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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Can a dot product give the Schwarzschild metric?

« on: 21/05/2021 22:22:10 »

No Christoffel symbols, No tensors.

The dot product of two vectors of acceleration represents an “interaction” of acceleration. The vectors act upon the same point in space-time. Each vector is four dimensional.

The expansion of the dot product gives a “scalar field equation”.

If groupings and operators are suitably defined, the scalar field equation will return the Schwarzschild metric, no Christoffel symbols, no tensors.

Is this expansion a valid representation of a scalar field?

The math is attached.

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New Theories / Can a vector of force give different systems of energy?

« on: 09/05/2021 12:27:40 »

Force may be represented as a vector. A 4D vector of force has four components, it also has four “associated components” (including magnitude), giving eight “parts” of force. This gives a vector of force having a “geometry of force”.

Each part of force may be associated with an energy. If definitions of force and energy apply, then seven “systems of energy” may be represented.

The seven systems are:
-   Klein-Gordon energies (wave-particle energies)
-   Stefan-Boltzmann energies (radiant energies)
-   Bohr energies (orbital energies)
-   Compton energies (photo-electric energies)
-   energies of mass dilation
-   Plank energies (thermo-gravitational energies)
-   Hawking energies (photo-thermo-gravitational energies)
The math for each energy system is attached.

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Can a field vector contain the “history” of a previous system?

« on: 07/05/2021 21:16:30 »

A “binary system” of acceleration may be represented as two vectors of acceleration (each 4D) acting upon a common point and diverging by an angle of action (“system angle”). The binary system may also be represented as a rank two field tensor or “system tensor”, which is a product of the vectors.

The system changes, so that each vector changes direction. The magnitude of each vector remains unchanged. A space-time “change function” is represented by a 4D “change vector” (not Nabla).

The system change is represented as the dot product of the change vector and the system tensor. The system change is not divergence. The result of the change is a new vector of acceleration, having “special characteristics” which contain information relating to the original system (“history”).

The special characteristics are defined by “vector geometry”. The resulting vector (4D) has a geometry which includes the intersection of three plane surfaces. Edges and angles relating to the surfaces retain the scalar magnitudes and the angle of action of the original system.

The Schwarzschild metric may be simply obtained from the resulting vector.
The math is attached.

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Can the Klein-Gordon equation be derived from mass dilation?

« on: 06/04/2021 16:54:50 »

If true, then a simple link between relativity and quantum physics is represented.

The equation for mass dilation may be simply transformed using: De Broglie momentum, quantization rules, frequency definition, and suitable operators.

A result of the forgoing transformation is an “equation of motion”. The EoM interacts with a wave function giving the Klein-Gordon equivalent.

Is this transformation reasonable?
The math is attached.

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Do basis vectors follow “rules of direction”?

« on: 09/02/2021 13:21:27 »

Assume two vectors may be multiplied in a variety of ways (dot product, cross product, and other products). Each vector contains a set of “basis vectors” (unit vectors). The basis vectors may also be identified as “directional vectors”.

It may be that each type of product is governed by four rules, which determine the interaction of the basis vectors.

A “general multiplier” (xN) represents the “type” of product.
Where: N is a “product identifier”
   N = 0 gives the dot product
   N = 1 gives the cross product
   N = 2 gives a “star product”
   N > 2 gives other vector products

Two parameters (n,p) are associated with the multiplication of basis vectors. A set of four “rules of direction” are associated with each type of product:
rule 1 determines: nxNn
rule 2 determines: pxNp
rule 3 determines: nxNp
rule 4 determines: pxNn

Do basis vectors follow “rules of direction”?
See attachment.

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Is the Compton equation a Lorentz probability ratio?

« on: 06/02/2021 20:37:14 »

The Compton Effect discovered in 1923 represents the interaction between a photon (x ray) and an electron. The interaction is elastic; the photon is “scattered”, and the electron “recoils”.

The Compton equation relates a ratio of momentum to a scattering angle.

The Compton equation also includes a “probability ratio”, or “distribution ratio” which is related to the Lorentz distribution function. Is this true?

See maths attached.

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Is there an electric equivalent to the Schwarzschild radius?

