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The theoretical background I posted previously should be enough to answer your question.As you can see, the theoretical background of my design for electrodynamic balance is just a logical consequences of Lorentz force, Biot-Savart law, and distribution of electric charges in a current carrying wire. It's quite remarkable that this simple inference has been overlooked by physics community for more than a century.
How very true. And before you applied the brakes, the car had kinetic energy, which turned into heat in the brake discs or electrical energy via the regen system. So what?
What's the fundamental difference between gross motion and thermal motion?
The result of vibration is thermal energy.Before it's converted into thermal energy, vibration wasn't thermal initially.
As airborne charge can easily build up on isolated conductive material, a vacuum chamber would be needed with Teflon stands. Water will be a problem with a vacuum and the two containers will need to be sealed. There may be other possible sources of "contamination" but that's all I can think of at the moment.If that's the case, shouldn't the voltage be independent from the alternating electric current?
On insulated conductive materials stray voltages of similar magnitude often arise and determining their origin could be difficult but it is almost certainly some environmental artefact.How can they be reliably controlled by the alternating electric current?
And the baffling question is why an alternating current should induce a unidirectional movement of static charge.The theoretical background I posted previously should be enough to answer your question.
Here is the visualization of the second experiment, which start from the first as described before. If the charged particle is stationary to the wire, no magnetic force is received.We can make a table showing the force experienced by the stationary test particle in various velocities of both positive and negative particles in the wire. I'll use standard Lorentz force to calculate the force, which states that
Next, the wire is zoomed to show the electrons and metal atoms inside.
From the picture above, the electrons inside the wire move to the left with speed v, but particle q doesn't receive magnetic force.
Now if the wire is moved to the right with speed v, the speed of electrons becomes 0, while the speed of the metal atoms = v. It is shown that magnetic force F is produced downward.
The picture above is equivalent to the picture from previous post.
Here we can conclude that electron's movement is not responded by the particle, while atom's movement produces magnetic force to the particle. It seems that for a long time we had missed the difference between atoms and free electrons which cause electric current and produce magnetic force.
For the second experiment, we will study the effect of the movement of charged particles inside a conductor (or convector) toward the test particle. We will study the hypothesis that magnetic force is not only affected by the magnitude of electric charge that moves inside a conductor (or convector), but also affected by the mass of the particle.
Electric current in a copper wire is produced by the flow of electrons inside. The charge and mass of electrons are always the same, so we need some other particles as electric current producers to get reference. For that we will replace the conductor by a hose filled by electrolyte solution that contains ions, since ions are also electrically charged and have various masses. Some of electrolytic solutions that will be used are NaCl, H2SO4, HCl, CuSO4, FeCl3.
F = B.q.v
Where B is proportional to electric current in the wire, which depends on velocity difference between positive and negative particles in the wire.
v represents the velocity difference between the test particle and the wire. Since the test particle is stationary, it's merely determined by the velocity of positive particles in the wire.
It's assumed that all positive particles have uniform velocity. Negative particle has uniform velocity as well.
The first table below shows the value of electric current, which depends on the difference of velocity between positive and negative particle in the wire.
v+ -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
v-
-4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-3 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-2 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
1 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
2 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
3 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
4 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
The second table below shows the velocity of the wire relative to test particle. It's determined solely by velocity of positive particle.
v+ -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
v-
-4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-3 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-2 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
1 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
2 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
3 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
The third table shows the force experienced by test particle, which is simply the multiplication of each cell in both tables above.
v+ -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
v-
-4 0 -3 -4 -3 0 5 12 21 32
-3 4 0 -2 -2 0 4 10 18 28
-2 8 3 0 -1 0 3 8 15 24
-1 12 6 2 0 0 2 6 12 20
0 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16
1 20 12 6 2 0 0 2 6 12
2 24 15 8 3 0 -1 0 3 8
3 28 18 10 4 0 -2 -2 0 4
4 32 21 12 5 0 -3 -4 -3 0
Here it is.
This video provide theoretical background for designing an electrodynamic balance, intended to study the origin of magnetic force, and its relationship with electricity and gravity.
