionic, ionic and metallic, more than likely define the layers of the inner earth.  These can move with time, such as the crust getting thicker with cooling. We call these layers crust, upper mantle, lower mantle/outer core and core in favor of the minerals, but water as the multiple personality solvent, defines the state of minerals at various phase conditions.

The equator is the place on the earth of maximum sunshine; solar energy. This evaporates water, at the maximum rate on earth and causing positive charge to build in the atmosphere, as at the maximum rate due to water. This adds an extra water potential that is transmitted to the core at the highest rate at the equator. The movement of water downward will lower the density of the mineral material more at the equator. The positive charge in the atmosphere also sets a potential with the iron core. There is a potential for the negatively charge electrons of iron, which can be transmitted by the water phases to the surface water. Water is rusting the iron core and releasing energy and electron, driven by the sun.This shows up at the surface as the alkaline pH of the oceans. During thunderstorms electrons will be directly extracted from the surface of the earth.

The theory proposed by Yusup Hizirov has potential for crustal dynamic, using this water theory as the foundation. This especially true at the phase boundary between hydrothermal and superionic water. Tweaks in pressure can transmit lots of energy via phase change chain reactions. The current theory is too stuck in the past, and does not have the proper new tools in place to account for all the newest discoveries.

15

New Theories / Re: I have a theory of why the universe is expanding.

« on: 20/06/2021 15:08:40 »

Do you mean what started to rotate the universe

Yes.
Or rather, how is it possible?

Ok, I will try my best. This will be the biggest question to answer regarding my rotating universe. I can only speculate and attempt to answer this with multiple possibilities first we must remember that all of the bodies seen within the seeable universe are rotating what could rotate the whole picture well maybe many other pictures what has been described by the physicist as multiverses many universes reacting on each other. Another possibility is waveform the early globular universe may have had an uneven expanding structure which transforms this uneven out of balance structure to have collapsing uneven pressure in one direction a vertical movement if uneven on one side can reestablish itself into a horizontal movement generating rotation. Without going any further with more possibilities This is a big question to answer and can never be proven nor can be disproven just like all the mainstream possibilities put out there by mainstream science after all not all can be correct only one true answer out of many.

If we assume gravity is a force, like the other three forces of nature, when mass lowers potential due to gravity, energy should be given off. Going from higher to lower potential releases energy. This gravity based energy output, if absorbed by other mass, should result in what appears to be an anti-gravity affect, if this theory is correct. The analogy is a hydrogen atom lowering energy level will give off a photon of energy. If this photon is absorbed by a different hydrogen atom, it will go to a higher energy level; mirrored action and reaction. 

When stars begin to form from a cloud of  dust, water crystals, and hydrogen gas, the mass will start to rotate, with the rotation creating a centrifugal force, the vector of which opposes the direction of gravity. The centrifugal force vector, created by the action/reaction rotation, goes in the opposite direction of gravity. There is a coordinated action and reaction, due to the exothermic output from gravity. The action of gravity explains the reaction rotation of stars, planets, solar systems and galaxies, since they all have the common feature of gravity acting and lowering potential.

Since these rotations do not always exactly cancel gravity, especially in the early formation of stars, the excess energy output, from the action of gravity, will go outward beyond the object. It will have an impact on larger and larger scale rotations, all the way to the universe. This explains why the universe appears to be expanding relative to the galaxies. They are isolated relative to each other by the action of their own gravity. Their constant exothermic output, due to constant star formation, is creating an antigravity affect onto each other. Dark energy may well be the exothermic output from gravity. Dark energy is not new but an old thing that was renamed. It is the exothermic output from the entire universe lowering gravitational potential.

Another way to look at this is via GR. If the action of gravity is causing space-time to contract as defined by GR, than the exothermic output, as gravity lowers potential energy, should cause space-time to expand, elsewhere. This is what dark energy does. While the centrifugal force created, which opposes gravity, seems to appear anywhere gravity acts. If we flush the toilet, gravity is lowering potential and rotation appears. The direction of rotation does not alter the direction and magnitude of the centrifugal force vector; still an anti-gravity in affect.

Thank you for this very detailed account of physics at work but I'm not sharp enuff to determine as to whether your in agreement with a rotating universe or not in agreement with my theory

I am in agreement with your theory. I was showing you how to explain a source of energy for your theory. The exothermic output, from gravity lowering potential, causes the rotations of stars. Gravity acting on the entire mass of the universe, via all the galaxies, will give off the energy needed to rotate the universe.

Eventually when gravity reaches steady state, and the exothermic output slows and stops, the universe will start to contract. The analogy is the exothermic output from gravity is like hot air filling up a ballon. Once the heat is shut off; steady state galaxies, the balloon starts to deflate; rotating universe will spiral inward.

16

New Theories / Re: New theory of modern science

« on: 16/06/2021 12:07:56 »

Say we all went inside a futuristic space ship and started to increase our velocity approaching the speed of light. According to Special Relativity, distance will contract and the universe outside the window will appear to be heading toward the big crunch. The universe does not change for us, but rather this is a relative reference affect due to our motion.

