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”natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rare” (Ref: Futuyma, Douglas Evolution 2005Bowler, Peter. Evolution: the hisotry of an idea)
THE REFUTATIONEVOLUTIONARY THEORY:NATURAL SELECTIONSHOWN TO BE WRONGBYCOLIN LESLIE DEANB.SC, B.A, B.LITT (HONS), M.A, B,LITT (HONS), M.A, M.A (PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDIES), MASTER OF PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDIES, GRAD CERT (LITERARY STUDIES) THE REFUTATIONEVOLUTIONARY THEORY:NATURAL SELECTIONSHOWN TO BE WRONGBYCOLIN LESLIE DEANB.SC, B.A, B.LITT (HONS), M.A, B,LITT (HONS), M.A, M.A (PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDIES), MASTER OF PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDIES, GRAD CERT (LITERARY STUDIES)GAMAHUCHER PRESS WEST GEELONG, VICTORIA AUSTRALIA2009 There are five points which show natural selection [NS]is invalid or wrong1)the cambrian explosion as darwin saw invalidates his theory2)NS is invalidated by the fact of speciation as NS only deals with traits already present and cant deal with the generation of new speciesgenetics might be able to account for the generation of new species [ see below where it is shown genetics cannot account for the generation of new species] but NS cant as the generation of new species it not part of its remit3) NS deals with the transmission of favorable traits and the eradication of unfavorable traits so the fact that unfavorable traits ie the gene for breast cancer are and can be transmitted and become common invalidates NS out right4) genetics cannot account for the generation of new species-ie the cambrian explosionTO GIVE DETAILNatural selection http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection“Natural selection is the process by which favorable heritable traits become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable heritable traits become less common,”http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution”natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rare” (Ref: Futuyma, Douglas Evolution 2005Bowler, Peter. Evolution: the hisotry of an idea)Note the terms “favorable” “ unfavorable” and “common” are subjective value laden theory laden and relative terms. All open to varying ideological interpretationsit is statedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objections_to_evolution#Evolution_is_controversial_or_contested“evolutionary theory itself has been entirely uncontested in the field of biology and is commonly described as the "cornerstone of modern biology”Evolution takes place via two process according to evolutionary theoryNatural Selection and genetic drifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EvolutionTwo major mechanisms determine which variants will become more common or rare in a population. The first is natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rare. This occurs because individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to reproduce, meaning that more individuals in the next generation will inherit these traits.[2][3] Over many generations, adaptations occur through a combination of successive, small, random changes in traits, and natural selection of the variants best-suited for their environment.[4] The second major mechanism driving evolution is genetic drift, an independent process that produces random changes in the frequency of traits in a population. Genetic drift results from the role that chance plays in whether a given trait will be passed on as individuals survive and reproduce. points which disproves natural selection1_punctuated equilibriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium“Punctuated equilibrium is a theory in evolutionary biology which states that most sexually reproducing species experience little change for most of their geological history, showing stasis in the fossil record, and that when phenotypic evolution does occur, it is localized in rare, rapid events of branching speciation (called cladogenesis).”Charles Darwin noted http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium“The sudden appearance and lack of substantial gradual change of most species in the geologic record—from their initial appearance until their extinction—“now the current thinking notes that speciation or punctuated equilibrium contradicts Darwin theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium“Thus punctuated equilibrium contradicts some of Darwin's ideas regarding the specific mechanisms of evolution, but generally accords with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection”It is claimed that Goulds intention with PE was to be compatible with NS. Goulds intentions are irrelevant. As the consequence of PE is that it invalidates NSNow NS is invalidated by the fact of speciation as NS only deals with triats already present and cant deal with the generation of new speciesgenetics might be able to account for the generation of new species [ see below where it is shown genetics cannot account for the generation of new species] but NS cant as the generation of new species it not part of its remit as it only deals with traits already present . A new species has completely new traits which were not in an antecedent so the antecedent species could not have passed them on NS is all about the transmission of already acquired traitsif evolution can take place by speciation i.e. a new species has new traits that are not present in the antecedent species thus NS is invalid as it cannot account for speciationNOTE“Natural selection is the process by which favorable heritable traits become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable heritable traits become less common,”http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution”natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rare” (Ref: Futuyma, Douglas Evolution 2005Bowler, Peter. Evolution: the hisotry of an idea)2_The Cambrian explosion disproves natural selection“Natural selection is the process by which favorable heritable traits become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable heritable traits become less common,”but the cambrian explosion contradicts natural selectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_explosionCambrian explosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_explosion“The Cambrian explosion or Cambrian radiation was the seemingly rapid appearance of most major groups of complex animals around 530 million years ago, as evidenced by the fossil record.