41

Question of the Week / Re: QotW - 21.08.15 - How much of the brain is memory?

« on: 20/08/2021 14:42:51 »

Two areas of the brain are actively involved in remembering our experiences. The hippocampus is a storehouse of short-term memory, and the cerebral cortex is used for long-term storage.
It is not exactly concluded how long the hippocampus can keep memories (about 2 weeks or so).

Information is stored in engram neuron cells.

An engram is a trace left by an irritant. Taking a certain neurons’ processes, a repetitive signal (sound, smell, a certain environment, etc.) provokes some physical and biochemical changes in them.

When the stimulus is repeated, the ‘trace’ is activated. The cells in which it is present will recall the entire memory from the memory. In other words, engram neurons are responsible for accessing the recorded information, and in order for them to work, a key signal must act on them. The engrams can be quite small amount of neurons.

Thus, there is still a certain relationship between these two regions of the brain, and over time, the cerebral cortex takes on an increasingly important role in storing any memory.

Cortex uses large areas for recognition, reproduction, and presentation.

‘All over the cortex’ - yes, but what exactly is the percentage, depends. But it is proven, for instance, people, who are bilingual, have noticeably thicker cortex part. Hence, the percentage of brain occupied by memory depends a lot on how much you remember)

42

Technology / Re: Will a perpetual motion machine ever be invented?

« on: 20/08/2021 13:59:36 »

Perpetuum mobile is a term for music characterised by a continuous steady stream of notes or repetition.
Music also encompasses math and technology.

43

General Science / Re: Shouldn't we worry about Earth before we try to conquer Mars?

« on: 20/08/2021 13:01:45 »

Apologies in advance for long read and repetitions.

A: An ocean of information about what we already know about the Earth in detailed investigations, simulations and forecasts. History. Technology.
I would add Earth human bearing capacity.
National agencies, World agencies, research institutions. Improvement plans and on-going work.

How to survive. Regression models put unfortunate numbers.
Every human contribution to global warming is our lifestyle. The overall impact shown by observation is ~1.5C for the last 50 years and ~2.0C during the last 150 years. Considering the stability of natural effects during this period.
Although, here are some specific periods that appear to have warmed or cooled faster than can be explained based on r natural variability during that period.

There are no accumulated observations of natural variability, which might be larger than we currently think.There seems no strong evidence for it.

B: Certainly, going to any other planet missions are essential. At least several humans would try it first.
Learn living there.
Moving 7 billion forecasts wouldn’t be near imagined possible. If magically so, all humanity changes mentality instantly.

“Our business is to uproot the roots of evil in the fields that are known to us in order to pass on to the heirs a pure land, ready for sowing. What kind of weather they will have is not for us to decide.”

Now we judge by today's activities of space exploration vs Earth preservation.
Obviously, for Earth we should go faster and proactive to bring stabilization as soon as possible. This is a process of years.

Going to Venus, Mars, the Moon, I believe brings technology push. Ability to do it now pushes the occasions.

Earth vs Space is not like that. I believe Earth together with space. Technology, Space and Earth agencies cooperation are win-win if balanced.
For both branches of the same survival aim they work.

44

Technology / Re: Install Python on Ubuntu

« on: 20/08/2021 12:24:14 »

For me, original is handy and working as well.

https://www.python.org/downloads/source/
https://www.python.org/community/

45

Technology / Re: How to make MILLIONS of people, robots and drones TETHERED

« on: 20/08/2021 12:18:10 »

Confusing, right.
CAN/Internet/Wireless/5G/Satellites/IoT/ML are solving the subjected question.
With  ethics 'attached'.

46

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Space junk vs meteors: how can we tell the difference?

« on: 20/08/2021 12:08:26 »

It is in news that Starlink is producing 50% of collisions nowadays.
Having 20k+ junk pieces already on the orbit for all the time, it looks inevitable as a result of Starlink, sending 15k and preparing twice more.
I assume, there must be mitigation points behind:
- Where the collision numbers become critical to hold on new launches.
- Automatic manoeuvring systems continuous calibration.
- Emergency actions for the critical collisions that might happen.
 
Still to have more experience of distinguishing between space junk and meteors, finding the best location for occurrences observation, may be advantageous.