Practical electrostatics is much more difficult and prone to all sorts of errors than electrodynamics!That's why I installed the re-zeroing switch. Any electrostatic charge imbalance between two sides of the balance should be eliminated when they are connected.
3. What happens if you use two separate sheets of dielectric, one for each can?I don't think it will change the results. The volume of corrugated plastic plate is mainly consist of air.
2. What happens if you use two sheets of dielectric and only move the top sheet?I'm not sure what you mean by this. Do you refer to the corrugated plastic plate?
1. Did you repeat all three scenarios? Were the differences statistically significant?I usually made the measurements prior to recording it. Some measurements need to be aborted and repeated due to simple mishaps like loose connections, or the meter display turning off because of being idle for too long. I didn't make many repetitions because they take considerably long time to stabilize. Running 1 Ampere through the liquid for prolonged duration increases its temperature. Usually the current slowly decreases as the experiment goes on longer. But repetition with the same liquid solution (separated by re-zeroing switch) don't vary that much.
My name is Artem, I'm a graduate student at NYU Center for Neural Science and researcher at Flatiron Institute (Center for Computational Neuroscience).Let's spend some time to contemplate how this rapid AI progress had started as a biological system.
In this video, we explore how the internal dynamics of neurons give rise to their remarkable computational properties. Through geometric reasoning about phase portraits and bifurcations, we'll gain intuition behind various phenomena, such as excitability, bistability, hysteresis and resonant oscillations.
Outline:
00:00 Introduction
01:26 Review of Hodgkin-Huxley equations
02:18 Deriving a 2-variable model
04:34 Phase Plane concepts
08:04 Excitability
12:14 Bistability and hysterisis
14:09 Saddle-Node Bifurcations
16:17 Andronov-Hopf Bifurcations
21:03 Integrators vs Resonators
22:26 Putting all together
25:15 Brilliant.org
26:17 Outro
References:
Dynamical Systems in Neuroscience: The Geometry of Excitability and Bursting by Eugene M. Izhikevich
Meta's Llama 3.3 is a groundbreaking AI model with just 70 billion parameters, delivering near top-tier performance at a fraction of the size and cost of its predecessor. Optimized for efficiency, it supports multilingual capabilities, extended context windows, and developer-friendly integration, making it ideal for AI tools and applications. By combining open-source accessibility with cutting-edge technology, Llama 3.3 is poised to reshape AI development and adoption across industries.
🔍 Key Topics Covered:
Meta?s Llama 3.3 and its groundbreaking efficiency in AI model performance
The leap from 405B to 70B parameters without sacrificing quality
How Meta is leveraging AI and VR to shape the future of digital interaction
🎥 What You?ll Learn:
Why Llama 3.3 is redefining AI efficiency with unmatched cost and GPU savings
The role of multilingual capabilities, extended context windows, and open-source innovation in Llama 3.3
How Meta?s AI and VR advancements are building the foundation for next-gen technology
📊 Why This Matters:
This video explores Meta?s Llama 3.3 and its potential to revolutionize AI applications, highlighting its impact on cost efficiency, digital connectivity, and the evolving competition in AI innovation.
Oh boy. o1 pro mode out on the same night as o1 full. I read the 49 page paper, ran my own tests, spent my fuel allowance on Pro Mode and will give you all the highlights. Suffice to say the story is not as simple as it first appears.
Weights and Biases? Weave: wandb.me/ai_explained
Plus, GPT-4.5? MLE Bench, Simple Update, Image Analysis and much more
Chapters:
00:00 - Introduction
00:27 - ChatGPT Pro is $200
01:25 - OpenAI Benchmarks
03:20 - o1 System Card, o1 and o1 Pro Mode vs o1-preview
06:18 - Simple Bench surprising results on sample
08:31 - Weight & Biases
09:05 - Image Analysis Compared
12:51 - More Benchmarks and Safety
Just for once the chatbots seem to be right.It's just an ordinary aluminum foil you can buy in grocery stores. I think the surface is quickly coated by aluminum oxide from reaction with oxygen in the air.
What thickness of Al foil were you using? Was it pure Al? The resistance measurement seems remarkably high.