« on: 03/02/2021 16:56:46 »

The Schwarzschild radius (r_S) is:

r_S = 2Gm/c²   

An equivalent electric radius (r_Se) may be:

r_Se = 2k_eq/c² 

Is an electric Schwarzschild mentioned in the literature?

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Does an emitter “shrink” when radiating?

« on: 25/01/2021 17:04:17 »

A “fundamental emitter” may be compared to a “light sponge”, it contains “photons” (or the energy equivalent of photons). If it is “squeezed” (stressed) the emitter will reduce in size (like a squeezed sponge) and some photons will be “squeezed out” (emitted).

There are two types of stress: pressure and shear. Both types are required to “activate” (squeeze) the emitter. Pressure is associated with a distribution of force over a surface area, and shear is associated with a sectional area.

Assume the emitter is spherical, while under stress it gets smaller, so the radius is changing. The instantaneous rate of change of the radius must have an exact speed: one quarter of the light constant.

The emitter may be “inactive” (not radiating) having an “inactive radius” (initial radius). If it is radiating, then it has an “active radius”. The “radius ratio” (active/inactive) must agree with length contraction.

Stress may be represented as a ratio of force and area. Force is represented as a vector, and area may also be represented as a vector giving stress as a tensor. It is convenient to simplify stress, representing it as a vector (in 3D).

If four “radiant rules” are true, then the emitter activates (shrinks) releasing photons with a “brightness” which may be calculated.

Does an active emitter shrink?
See attachment for some math.

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Do electric dipoles exist within an atom?

« on: 18/01/2021 14:38:29 »

A “bound electron” orbits the atomic nucleus. It may be “paired” with a proton also “bound” within the nucleus. A “bound pair” (electron-proton) are assumed to form an electric dipole.

The quantized magnitude of “electric dipole moment” with undefined direction may be estimated. The moment contains a “quantum number” for electric dipole which has similar value to the quantum number (m_s) for magnetic dipole.

The Periodic Table of Elements has 18 “groups” and 7 “periods”. Evidence for the existence of magnetic and electric dipoles are hinted at by the arrangement of groups and periods within the Periodic Table. Evidence for an electric dipole within the atom is hinted at by “period pairs”. Evidence for a magnetic dipole within the atom is represented by “group sets”.

If the quantum number for electric dipole is included, then six quantum numbers may be arranged as a “quantum matrix”. The top row is associated with motion (radial, orbital, spin).

Is there some basis for experimental investigation of electric dipoles within the atom?
See reference attached.

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Can vectors form a “structure”?

« on: 11/01/2021 08:57:09 »

Components and geometry of the vectors are related by “rules of structure”. The primary rule is a statement of uncertainty.
See revised attachment.

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Can vectors form a “structure”?

« on: 10/01/2021 20:21:48 »

Two particles (“primary particles”) interact. Energy is exchanged between them. The energy temporarily appears as a third particle, a “mediating particle”.
The energies associated with the interaction are related to the energies of the Dirac equation, the relativistic Schrodinger equation, the Klein-Gordon equation, and the Compton equation.
The interaction is controlled by forces. Forces may be associated with each particle. Each force may be represented as a vector. Components of the force vectors are considered to “align” and “combine” by “connection”, “opposition” and “congruency”, forming a “vector structure”. The arrangement of the structure of particles and vectors is represented by an “Interaction Diagram”.

The interaction Diagram represents the total interaction of two particles.
Can vectors form a structure?

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Geology, Palaeontology & Archaeology / Re: Was the 12th dynasty of Egypt ruling at the time of the exodus ?

« on: 03/01/2021 22:45:40 »

It appears that some impressive stone carvings and statues from the 12th dynasty were re-worked and re-used in later times. They may have served later pharaohs as religious-political propaganda.

This speaks to the impressive grandeur of the 12th dynasty. Its end was sudden. Please see attachment.

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Does the complex constant (i) represent a ratio of special reciprocity?