[1][2] This was accompanied by a major diversification of other organisms, including animals, phytoplankton, and calcimicrobes.[3] Before about 580 million years ago, most organisms were simple, composed of individual cells occasionally organized into colonies. Over the following 70 or 80 million years the rate of evolution accelerated by an order of magnitude (as defined in terms of the extinction and origination rate of species[4]) and the diversity of life began to resemble today’s.[5]The Cambrian explosion has generated extensive scientific debate. The seemingly rapid appearance of fossils in the “Primordial Strata” was noted as early as the mid 19th century,[6] and Charles Darwin saw it as one of the main objections that could be made against his theory of evolution by natural selection.[7]The long-running puzzlement about the appearance of the Cambrian fauna, seemingly abruptly and from nowhere”now the explosion of new species in the cambrian period shows something other that natural selection is at workspecies appeared from no where“The long-running puzzlement about the appearance of the Cambrian fauna, seemingly abruptly and from nowhere,”now even Darwin saw this as destroying his theory“The Cambrian explosion has generated extensive scientific debate. The seemingly rapid appearance of fossils in the “Primordial Strata” was noted as early as the mid 19th century,[6] and Charles Darwin saw it as one of the main objections that could be made against his theory of evolution by natural selection.[7]”NOTEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_explosion“Charles Darwin considered this sudden appearance of many animal groups with few or no antecedents to be the greatest single objection to his theory of evolution:”note there is little or no evidence in the preceeding geological strata of transitional fossilsthushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objections_to_evolution“Darwin himself found the paucity of transitional species to be one of the greatest weaknesses of his theory:”all Darwin could say washttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium#Relation_to_Darwin.27s_theories“who appealed to the imperfection of the record as the favored explanation.”As it stands right now the evidence of cambrian explosion invalidates NSif there is no evidence to prove NS that is just to bad and you cant live in hope the evidence will show upAs it stand right now the evidence of cambrian explosion invalidates NSdarwin sawif you have an abrupt explosion of species out of now where ,that invalidates NS-the geological evidence cannot be found to support NS so empirically it is not suppported -thus invalidated -up to the present timenote that at the time of Darwin the cambrian explosion was evidence that refuted his theory all the religious people had to do at the times was refer to science itself for refutation of evolutionism ie the cambrian explosion and lack of EVIDENCE for natural selection3)NOW NS is invalidated by the fact that unfavorable traits are transmitted and can become common ie the gene for breast cancer“Natural selection is the process by which favorable heritable traits become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable heritable traits become less common,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution”natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rare” (Ref: Futuyma, Douglas Evolution 2005Bowler, Peter. Evolution: the hisotry of an idea)Note some say that harmful genes can be transmitted so long as they accompany good genes. But this is not what NS says – so that fact in fact invalidates NS. Also concepts of “good” and harmful/bad are subjective value laden ideological terms which can mean different things to different people.Now NS is about favorable genes being transmitted and becoming commonand unfavorable genes becoming less commonNow unfavorable killer genes ie breast cancer genes can and are transmitted and are common-thus invalidating NS Young women mums and grandmother are killed by it ie breast cancer genesIt occurs in women of childbearing age and they transmit it to their daughters. Some say a gene that kills after child bearing age does not invalidate NS. The fact is the gene for breast cancer kills Young women mums and grandmother. It is an abuse of language to say such a deleterious gene which kills all ages of women is not bad or unfavorableResearch has shown the breast cancer genes are common and may lead to other cancers – all of which invalidates NShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution”natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rare” (Ref: Futuyma, Douglas Evolution 2005Bowler, Peter. Evolution: the hisotry of an idea)http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2009/03/30/2529713.htmResearchers find new breast cancer genes“Associate Professor Jennifer Byrne, at the University of Sydney's Faculty of Medicine, says the two studies suggest there are more of these "weak alleles" that affect breast cancer risk yet to be found.Byrne, an oncology researcher, says these genes play a tiny role in increasing risk, but may be quite common in the general population."Individually they are probably not major factors, but cumulatively they could be helpful in working out who is at greater risk," she says."They are all small pieces of the puzzle."She also suggests they may play an important role in what is termed