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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Two-Time Physics Questions

« on: 05/02/2021 16:57:40 »

This will be hard but please help me understand this pdf webhome.phy.duke.edu/~muller/Talks/Columbia_100412.pdf by answering these questions. I only need rephrasing of those technical statements in layman's terms.

1. On the 3rd page, what does it mean to implose a simplectic gauge constraints on states in D+2 dimensions? It says it renders time effectively 1-dimensional. How is it? Could 2 time dimensions always be perceived as 1D time?
2. Please explain the implications of spacetime interval on the 4th and 5th pages. How did that math work? Did we always travel in timelike trajectory and met ourselves in the past ready to start that journey? How is the worldline partly space like?
3. On the 10th page, it says motion in second time dimension is assumed to be regular, defined by initial condition, then it says small changes in initial conditions could lead to exponentially growing deviations. What is the meaning of this? How does finding a closed timelike loop become unlikely by this? Is the initial condition talking about the bold assumption that we have to move in both of the 2 dimensions all the time, or we could choose to move in one and not move in another? What is microcanonically ergodic and why should we consider one of the dimensions to be thermalized, what does it mean?
4. On the 11th page, it says energy is a two component vector in 2 timelike dimensions. How is it two component vector and what are its implications? Is it related to 5-velocity and 5-momentum and what are its implications? What are the implications of temperature becoming 2 component vector? How did temperature become 2 component vector? Please explain the whole 11th page about hot and cold time.
5. Please explain the pages from 13 to 22 in simple terms, I am specifically interested in understanding thermal stuff. How is it relating to entropy and thermal equilibrium?
6. Please explain the first two points on 25th page.
7. I can't even understand the questions posed on 29th page. Please rewrite those temperature questions in simple terms.

Please also tell me your insights on two time dimensions, and two time physics by Itzhak Bars and how he avoids stuff like closed time like loops.

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Does time have more than one dimension?

« on: 20/11/2020 08:10:18 »

Thanks for the great answers, sorry for asking so many unknowns and sci-fi(didn't want to limit myself to reality, also wanted to know what questions are still remaining). Is it safe to say:

1. If something could travel faster than light, its future light cone would expand to the past light cone allowing it to go back in time and meet dinosaurs.
2. In a universe with more than one time dimensions, timeplane and timecube could allow time travel into the past as they eliminate causality. Closed timelike curves also allow traveling back into the past but they can't exist in our universe.
3. A hypothetical 4D sphere(with its own separate intrinsic spacetime having a different timeline, a universe of its own) cannot exist inside our 4D universe. If it did, its dimensionality must be lower than our universe. In other words, one cannot contain a higher dimensionality thing inside a lower one. And the sphere must exist outside the universe.
4. One can make stories of a God/programmer who simulated our 4D universe(at the surface of 5D hypersphere) and lives in a non-linear time(no forwards or backwards, every 1 time dimension event is simultaneous for it) and has higher spacetime dimensionality and can watch all the events that happen anywhere across the universe at all times onto a screen. We are in the same situation as flatlanders as we cannot explain phenomena like entanglement. [One should not limit themselves to reality, they should keep thinking higher else there can be no progress, reality is so dull and boring according to some mathematicians, that is why they chose maths]
5. Aside from Hawking radiation, black hole information paradox can also be solved with black hole cosmology and entanglement entropy. A thing that can travel faster than light can escape a black hole by traveling in the opposite direction it fell into the black hole, it can travel back in time.

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Does time have more than one dimension?

« on: 19/11/2020 07:54:57 »

Please help me answer these questions:

1. Wouldn't being able to draw a loop onto a timeplane allow time travel to the past in a hypothetical universe with more than 1 time dimensions? Isn't paradox free time travel possible? https://www.forbes.com/sites/fernandezelizabeth/2020/10/12/now-time-travel-can-be-paradox-free-thanks-to-math/ Can you explain closed time-like curves in simple terms? Why can't they exist in our universe? If they did exist in some other universe, how would they allow time travel? What do you mean by there is no backwards in time as there is no forwards in time? What are the implications of time being a volume?