« on: 28/12/2020 17:26:25 »

Two forces are reciprocal. Reciprocation requires three conditions:
-   the forces act upon a common particle
-   have equal strength
-   act in opposite directions
Force may be represented as a vector. A 3D force vector may represent “instantaneous force”.
Reciprocal forces may be represented as “reciprocal vectors”.
Polar co-ordinates of force: Fr, θ, φ
Special reciprocation requires one additional rule: φ = θ’ = ½π - θ
Does the result of this condition represent the complex constant (i) as a ratio of force components?
The math is attached.

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New Theories / Re: Can a modified Schwarzschild metric represent frequency?

« on: 17/10/2020 01:51:22 »

The benefit of a scalar frequency field occurs if there is an interaction between two particles.

The interaction results in a scalar force field. Frequency provides a link between the Schwarzschild metric and the Schrodinger energy equation. This is an interesting connection.

See attachment

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New Theories / Re: Can a modified Schwarzschild metric represent frequency?

« on: 14/10/2020 13:40:42 »

A ratio of constructive interference (C) is:   
C = (f_t + f_R)/f_S 

A ratio of destructive interference (D) is:          
D = (f_t - f_R)/f_S 

The product of opposite ratios is unity: CD = 1

Giving the frequencies of space-time;
f_S² = f_t² - f_R² 
See attachment.

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New Theories / Can a modified Schwarzschild metric represent frequency?

« on: 13/10/2020 19:15:14 »

Can the Schwarzschild metric be modified to represent frequency?
See reference attached.

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Can plastic pollution affect the heat content of the oceans?

« on: 13/10/2020 19:09:50 »

I have read that a significant amount of microscopic particles of plastic contaminate our oceans.
How does this affect the heat content of the oceans?
I would assume that it will help the oceans to retain heat.
How does this affect marine life? Probably not too good.
It seems that nobody cares about the oceans, they seem to serve as the worlds communal dump.

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New Theories / Can a modified Compton equation represent a vacuum solution of the EFE?

« on: 02/10/2020 20:13:14 »

The Compton Effect discovered in 1923 represents the interaction between a photon (x ray) and an electron. The interaction is elastic; the photon is “scattered”, and the electron “recoils”. The interaction is represented as the Compton Equation which includes a ratio of momentum.

The Compton Equation may be modified to represent a “photo-electric interaction” associated with the electron and photon. The ratio of momentum is modified giving a ratio of acceleration.

The ratio of acceleration may be made more general (not associated with the electron-photon pair), giving the “Compton field equation”. The Compton field equation may be associated with a vacuum solution of the EFE and with a statistical distribution.
see attached reference.

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / May potential energies represent scalar fields?

« on: 06/09/2020 22:30:26 »

Four types of potential may be associated with a corresponding field.
The four potentials are;
Gravitational potential (Vm)   associated with a gravitational field
Electric potential (VQ)       associated with an electric field
Combined potential (VU)    associated with a “matter” field
Magnetic potential (VB)       associated with a magnetic field

Two “fundamental” potentials (VmS , VQS) include fundamental distances (rS , rQ).
Where;
rS is the Schwarzschild radius for mass
rQ is the electric length scale

Potential energies may be used to determine the binary interaction of massive or charged objects, and the field potential of a gravitational field, an electric field, or a magnetic field.
Reference attached

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Can Hawking temperature be associated with a field?

« on: 30/08/2020 12:41:41 »

A massive object is assumed to impose a “deformation” upon surrounding space. Deformed space may be represented as a “radial field” of acceleration. A radial field of acceleration defines acceleration in a spherical region of space surrounding a spherical, stationary, massive object. If the object remains unchanged over time the acceleration field remains unchanged. A radial field assumes that all points on the surface of a spatial region surrounding the object have the same magnitude of acceleration, and different radial directions.

Acceleration may be represented as a “radial vector” connecting the center of the object to any surrounding point in space. Examples of radial acceleration are the “Newton gravitational field”, and the “Coulomb electro-static field”. These are scalars of acceleration, and represent the magnitude of a “radial vector” of acceleration. The vector tail is located at the center of the object and it can point in any direction away from the object.

A “Hawking field” may be represented as a radial vector, and is associated with Hawking temperature. If the components are suitably defined, and if one condition applies then the components will give the definition of Hawking temperature and length contraction.
See reference attached.

Can Hawking temperature be associated with a radial field?