47

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: ESA and NASA are gonna make a partnership in some environmental campaign

« on: 19/08/2021 15:13:29 »

We are already there with ~ 22,000 pieces of junk flying over our planet. As far as I know, there was never anything done on that. This is only a visible part of the iceberg.

The first steps may seem bizarre. ESA announced robot-junk-remover test launch till 2025
There is activity increase in this field (from private companies as well). Overcoming steps should also be a regular process.

Well done also for the tendency of reliable private companies, sending surveillance satellites.
Together with Earth protection in terms of surveillance this approach is long asserted. We are already endangered by orbital junk, new technologies are about not to make the situation worse, but to stabilize and step forward.

Now we judge by today's activities of space exploration vs Earth preservation..
Obviously, for Earth we should go faster and proactive to bring stabilization as soon as possible. This is a process of years.

Going to Venus, Mars, the Moon, I believe brings technology push. Ability to do it now pushes the occasions.

Earth vs Space is not like that. I believe Earth together with space. Technology, Space and Earth agencies cooperation are win-win if balanced.
For both branches of the same survival aim they work.

48

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Space junk vs meteors: how can we tell the difference?

« on: 19/08/2021 12:02:31 »

Yes, and it is man driven and precisely observed.
Other 20k+ are either junk or not so sophisticated in this way, what I meant.

I guess ISS is rather special as it is occupied and any collision will be of the greatest concern And ISS is one of the earth's greatest allies builder in space.

Fully agree, no argue would be possible.

I think of statistically it is one of 20k+ objects (even the big one). So a math model would show thousands collisions times for the whole.

49

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Space junk vs meteors: how can we tell the difference?

« on: 19/08/2021 10:57:13 »

ISS had to take several manoeuvres last year.

They must have to have plenty of notice if an object is on a posable collision course with ISS as ISS is very large and will take a bit of time to reposition.

Yes, and it is man driven and precisely observed.
Other 20k+ are either junk or not so sophisticated in this way, what I meant.

50

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Where is the gravitational potential energy? School-level question.

« on: 19/08/2021 09:04:10 »

‘How to be a magnet’. It depends on the size of ferromagnetic and it’s crystal domain alignment.
In a half-field shell electrons are not paired and their tiny magnets are pointing in the same direction. This is intrinsic magnetism of electrons.
But if an atom is magnetic, it doesn’t need that the material made of lots of these atoms are magnetic.
Crystals. Ferromagnetic - a bunch of atoms are aligned in the same magnetic direction. Aligned domains (bunches of bunches) of atoms. This is a quantum property - aligned to macro size.
Domains of material can point in different directions.
Piece of iron may not have a magnetic field at all, because all domains are pointing to different directions.
However if you apply a strong magnetic field from outside the material, you can make one solid unified piece of magnet.
Magnetism is a quantum property magnified to the size of the object.
These criteria are difficult to fulfill. There are few materials that can do that: Fe, Co, Ni, Gd.

Wikipedia:
The magnetization of a magnetized material is the local value of its magnetic moment per unit volume, usually denoted M, with units A/m. A good bar magnet may have a magnetic moment of magnitude 0.1 A·m2 and a volume of 1 cm3, or 1×10−6 m3, and therefore an average magnetization magnitude is 100,000 A/m. Iron can have a magnetization of around a million amperes per meter.

51

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Space junk vs meteors: how can we tell the difference?

« on: 19/08/2021 08:10:28 »

ISS had to take several manoeuvres last year.
And one bright satellite collision that was in the news before.
For new launches, yes, avoided so far, but for what is there only owners might know.

52

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: What is "information" in the transfer of information when related to 'C'

« on: 18/08/2021 16:39:26 »

Please note that entangled particles are an example of the simplest and best correlated system.
An example with coin or dice gives less chance of probability of guessing the system state (between 1 and 0).
Guess-information is instantaneous

53

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Space junk vs meteors: how can we tell the difference?

« on: 18/08/2021 12:43:10 »

Sporadic meteors as well as space junk collisions and entering atmosphere are not much reported, for my understanding.
2008 TC3 (ateroid though), exploding over Sudan.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_TC3
One of examples.
The asteroid was discovered by Richard A. Kowalski at the Catalina Sky Survey (CSS) 1.5-meter telescope at Mount Lemmon, north of Tucson, Arizona, US, on October 6, 06:39 UTC, 19 hours before the impact.