ChatGPT
No, there is no credible experimental evidence or research indicating that ionic currents produce electromotive force (EMF) while electronic currents do not. Both ionic and electronic currents follow the same fundamental principles of electromagnetism as described by Maxwell's equations. Here's why:
Electromotive Force (EMF) and Current
EMF is defined as the energy supplied per unit charge to move charges around a circuit. It is typically generated by:
Electrochemical reactions (e.g., in batteries).
Time-varying magnetic fields (Faraday's Law of Induction).
Thermal gradients (Seebeck effect).
Pressure or deformation gradients (piezoelectric effect).
EMF is independent of the type of charge carrier. Both electrons and ions can contribute to the current in a conductor, and the generation of EMF depends on the physical mechanism (chemical reaction, magnetic induction, etc.) and not the carrier type.
Experimental Evidence
1. Faraday's Law of Induction:
Experiments involving time-varying magnetic fields demonstrate that EMF is produced regardless of whether the current is ionic (e.g., in electrolytes) or electronic (e.g., in metal wires).
2. Electrolyte and Plasma Studies:
In electrolytes and plasmas, where ions carry current, the measured EMF behaves identically to that in metallic conductors, following the same laws of electromagnetism.
3. Batteries and Fuel Cells:
In batteries, ions carry current internally, while electrons carry current externally through a circuit. The EMF generated is consistent with theoretical predictions and independent of whether ions or electrons are the carriers.
Theoretical Basis
1. Maxwell's Equations:
Electromagnetic phenomena depend on the motion of charge, irrespective of the type of charge carrier.
The current density () determines the magnetic and electric fields and is calculated as:
\mathbf{J} = nq\mathbf{v}
2. Charge Carrier Independence:
The Lorentz force and Biot-Savart law depend on the flow of charge, not the specific nature of the carriers. Whether the carriers are ions or electrons, the resulting magnetic and electric effects are the same.
Conclusion
The claim that ionic currents generate EMF while electronic currents do not is inconsistent with established physical laws and experimental data. Both ionic and electronic currents produce EMF and electromagnetic effects in accordance with the same fundamental principles of electromagnetism. If you have encountered a source making this claim, it may involve a misunderstanding or a misrepresentation of experimental results. Feel free to share details for further clarification!
Gemini
There is no experimental evidence suggesting that ionic current produces electromotive force (EMF) differently from electronic current. Both types of current, when flowing through a conductor, can generate EMF under specific conditions, such as in batteries or generators.
In batteries, for example, chemical reactions involving the movement of ions create a potential difference, which is a form of EMF. Similarly, in generators, the movement of electrons in a conductor through a magnetic field induces an EMF.
The key factor determining the generation of EMF is the movement of charges, regardless of whether they are electrons or ions. The Lorentz force law, which governs the behavior of charged particles in electromagnetic fields, applies equally to both types of charge carriers.
Therefore, it is not accurate to say that ionic current produces EMF differently from electronic current. Both types of current can generate EMF under appropriate conditions, and the underlying principles are the same.
The electromagnetic force produced by an electric current is the same whether it is generated by moving ions or moving electrons, provided the current (amount of charge flow per unit time) and the conditions are identical. Here's a breakdown of the reasoning:
Electromagnetic Force (Lorentz Force)
1. Magnetic Component:
A current () in a conductor or a moving charged particle generates a magnetic field.
If another charged particle moves through this magnetic field, it experiences a force given by the Lorentz force law:
\mathbf{F} = q(\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B})
The magnetic field () depends on the current () and not on whether the current is carried by electrons, protons, or ions. Hence, the resulting magnetic force is the same for a given current.
2. Electric Component:
A current can also generate an electric field if there is a charge imbalance or in cases involving time-varying currents (via Maxwell's equations). The resulting electric force is:
\mathbf{F} = q\mathbf{E}
Again, this force depends on the field strength () and the charge (), not the type of charge carrier producing the current.
Key Considerations
Current Magnitude:
For the same current magnitude (, where is charge, is charge density, is cross-sectional area, and is drift velocity), the electromagnetic effects will be identical regardless of whether the current is carried by electrons or ions.