2. How to calculate speed of light in 12 temporal and 8 spatial dimensions?

3. Suppose there is something other than tachyons that travels faster than speed of light, what would its light cone be like and would it allow time travel? Would traveling faster than light towards the opposite direction something fell inside a black hole allow it to escape since it can now travel back in time?

4. If point in time has no meaning, then what was the big bang? Everything seems to be moving away from everything else, so big bang was probably not a point in space but a point in time(like center of balloon is not on its surface but at its center so big bang time and time dimension in general is the interior?). But what does that even mean? Any matter falling in from the mother universe will disappear from that universe and emerge at the initial t=0 point of the daughter universe thoroughly scrambled, but why isn't the big bang happening today since the mother black hole should still be consuming matter and throwing it out into daughter universe at different points in time? Or has the mother black hole been evaporated? But such big black hole life times were supposed to be over 1e+60 years, while big bang didn't seem to last that long. How long did big bang last? How and where is big bang happening today?

5. So in our current age, we just don't know what the exact inverse relationship of gravity would be in other spacetime dimensionalities? By the way, if gravity changed with distance inversely proportional to r^2.1 or r^1.9, please show how the elliptical orbit would fail rapidly. How does slightest deviation send the planet off orbit or into the star?

6. Is there something like a 0 dimension? What are the implications of singularity having finite mass over zero volume?

7. So a clock fell into a black hole in finite time, what happened to the clock then if time ended completely(why would time end by the way)? Was the clock imprinted onto black hole surface area and led to black hole's growth and would eventually leak out as Hawking radiation?

8. How would hypersphere be 5D if our 4D universe has time in its interior which is also the interior of hypersphere as per balloon analogy? Then our 4D universe itself is the 4D hypersphere and there would be no need for it to be at the surface of anything. Why is the need for an abstract higher dimension like hypersphere arising?

9. Is this analogy correct: We lived in the chromosomes & the chromosomes are parts of us. But they probably aren't aware of us, neither are all the cells that make us up. So it could be some abstract higher dimensionality(maybe more spatial or temporal dimensions) could allow a thing to see all the events across all of space and all of time simultaneously. (Totally sci-fi but many were inspired by sci-fi and got into science, besides it helps one discover just how many things are unknown and unanswered)

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Does time have more than one dimension?

« on: 18/11/2020 07:30:14 »

Please help me answer these questions:

1. Still can't understand a time plane. How would it eliminate causality? What is meant by circular paths on a time plane? Do cause and effect even exist macroscopically? Isn't time just a macroscopic increase in entropy with very low probability of entropy dip happening? Would entropy prevent additional time dimensions?

2. What would be the properties of a 4D star? How is the orbit different in that case? Even in our regular 4D universe, after an incredibly long period of time, wouldn't the earth still end up falling into the barycenter/sun due to the sun's curving of 4D spacetime? Is gravity inseparable from spacetime? Would gravity work irrespective of dimensionality? Would a 4 spatial dimension star still curve a hypothetical 5D spacetime and allow a 4D planet to orbit it?

3. I didn't get the speed of light part. Please rephrase it and what it implies in the context of 2 time dimensions. (Sometimes I think maybe I should have come one or two centuries later which would have been much more interesting because of availability of more information, sorry for asking so many weird things and unknowns, just tell me everything you know, it would be new to me, don't hold back, repetitions are necessary for memorizing too)

4. Please list the properties of tachyons and what they can do. I mean like can they actually travel back in time? What would their light cone be like and how would it allow traveling back in time? I was assuming a hypothetical observer like a photon(by IIT, even it should have a bit of consciousness but that isn't what I want to discuss here at all so please forget it) which is 3+1 dimensional and how would it differ from spacepoint timecubed tachyons. Just think of a normal person and an advanced species living in more time dimensions. What things would be accessible to that species and what sorts of feats could it achieve? Could it travel back in time and maybe go across full spectrum of universal wavefunction? Could access to more time dimensions allow all sorts of time travel in a 1 time dimensional universe?