'as they burn crossing the sky' already might be a matter of a second to take note of time and place and try to find out later.

One of the largest junk piece is about double decker size. But the most dangerous on the orbit itself are ones from 1 to 10 cm, which can easily make working satellite into a junk waiting to make surprise in atmosphere.

54

Technology / Re: What is Cloud Computing and how does it work?

« on: 18/08/2021 08:16:50 »

the Internet (“the cloud”)

That's unusual, because I always assumed that "The Cloud" was the data center with its servers; the internet, was the way you contacted the data centers.
- Wikipedia follows my way of thinking
- While Microsoft Azure uses your way of phrasing it. But maybe Microsoft also sells a lot into homes, so they see the home computers being part of the cloud?
- Or maybe I just misunderstood the phrasing?

People who conscript home computers into mining for bitcoins (they use your electricity to benefit the hackers) or botnets for Denial of Service attacks certainly view home computers as a resource to be harnessed!
- The coming wave of "Internet of Things" devices will also be another resource that some people will attempt to take over..

See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing

Hi, I think this is misunderstanding, yes.
Wikipedia: Cloud computing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing
Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage (cloud storage) and computing power, without direct active management by the user.

"The Cloud" was the data center with its servers; the internet, was the way you contacted the data centers.

When I used 'somebody' - that probably brought the misunderstanding. Google, Microsoft..

People who construct something at home for themselves the opposite, I would say. IoT has nothing to do with determining Cloud computing for the definition.
Thank you.

55

Technology / Re: What is Cloud Computing and how does it work?

« on: 17/08/2021 17:11:53 »

Cloud introduced in order to increase effectiveness if hardware sharing

Does that mean a mimicked super cray (by large/huge numbers of PC's) is a cloud?
If it does classify as a cloud, the brain is a complex organism considered one of the most powerful computers,
so too, is it a cloud if it is a narcotics addicts brain?

This means, that somebody stores super-computers and provides you as much of storage and computing facilities as you need. Hence, there is no need to by your own super-computer, when half of it power/ storage you will never need to use.
Simply put, cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence—over the Internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale. You typically pay only for cloud services you use, helping you lower your operating costs, run your infrastructure more efficiently, and scale as your business needs change.

56

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: What is "information" in the transfer of information when related to 'C'

« on: 17/08/2021 15:36:44 »

Basically information is governed by the light speed limit on movement by C anyway.

Information transfer.

57

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Where is the gravitational potential energy? School-level question.

« on: 17/08/2021 12:17:32 »

Thanks for the replies ES and yor_on.

While I was my the last years at school, I had to study physics deeply with PhD. Technical mentor additionally. And somehow he managed to put the knowledge within consumable time and level.
It is not trivial to explain to a school student not only physics, electrodynamics .. literature. To transform it to the limited math and understanding.
Some professors tell to university newcomers: 'Forget everything that you were taught at school'.

58

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: What is "information" in the transfer of information when related to 'C'

« on: 17/08/2021 11:16:32 »

Not sure why you say ”of no real importance”. The state of 0s and 1s in your computer can be of great importance, but is limited to light speed.

And this is exactly what information is, otherwise you know only 50/50% of 'yes' or 'no', which is the worst case of being informed.

59

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Where is the gravitational potential energy? School-level question.

« on: 17/08/2021 08:59:53 »

gorilla in Chessington Zoo discover

It didn't articulate it to others.)

60

General Science / Re: Shouldn't we worry about Earth before we try to conquer Mars?

« on: 17/08/2021 08:56:00 »

Exactly, there are lots of data that is hard to cooperate and put together for any prediction.

The sun and Earth have processes which are not short-term and natural.
Some to observe and mitigate threats, where possible, some to put effort to what we already know.

They tell us Earth should go wilder.
Atmospheric and ocean flows changes are causing new tornadoes, floods, freezing and so on. It is unstable.

A lot of impact due to human making forests and animals going extinct.
Example, sharks  (predators) killing is destroying the food chain. That causes boosting one population of species and causing extinction of others. Migration paths.

This kind of unbalance speeds up unnatural instability.