Charge and Velocity:
Positive ions are usually much heavier than electrons. For a given current, ions will have a much smaller drift velocity than electrons due to their larger mass. However, this difference in velocity does not affect the electromagnetic force because the total current determines the field, not the individual velocities.
Charge Sign:
The sign of the charge does not affect the magnitude of the electromagnetic force, only its direction. For example, a positive ion moving to the right produces the same force as a negative electron moving to the left.
Conclusion
The electromagnetic force generated by an electric current is the same for moving ions as for moving electrons, as long as the current and conditions (such as field configuration) are the same. The nature of the charge carriers (ions vs. electrons) does not change the fundamental electromagnetic interaction.
The electromagnetic force produced by an electric current is the same whether it is generated by moving ions or moving electrons, provided the current (amount of charge flow per unit time) and the conditions are identical. Here's a breakdown of the reasoning:
Electromagnetic Force (Lorentz Force)
1. Magnetic Component:
A current () in a conductor or a moving charged particle generates a magnetic field.
If another charged particle moves through this magnetic field, it experiences a force given by the Lorentz force law:
\mathbf{F} = q(\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B})
The magnetic field () depends on the current () and not on whether the current is carried by electrons, protons, or ions. Hence, the resulting magnetic force is the same for a given current.
2. Electric Component:
A current can also generate an electric field if there is a charge imbalance or in cases involving time-varying currents (via Maxwell's equations). The resulting electric force is:
\mathbf{F} = q\mathbf{E}
Again, this force depends on the field strength () and the charge (), not the type of charge carrier producing the current.
Key Considerations
Current Magnitude:
For the same current magnitude (, where is charge, is charge density, is cross-sectional area, and is drift velocity), the electromagnetic effects will be identical regardless of whether the current is carried by electrons or ions.
Charge and Velocity:
Positive ions are usually much heavier than electrons. For a given current, ions will have a much smaller drift velocity than electrons due to their larger mass. However, this difference in velocity does not affect the electromagnetic force because the total current determines the field, not the individual velocities.
Charge Sign:
The sign of the charge does not affect the magnitude of the electromagnetic force, only its direction. For example, a positive ion moving to the right produces the same force as a negative electron moving to the left.
Conclusion
The electromagnetic force generated by an electric current is the same for moving ions as for moving electrons, as long as the current and conditions (such as field configuration) are the same. The nature of the charge carriers (ions vs. electrons) does not change the fundamental electromagnetic interaction.
Yes, the electric current generated by moving ions produces the same type of magnetic field as moving electrons, as long as the magnitude and direction of the current are the same. The magnetic field depends on the motion of charge, not the specific nature of the charged particle (whether it's an electron, ion, or any other charged particle).
Key Points:
1. Magnetic Field and Current:
A moving charge, whether positive or negative, generates a magnetic field according to Amp?re's Law and the Biot-Savart Law.
The magnetic field's direction is determined by the right-hand rule and depends on the direction of the current, not the type of charge.
2. Nature of the Current:
Current () is defined as the rate of flow of charge ().
A positive ion moving in one direction produces the same current as a negative electron moving in the opposite direction.
3. Magnetic Field Direction:
For a positively charged ion moving in a given direction, the magnetic field's direction is determined by the right-hand rule for that direction.
For a negatively charged electron moving in the opposite direction, the same magnetic field is produced because the current direction (defined by conventional current as the flow of positive charge) is the same.
4. Example:
A stream of positively charged ions moving to the right creates a magnetic field with the same characteristics as a stream of negatively charged electrons moving to the left, provided the current (amount of charge per unit time) is equal in both cases.
Thus, the generated magnetic field is independent of whether the current is carried by electrons, protons, or ions; it depends only on the magnitude and direction of the current.
Yes, electric current generated by moving ions produces the same magnetic field as moving electrons. This is because the magnetic field generated by a moving charge depends solely on the charge of the particle and its velocity, not on the type of particle itself.
Both electrons and ions are charged particles, and when they move, they create a magnetic field around them. The strength and direction of the magnetic field depend on the magnitude and direction of the current, which is the rate of flow of charge.
Therefore, whether the current is carried by electrons in a metal wire or by ions in an electrolyte solution, the resulting magnetic field will be the same, given the same current.