5. So is it safe to say singularity is a point in time just like the big bang being a point in time? Could anything that fell into black hole singularity actually come out scrambled into a de Sitter space/different universe via big bang? Since 1 spatial dimension(the radial one) has become time dimension inside black hole, does that mean the radial dimension actually became infinite in length since time dimension is also infinite? Would black hole singularity be infinitely 1D and maybe contain or connect to a 4D universe?

6. Can light never escape from inside a black hole and hence Bob can never send a message to his wife? But how can Bob receive the birth message if upon falling inside, he travels faster than light towards singularity? I didn't get the past light cone part, please rephrase it. Is it related to how I can only see the past due to speed limit? The only way to escape from inside a black hole is to travel back into the past, how would tachyons do it and what are its implications and paradoxes like it shouldn't have fallen inside the black hole to begin with?

7. So a hypothetical 3 spatial dimension sphere having its own intrinsic time cannot exist/be contained inside a regular 4D universe? Since its spacetime is intrinsic to it, it would tend to add 3 more spatial dimensions and 1 more time dimension to the overall 4D universe if it were a part of it? Hence it is necessary for it to exist outside it? If it were to exist inside, would it need to have no spatial or temporal dimensions at all? Would it need to be a 0 dimensional singularity if it were to exist inside 4D universe? What is the 0th dimension anyway? Can 0 dimension actually contain within it all the dimensionalities or is it true nothingness? By the way, is our universe even 4D to begin with? 

8. Is time not intrinsic to a 4D block universe being at the surface of a 4+1D hypersphere that is expanding? So there is no 2nd time dimension to an expanding hypersphere?

9. What would be the dimensionality of a being with all its events being simultaneous? Could more time dimensions allow perceiving all of 1D time in its entirety from the point of view of all observers within the block? Could all their worldlines be perceived at once by a single entity with access to more time dimensions and what about more spatial ones?

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Does time have more than one dimension?

« on: 17/11/2020 11:57:26 »

@Halc, I am very sorry for getting in between, can you please elaborate in simple terms:

1. How more than one dimension of time would result in unpredictability? How would more than 3 dimensions of space be unstable? Suppose a block universe had more than one dimension of time, what would it mean? How would that change anything? Would speed of light limit still be an issue? How would an extra spatial dimension change anything?
2. What is implied by tachyons having 1 dimension of space and 3 dimensions of time? How is its experience different from 3 spatial and 1 temporal being's experience like a photon? What things are tachyons capable of doing?
3. Inside a black hole, since radial and temporal dimensions change their roles, does this in any way affect dimensionality of 4D spacetime inside black hole? Can a 10 m^3 black hole's inside be bigger than 10 m^3? Is time completely different inside a black hole? Is black hole's interior, actually on a different timeline completely? If a hypothetical 3 spatial dimension 10 m^3 sphere(of non-expanding fixed volume existing within a universe) had its own intrinsic time, then from the point of view of the whole universe, is it safe to say the system(sphere + universe) is 3 dimensions of space and 2 dimensions of time, or would that sphere would need to exist outside the universe(and cannot be part of the universe if it had its own time)? Because an expanding hypersphere results in 4 dimensions of space and 2 dimensions of time to give it time to expand hence hypersphere is actually 6D? (Sorry for this non-sense, I have bad educational background and was always bad, I want to know more and get a clearer picture) What is meant by "Spacetime is one 4D thing, not time that passes and space that doesn't (different things)"? How can we be 4D beings if we cannot know simultaneously all the events that happen at all times at once inside a block universe?

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / How does past, present, future exist at once? What is block universe?