Next, we put on the space brakes and slow down the ship from our near speed of light velocity back to slow speeds. During this braking, the universe will now look like the big bang is occurring. In the end it was all a reference illusion created by relative motion and us unconsciously defining  ourselves as the center of the universe.

The bug in this scenario is that distance will appear to change only in the direction of motion. To make this scenario more realistic in 3-D, so the entire universe follows the trick, our motion would need to be in 3-D, like the wave function of a hydrogen 1S electron so distance appears to contract in all directions.

Another way to do this, with a simpler form of motion, is with a microscope. We zoom into a tiny drop of pond water, slowly increasing magnification. This type of reference change is different from special relativity, in that the propagation of time is not impacted by the zooming. All observations and our base reference will use the same clock. The only thing that changes is our distance perception.

If we start with the drop of water; primordial atom, distance will appear to expand as we magnify more and more. As we zoom in further, microscopic bugs will start to look like buses, and we wonder how all these ever fit into that tiny drop of water.

The telescope does something similar, in that it allows far away things, that look tiny to the naked eye to appear closer and larger. This is the same affect as the microscope. Which means, as we look out into the universe further and further, the distance between things will appear to get farther and farther apart. Again, the propagation of time is not being impacted, since we are always collecting photons, in real time with the telescope. The increase in telescope sensitivity allows the moon to looks bigger and bigger and distant galaxies, that were once points of light, now appear to expand into millions of little bugs; stars.

If we stopped using all telescopes, the universe data would appear to contract back to the reference of the naked eye and we would have an older classic universe reference affect on which theory would need to build. 

The difference between the microscope and telescope is connected to time delay. The subjects of the microscope are so small, the time delay is very small. We see the tiny bus sized bugs in real time.

The telescope brings distant objects closer by lowering the time delay. This is done by collecting photons, that are nearby, like with the microscope. The telescope only collects photons that were emitted long ago, but which reach us now. This creates a good view in distance for that time, but a poor view in real time. This makes inferring the universe not based on real time data. It would be like inferring modern humans from ancient fossils. A lot of time is ignored due to lack of data.

17

New Theories / Re: Could this be what t=zero was like?

« on: 09/05/2021 15:23:30 »

An interesting parallel to the observed matter and antimatter asymmetry of our universe, is connected to life and proteins. Proteins made in the lab, will form equal amounts of right-handed and left handed helixes; stereoisomers. Stereoisomers have the same chemical formulas but differ in how the atoms are laid out in 3-D space. These difference in their 3-D layout in space impact polarized light and will bend the light left or right. 

Life broke this lab made symmetry by preferring only left handed helixes. The universe is similar in that matter and antimatter will form in the lab, but the universe chose matter and broke the lab based symmetry. In both cases, the entropy of the universe lowered by choosing one instead of two, since this choice lowered the degree of complexity.

In the lab, proteins will form both types of helixes; left and right, just as matter and antimatter form as pairs in the lab. But only the left handed protein is bioactive, just as only matter is the main active basis for our material universe. This tells me these pairs are not equal and opposite.  The lab results do not reflect observed reality, but have created a synthetic faux positive for a result that did not result in the natural environment.

In terms of the entropy of the early universe, the asymmetry that resulted when matter and antimatter were reduced to only matter, would have lowered the entropy of the universe. This would have released a lot of energy; heat of asymmetry. This would then create an entropic potential or a potential to increase entropy, again, due to the second law. The path for increasing the entropy would need to change direction, due to the loss of antimatter and symmetry.

In life, the formation of left handed protein, led to enzyme catalysis. Enzyme catalysis provides activation energy for chemical reactions;  lowers the activation energy. The left handed enzymes contain intrinsic free energy that can be used to lower the activation energy. Only left handed proteins are bioactive or contain this extra free energy. The same appears to be true of matter.  Matter should have extra free energy for catalyzed paths of synthesis.

Relative to our universe, the early formation of hydrogen; protons and electrons, from the matter asymmetry , broke the lab based symmetry of negative and positive charge. Particle collider data has demonstrated that the electron, which contains mass and negative change is a single particle. While the proton which is positive charge and mass is not a single particle.

Negative charge, via the single particle nature of the electron, is not self standing, but is intimately connected to a unified force that integrates negative charge with mass. Positive charge does not have this same intimate connection to gravity, except at extreme gravitational pressures; maybe neutron density. This asymmetry of charge, at lower than neutron density pressures; expansion,  would have also lowered entropy, released energy, and created another entropic potential; periodic table of elements and chemistry appear.

The Heisenberg Uncertainty principle is connected to this entropic potential. The potential to increase complexity or entropy, in light of the unification of negative charge with mass, adds wild cards in space, time and momentum not expected of lab based charge symmetry.