sporadic breast cancer, which is cancer without an obvious genetic basis."These are the genes that might underlie this form of cancer," she says.Regardless of their role in breast cancer, Byrne says the findings may have side benefits for cancer research in general.Genes involved in breast cancer predisposition can also play roles in cancers such as ovarian and prostate, she says."They [the variants] may predispose to more than breast cancer in the end," she says”4)Now some people seem to think that Genetics can account for the generation of new specieslets be logicalthere are only two possibilities1)the generation of new species is random processor2) there is some purpose or design programmed into the genes/DNA such that the generation of a new species takes place in a certain mannerwhen you think about these alternativeslogically then genetics cant account for the generation of new species1) if the process is random then genetics cannot account for why a species appears for being random there can be no deterministic reason why it happens in a particular why- once the generation process has started genetics can account for how it unfolds-but genetics cannot account for its random starting point chaos theory might but genetics cant2)if there is some plan programmed into the genes/DNA such that species unfold according to the plan thengenetics cant account for the generation of new species- it can account for how the process might unfold but it cant account why the genes have been progammed that way- the idea of god might but genetics cantTHUS IN SUMMARY1)the cambrian explosion as darwin saw invalidates his theory2)NS is invalidated by the fact of speciation as NS only deals with traits already present and cant deal with the generation of new speciesgenetics might be able to account for the generation of new species [ see above where it is shown genetics cannot account for the generation of new species] but NS cant as the generation of new species it not part of its remit3) NS deals with the transmission of favorable traits and the eradication of unfavorable traits so the fact that unfavorable traits ie the gene for breast cancer are and can be transmitted and become common invalidates NS out right4) genetics cannot account for the generation of new species-ie the cambrian explosion and speciation ISBN 1876347783
1)the cambrian explosion as darwin saw invalidates his theory2)NS is invalidated by the fact of speciation as NS only deals with traits already present and cant deal with the generation of new speciesgenetics might be able to account for the generation of new species [ see below where it is shown genetics cannot account for the generation of new species] but NS cant as the generation of new species it not part of its remit3) NS deals with the transmission of favorable traits and the eradication of unfavorable traits so the fact that unfavorable traits ie the gene for breast cancer are and can be transmitted and become common invalidates NS out right4) genetics cannot account for the generation of new species-ie the cambrian explosion
Viral vectors are a tool commonly used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into cells. This process can be performed inside a living organism (in vivo) or in cell culture (in vitro). Viruses have evolved specialized molecular mechanisms to efficiently transport their genomes inside the cells they infect. Delivery of genes by a virus is termed transduction and the infected cells are described as transduced. Molecular biologists first harnessed this machinery in the 1970s. Paul Berg used a modified SV40 virus containing DNA from the bacteriophage lambda to infect monkey kidney cells maintained in culture.[1]
Strange for a creationist to go for natural selection specifically as a target, it's so easy to prove it happens...
natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rareand that defintion is taken fromRef: Futuyma, Douglas Evolution 2005
Wiki has changed its definition of natural selection after colin leslie dean had shown that natural selection was invalidated by the transmission of harmful genes which become commonhere is there entry for yesterday [16/4/09 ie definition of natural selectiongo to the history to see“Natural selection is the process by which favorable heritable traits become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable heritable traits become less common,”here is their defintion today [17/04/09]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selectionNatural selection is the process where heritable traits that make it more likely for an organism to survive long enough to reproduce become more common over successive generations of a population. It is a key mechanism of evolution.here is their defiition under Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionhe first is natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rareand that defintion is taken fromRef: Futuyma, Douglas Evolution 2005Bowler, Peter. Evolution: the hisotry of an ideayou can see the changes being made by looking at the historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?tit ... on=history
Some modern Darwinists have suggested that the absence of primitive lifeforms below the Cambrian is not a problem for evolution. However, this difficulty was fully appreciated by Darwin and it has only become more acute since his days.
While many of scientists have commented about the "missing links" in the fossil record, H.S. Ladd of UCLA observes, "Most paleontologists today give little thought to fossiliferous rocks older than the Cambrian, thus ignoring the most important missing link of all. Indeed the missing Pre-Cambrian record cannot properly be described as a link for it is in reality, about nine-tenths of the chain of life: the first nine-tenths." (Geological Society of America Memoir, vol. II, 1967, p.7.)
Sickle-cell anaemia being a very good example of something that is harmful/helpful depending on context.
”natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rare”(Ref: Futuyma, Douglas Evolution 2005”
http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2009/03/30/2529713.htmResearchers find new breast cancer genes“Associate Professor Jennifer Byrne, at the University of Sydney's Faculty of Medicine, says the two studies suggest there are more of these "weak alleles" that affect breast cancer risk yet to be found.Byrne, an oncology researcher, says these genes play a tiny role in increasing risk, but may be quite common in the general population."Individually they are probably not major factors, but cumulatively they could be helpful in working out who is at greater risk," she says."They are all small pieces of the puzzle."She also suggests they may play an important role in what is termed sporadic breast cancer, which is cancer without an obvious genetic basis."These are the genes that might underlie this form of cancer," she says.Regardless of their role in breast cancer, Byrne says the findings may have side benefits for cancer research in general.Genes involved in breast cancer predisposition can also play roles in cancers such as ovarian and prostate, she says."They [the variants] may predispose to more than breast cancer in the end," she says”
The problem has become more acute as recent studies in developmental biology make clear that mutations expressed early in development typically have severely deleterious effects, including mutations in crucially important "master regulator" or hox genes. The problem has led to what geneticist John F. MacDonald has called "a great Darwinian paradox." He notes that genes that vary within a populations affect only minor aspects of form and function, while genes that govern major changes - the very stuff of macroevolution - apparently do not vary, or vary only to the detriment of the organism. (McDonald, "The Molecular Basis of Adaption: A Critical Review of Relevant Ideas and Observations," Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic, 1983 14:93)
you sayQuoteSickle-cell anaemia being a very good example of something that is harmful/helpful depending on context.if harmful genes are transmitted and are common this invalidates NS no matter if they are transmitted in conjunction with good genes- as this invalidates the formulation of NS which say harmfull genes should be come rare less commonQuote”natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more rare”(Ref: Futuyma, Douglas Evolution 2005”
For example the Cambrian strata of rocks, vintage about 600 million years, are the oldest ones in which we find most of the major invertebrate groups. And we find many of them already in an advanced state of evolution, the very first time they appear. It is as though they were just planted there, without any evolutionary history[/quote]QuoteThe introduction of a variety of organisms in the early Cambrian, including such complex forms of the arthropods as the trilobites, is surprising.... The introduction of abundant organisms in the record would not be so surprising if they were simple. Why should such complex organic forms be in rocks about six hundred million years old and be absent or unrecognized in the records of the preceding two billion years? ...If there has been evolution of life, the absence of the requisite fossils in the rocks older than the Cambrian is puzzling." (Kay, Marshall, and Edwin H. Colbert, Stratigraphy and Life History, 1965, 736 pp.102-103, as cited in Morris, 1974)some genetic disordershttp://www.noah-health.org/en/genetic/Quote Specific Conditions * Achromatopsia * Adrenal Hypoplasia Congenita * Adrenoleukodystrophy * Aicardi Syndrome * Alagille Syndrome * Albinism/Hypopigmentation * Alexander Disease * Alpers' Disease * Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency * Alzheimer's Disease * Amblyopia * Angelman Syndrome * Anencephaly * Aniridia * Anophthalmia * Ataxia Telangiectasia * Autism * Bardet-Biedl Syndrome * Barth Syndrome * Batten Disease * Best's Disease * Bipolar Disorder * Bloom Syndrome * Branchio-Oto-Renal (BOR) Syndrome * Canavan Syndrome * Cancer Genetics * Carnitine Deficiencies * Carnitine Acylcarnitine Translocase Deficiency * Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase Deficiency * Cerebral Palsy * Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease * Cleft Lip/Cleft Palate * Coffin Lowry Syndrome * Coloboma * Color Blindness * Congenital Heart Defects * Congenital Hip Dysplasia (Dislocation) * Connective Tissue Disorders * Cooley's Anemia * Corneal Dystrophy * Cornelia de Lange Syndrome * Cystic Fibrosis * Cystinosis * Developmental Disabilities * Diabetes * Down Syndrome * Duane Syndrome * Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome * Epidermolysis Bullosa * Familial Dysautonomia * Familial Mediterranean Fever * Fanconi Anemia * Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva * Fragile X Syndrome * G6PD (Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase) Deficiency Anemia * Galactosemia * Gaucher Disease * Gilbert's Syndrome * Glaucoma * Hemochromatosis * Hemoglobin C Disease * Hemophilia/Bleeding Disorders * Hirschsprung's Disease * Homocystinuria * Huntington's Disease * Hurler Syndrome * Juvenile Retinoschisis (X Linked) * Klinefelter Syndrome * Krabbe Disease * Leber Congenital Amaurosis * Leukodystrophies * Lipid Storage Diseases * Long Q-T Syndrome * Macular Degeneration * Marfan Syndrome * Marshall Syndrome * McCune-Albright Syndrome * Menkes Disease * Metabolic Disorders * Microphthalmus * Mitochondrial Disease * Mucolipidoses * Mucopolysaccharide Disorders * Muscular Dystrophy * Neonatal Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease * Neural Tube Defects * Neurofibromatosis * Niemann-Pick Disease * Noonan Syndrome * Optic Atrophy * Osteogenesis Imperfecta * Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome * Phenylketonuria (PKU) * Polycystic Kidney Disease * Prader-Willi Syndrome * Progeria * Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum * Ptosis * Rentinitis Pigmentosa * Scheie Syndrome * Schizophrenia * Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) * Sickle Cell Anemia * Skeletal Dysplasias * Smith-Magenis Syndrome * Spherocytosis * Spina Bifida * Spinocerebellar Ataxia * Stargardt Disease (Macular Degeneration) * Stickler Syndrome * Tay-Sachs Disease * Thalassemia * Treacher Collins Syndrome * Tuberous Sclerosis * Turner's Syndrome * Urea Cycle Disorder * Usher's Syndrome * Velocardiofacial Syndrome * von Hippel-Lindau Disease * Werner Syndrome * Williams Syndrome * Xeroderma Pigmentosum * XXX Syndrome * XYY Syndrome
The introduction of a variety of organisms in the early Cambrian, including such complex forms of the arthropods as the trilobites, is surprising.... The introduction of abundant organisms in the record would not be so surprising if they were simple. Why should such complex organic forms be in rocks about six hundred million years old and be absent or unrecognized in the records of the preceding two billion years? ...If there has been evolution of life, the absence of the requisite fossils in the rocks older than the Cambrian is puzzling." (Kay, Marshall, and Edwin H. Colbert, Stratigraphy and Life History, 1965, 736 pp.102-103, as cited in Morris, 1974)
Specific Conditions * Achromatopsia * Adrenal Hypoplasia Congenita * Adrenoleukodystrophy * Aicardi Syndrome * Alagille Syndrome * Albinism/Hypopigmentation * Alexander Disease * Alpers' Disease * Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency * Alzheimer's Disease * Amblyopia * Angelman Syndrome * Anencephaly * Aniridia * Anophthalmia * Ataxia Telangiectasia * Autism * Bardet-Biedl Syndrome * Barth Syndrome * Batten Disease * Best's Disease * Bipolar Disorder * Bloom Syndrome * Branchio-Oto-Renal (BOR) Syndrome * Canavan Syndrome * Cancer Genetics * Carnitine Deficiencies * Carnitine Acylcarnitine Translocase Deficiency * Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase Deficiency * Cerebral Palsy * Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease * Cleft Lip/Cleft Palate * Coffin Lowry Syndrome * Coloboma * Color Blindness * Congenital Heart Defects * Congenital Hip Dysplasia (Dislocation) * Connective Tissue Disorders * Cooley's Anemia * Corneal Dystrophy * Cornelia de Lange Syndrome * Cystic Fibrosis * Cystinosis * Developmental Disabilities * Diabetes * Down Syndrome * Duane Syndrome * Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome * Epidermolysis Bullosa * Familial Dysautonomia * Familial Mediterranean Fever * Fanconi Anemia * Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva * Fragile X Syndrome * G6PD (Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase) Deficiency Anemia * Galactosemia * Gaucher Disease * Gilbert's Syndrome * Glaucoma * Hemochromatosis * Hemoglobin C Disease * Hemophilia/Bleeding Disorders * Hirschsprung's Disease * Homocystinuria * Huntington's Disease * Hurler Syndrome * Juvenile Retinoschisis (X Linked) * Klinefelter Syndrome * Krabbe Disease * Leber Congenital Amaurosis * Leukodystrophies * Lipid Storage Diseases * Long Q-T Syndrome * Macular Degeneration * Marfan Syndrome * Marshall Syndrome * McCune-Albright Syndrome * Menkes Disease * Metabolic Disorders * Microphthalmus * Mitochondrial Disease * Mucolipidoses * Mucopolysaccharide Disorders * Muscular Dystrophy * Neonatal Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease * Neural Tube Defects * Neurofibromatosis * Niemann-Pick Disease * Noonan Syndrome * Optic Atrophy * Osteogenesis Imperfecta * Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome * Phenylketonuria (PKU) * Polycystic Kidney Disease * Prader-Willi Syndrome * Progeria * Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum * Ptosis * Rentinitis Pigmentosa * Scheie Syndrome * Schizophrenia * Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) * Sickle Cell Anemia * Skeletal Dysplasias * Smith-Magenis Syndrome * Spherocytosis * Spina Bifida * Spinocerebellar Ataxia * Stargardt Disease (Macular Degeneration) * Stickler Syndrome * Tay-Sachs Disease * Thalassemia * Treacher Collins Syndrome * Tuberous Sclerosis * Turner's Syndrome * Urea Cycle Disorder * Usher's Syndrome * Velocardiofacial Syndrome * von Hippel-Lindau Disease * Werner Syndrome * Williams Syndrome * Xeroderma Pigmentosum * XXX Syndrome * XYY Syndrome