« on: 29/10/2020 06:07:20 »

Please help me answer these questions:

1. How can past, present and future exist all at once? Many light years away, alien lifeforms would still be seeing dinosaurs on earth since only dinosaur earth light has had time to reach alien lifeforms so far, but how can earth's future be seen? How is future also predetermined? Does it have to do with special relativity and light cones?
2. Please explain eternalism and block universe in simple terms. Sorry I was always dumb and I am unable to understand this.
3. Is our 4D universe flat and exist on the surface of 5D hypersphere? Is the hypersphere expanding?
4. Is it really impossible to see the present of a distant planet? Could some abstract higher dimensional perspective(eg. God/programmer) see all of simultaneously existing time since 3D beings can only see time as being very subjective? Are we even 3D?

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: What happens inside a black hole, and how do black holes evaporate?

« on: 27/09/2020 07:12:25 »

Okay, thanks. I have a few final questions.

1. Since black holes have been sucking things, if the observer A goes inside of the black hole, would he see that inside the event horizon, there are photons of light everywhere? Would they be blue shifted or red shifted under the influence of such high gravity? Would the black hole's inside not be black at all but brimming with past light photons? Would it be bright white light or outside visible spectrum?
2. I am still unable to get the implications of all future light cone pointing towards singularity, please give a few more examples. Inside event horizon, can the observer A theoretically do millions of different actions like do reading, play chess, yoga etc. but would be bound to fall into singularity? Meaning, he can do other things except for falling into singularity? For me, if the observer A's all atoms can be rearranged into the exact configuration from surrounding environment, then that would be his identity. So assuming a futuristic quantum teleportation device attached to observer A, if that observer A disassembled inside event horizon and reassembled outside into exact configuration as before(from surrounding molecules), he would have escaped from inside black hole with his identity intact. Would this work?
3. If singularities have infinite density, then why would overall density of black hole be finite, like 2e+30 kg/m^3? Are we ignoring singularity? Since there are a lot of black holes and micro black holes in the universe, does that imply there are brief periods of infinite density and infinite gravity regions everywhere?
4. Can cuboidal and other shaped black holes be simulated(like fixing 8 vertices and all directions inside cuboid point towards a center that would be the singularity)? What shapes can a rotating charged black holes be? Why are most of planets, stars, black holes spherical? How is it related to gravity?
5. If 1 earth mass negative mass could be made in the future, would that completely evaporate 1 earth mass black hole(lifetime 5.6e+50 years) in mere seconds? Are there any leading research currently that hints at how to produce negative mass? If somebody in the future could collect the negative side of materializing particle pair in vacuum and throw 1 earth mass of it into a 1 earth mass black hole, would that evaporate the black hole?

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: What happens inside a black hole, and how do black holes evaporate?

« on: 26/09/2020 07:11:02 »

Thanks for the great answers. But I am unable to get the clear picture just yet even after watching the video that dealt with future light cones etc. Please explain in simple terms what would be happening to observer A falling into event horizon(here, uncharged non-rotating black hole only) and we watching from afar.
 