18

New Theories / Re: Magma-gate hypothesis of earthquakes

« on: 13/04/2021 13:56:45 »

There are a few other contributing factors for any theory of earth quakes. First, it was discovered that the earth's iron core spins faster than the surface of the earth. The core will then create visco-plastic friction with the mantle which then helps drag the surface crust along. This can create surface stresses.

The core laps the crust about once every 400 years which is fast compared to plate movement. Below is link from the National Science Foundation .
https://nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=100044&org=NSF

Another contributing factor is water, which can dissolve its way below the crust into the mantle. This is driven by chemical potential. As water gets hotter and increases pressure it can dissolve most crustal materials. This is driven by the second law .  There will be displacement upward of other materials such as molten materials that will phase separate as rising water lowers pressure and temperature.

19

New Theories / Re: Are positive and negative charge equal and opposite?

« on: 28/03/2021 14:14:11 »

The electron, in particle accelerator data, was found to be a single particle composed of negative charge and mass. The mass and negative charge are so merged as to be consider one thing. This, logically, reflects a state of gravity and negative charge that is unified even at accelerator conditions. The electron obeys unified laws of gravity and negative charge. The proton is made of more than one particle and positive charge is not quite as unified to mass. It can associate as one thing; proton under extreme conditions, but not all conditions.

If you look at the EM force, the negatively changed single particle electron is better designed to take advantage of the magnetic side of the EM force, due to its never ending hustle. A charge in motion creates a magnetic field, while an electron is always in motion, allowing negative charge to overcome even negative charge repulsion, without any additional force. The proton's positive charge repulsion needs the nuclear force, since it magnetism is not enough. Negative charge is more self contained as the electron.

For example, the oxygen atom can form oxide or O-2. The oxygen atom can hold two extra negative charges, beyond its number of nucleus positive charges. The electrons and negative charges overcome this change imbalance and negative charge electrostatic repulsion by being always in motion. The motion of the electron in the p-orbitals of oxygen, generates an extra magnetic component, that can overcome the charge repulsion. Mineral oxides can withstand extreme heat and O-2 remains very stable.

Originally, electricity was assumed to be due to the movement of positive charge. When the electron was discovered, this was corrected and electricity was defined as movement of negative charge. These two traditions created a relative reference compromise, since positive charge to the left creates the same affects as negative charge to the right.

The electrons in motion, around the oxygen nucleus, simulates positive charge and negative charge so they appear to charge cancel; opposite motions. This is due to the unity of the EM force. Protons and positive charge do not do this in chemistry, since positive and negative charges are not the same. The extra perpetual motion of the single particle electron, makes this possible, since its motion implies a better integration of magnetism, negative charge and mass. This is super stable even if the most extreme accelerator conditions,

The finish up question is, why is the electron always in motion? My guess is this is connected to its unity of magnetism, negative charge, mass. This unity implies the need for motion. This motion is also very fast and makes another connection; special relativity. Special relativity can increase the relativistic mass and tweak the unified force it displays in space-time. The proton is more GR based. One result is the uncertainty displayed by electrons, due to it being in another state; unified, mass, charge and magnetic state within a perpetual low level SR reference.



 

20

New Theories / Water and Life

« on: 19/03/2021 11:11:04 »

Water is the most studied substance in all of science. There are more published science papers written about water that any other material. Part of the appeal, even today, is that water turns out to be the most anomalous substance in all of nature. It displays over 70 different behaviors, and counting, that buck the trends found in other materials. For example, water expands when it freezes and hot water can freeze faster than cold water.

Water is a small molecule that is a very stable terminal product of combustion. Yet its hydrogen bonding network  is very dynamic and is responsible for water's anomalous nature. Water is very stable at the primary covalent bonding level, due to strong oxygen and hydrogen bond, but it is still very dynamic at the secondary bonding level; hydrogen bonding. Water provides a matrix where the hydrogen protons become dynamic.

If we were to burn life, like in a forest fire, all the fancy organics would break down into gases and charcoal. The water from life would vaporize and lose its secondary bonding dynamics but it would still remain water.  Water was there before life, and has not changed or been altered by life or  nature. It remains forever the same. These properties of water make it the cornerstone of life. Water can impart additional properties to the molecules of life, via its secondary bonding network, to create the state we call life.

If place DNA in water, the DNA becomes bioactive. If we removed the water and/or replaced the water with any other solvent, DNA would remain inert, no longer functioning. The same is true of protein and RNA. Their life dynamics depend on water's secondary bonding network. However,  the dynamics of water is not dependent on any of these organics.

Water was the nano environment for the evolution of life from scratch, with the hydrogen bonding network of water running the molecular selection process. This is inferred by the observation that none of the active biomaterial of life work without water. Water picked the team, that could work with it. Evolution is not about random events, but about milestones with respect to water.

Modern biology is still too dependent on random assumptions and statistical modeling. This gambling and whims of the god approach is needed because the logic of water is not fully understood, in biology, resulting in empirical theory that lacks full understand of that one stable eternal cornerstone variable that was always there, and which makes everything work.