1. Would observer A only appear to be stuck on event horizon due to his light getting red shifted to undetectable frequencies? While observer A himself would have crossed event horizon and towards singularity in proper time?
2. Would observer A's all of particles and information be encoded into 3D black hole's 2D surface? Would the black hole grow very slightly due to observer A's falling into black hole? Would there be dual existence of observer A? From our perspective, he was stuck forever at the surface while he himself became a part of black hole in proper time?
3. At the event horizon, would the observer A see all of time in the universe pass behind him? Eg. at the event horizon, he looked behind and sees time of the universe infinitely accelerated. Would that happen? If not, where would that happen in black hole? Would the blue shifted universe appear very small point like at event horizon and all time passed for universe as seen by observer A?
4. Is there infinite curving of space and dilating of time at the singularity, and hence infinite gravity? Suppose there is 6 km black hole, is there infinite density at its singularity? Or is it false since black hole has finite mass?
5. I really want to know of ways to speed up the black hole evaporation. Please drop some theories, doesn't matter how bizarre they are. Is it possible to determine just how much amount of negative mass would be required to evaporate an earth mass black hole? Would negative earth mass matter be sufficient? Since people have calculated how much negative mass would be required for stabilizing Morris Thorne, and Visser wormholes, is it possible to calculate how much negative mass would be required for completely evaporating an earth mass black hole?
6. Would quantum teleportation on a large scale work from inside a black hole? Hence observer A's all of particles disassembling inside event horizon and reassembling far outside on a fixed machine? Shouldn't the Boltzmann scenario work here even if very rarely? I am unable to understand how tachyons could escape from black holes. What is meant by them traveling along space-like geodesics? How do they travel faster than light? What is so special about them?
7. Would gravitational force/tidal acceleration from an earth mass black hole really be on the scales of quadrillions~quintillions m/s^2? Why is the entropy so high? Would magnetic field be high around a black hole, greater than magnetar? What is meant by surface tides measured in m/s^2/m? If surface tide value is 1e+21 m/s^2/m, does that mean an object standing at 1 meter distance from surface of black hole would experience gravitational force of 1e+21 m/s^2? Time to singularity comes out to be 4e-11 seconds, is this really true? Observer A would be gone and encoded into black hole 2D surface in such a short amount of time? Is effective density being 2e+30 kg/m^3 really true? Does it break at singularity?
8. Is it possible to calculate how much the black hole surface area would increase if an object with suppose 1 earth mass falls inside a black hole? Would that mass simply be added into black hole's total mass? And hence an increase from 9.8 cm^2 to 39.5 cm^2 if a 1 earth mass object falls into 1 earth mass black hole resulting in 2 earth mass black hole?
9. Could black holes come in different shapes? Why are all black holes alike(uncharged non-rotating variety only)? Please explain what prevents a cuboid shaped black hole.
10. What are future and past light cones? What are the effects near event horizon and near singularity? In the case of near singularity, does all future of observer A point towards singularity? Is this what is resulting in the observer A paradoxically sending signal into the past? Can observer A only interact with the past near singularity which can never happen? Just what are the implications of one spatial dimension becoming time-like and time becoming space-like? How would that change something? Does that mean observer A can only interact with 2D space now and all future light cone time pointing towards a single future, singularity? Did observer A became 2D and got encoded onto the surface? So basically, observer A can still move his hands in 2 dimensions but is inevitably going to fall into singularity? What happens to blackbody radiation emitted by observer A? Do they also not make it away from the singularity since all future is towards singularity and getting away from singularity means getting into the past which is impossible? Is this what would prevent even teleportation and entanglement with particles outside event horizon?

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / What happens inside a black hole, and how do black holes evaporate?

« on: 22/09/2020 05:26:33 »

Please help me answer these questions:

1. Inside the event horizon, what does it mean to say space and time change their roles? How does that happen? What are its implications? Would every direction inside event horizon look like it is pointing towards the singularity? How would time pass? What is space inside event horizon? Would singularity be everywhere inside event horizon? Or is it just an illusion and there is only one singularity at the center? Is there infinite density and infinite curving of space and dilating of time inside event horizon? Would there be infinite spaghettification? How would atoms of an object react to such an environment? Even if a futuristic ideally durable vehicle could somehow bend space and travel faster than speed of light, could it still not escape from inside the event horizon? Why wouldn't they be able to escape? If such an ideally durable vehicle could survive inside event horizon, could they survive just about everywhere even absolute zero temperature and negative temperatures? What are other methods of escaping from inside event horizon? Like one half of a virtual particle pair appearing inside event horizon and other half outside, if a hypothetical vehicle could generate enough virtual pairs(like exciting the vacuum somehow) from inside the event horizon, then would some of those particles the vehicle generated appear outside event horizon due to HUP? Would this work and would the vehicle be able to come out of event horizon? Would the boltzmann brain scenario work and the atoms and molecules outside blackhole arranged themselves into an exact replica of hypothetical vehicle? How to calculate probability of something like that happening? Eg. swampman scenario?
2. Is there any way to speed up the black hole evaporation process(eg. from 1e+60 years to a few years or even seconds) by increasing the number of negative side of materializing particle pairs exponentially? How would that work? Goal is to find a way to evaporate black hole as quickly as possible, even if we had to assume highly unrealistic scenarios.

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Physiology & Medicine / Re: Where are the major 5 senses inside a human brain?

« on: 12/09/2020 07:44:38 »

Sorry for asking the unknown. Forget the 1st and 5th question, but I really need complete answers for 2nd, 3rd and 4th.

Suppose a person's 5 senses only are controlled, would they be unable to move in reality and be unconscious in it? If someone touched them in reality, would they feel that inside virtual world too? What is required to not let this happen? Do other senses need to be controlled as well for complete replacement of reality? Can a VR controlling just 5 senses also be able to manipulate the person's desire for sleep, pleasure and food? Can they make them hungry and sleepy? Can they increase pain intensity too? What sort of crazy stuff can be done by controlling a person's 5 senses alone?

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Physiology & Medicine / Where are the major 5 senses inside a human brain?

« on: 10/09/2020 11:12:32 »

Please help me answer these questions:

1. Where are the major 5 senses inside a human brain? How do they work? 
2. How can a device(futuristic VR) control 5 senses? Would it need something like Neuralink? What is required to achieve it? How would it manipulate the brain?
3. Suppose a person's 5 senses are controlled by a VR, what things would they experience? Would they be unable to move in real life and only be moving around and doing work in a VR environment? Similar to lucid dreaming? How would they remove VR headset by themselves if their 5 senses are under control? Would controlling 5 senses alone be totally immersive and feel totally real? If not, what other senses would need to be controlled so as to fool the conscious brain completely into thinking VR world was the real one?
4. Can we also control other senses like the perception of time by maybe speeding up neuron firing and wiring speed? How to speed up electrical signal speeds inside the brain? So that 1 hour could feel like 1 day in VR?
5. How can brain consciousness be frozen like in an experiment where a person stops reading a paragraph then picks up exactly from where they left off without realising the frozen interval?

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Does spacetime bend only locally around objects?

« on: 23/08/2020 10:52:51 »

Hold on, does the infrared radiation emitted by us ever leave the earth atmosphere(with all its greenhouse gases and clouds) to outer space? Does a person's emitted EM radiation ever leave earth or just get absorbed by its gases? If they do leave, how often does that happen? Is it very rare? What percentage of our emitted radiation successfully goes to outer space? And will they keep traveling forever as individual photons? If a person is 20 years old, did the light emitted by that person traveled 20 light year distance? Since universe is very empty, photons can travel successfully to billions of light years before getting absorbed or reflected by anything? What things in space could halt the progress of these photons?

Also, does the expansion of space affect those traveling photons making them travel faster than light since space is expanding everywhere? So suppose space expanded between the source of radiation(human) and his emitted radiation(20 light years away), then the radiation would seemingly be traveling faster than light? Can gravitational waves also travel faster than light by this way of expanding space?

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Does spacetime bend only locally around objects?

« on: 22/08/2020 10:58:16 »

Thanks for the great answer. I have some final conclusive questions:

1. Do we at all times emit black body radiation? Do some of that undetectable light escape the earth and travel indefinitely to outer space as photons?
2. In the athlete kicking the ball example, is there no change in gravitational field of earth even a tiny bit? If the change did happen, it has the potential to be detected after 1 year by a detector 1 light year away?
3. Is there some way we affect the whole universe by doing our daily activities? Like increasing entropy macroscopically? The goal is to show we have a sort of universal range and we change the universe slightly. Could a change be made instantaneously across large distances? Like we are made up of a large number of particles, is there any chance some of them regularly exchange information via entanglement with particles billions of light years away?
4. In a universe accelerating in expansion and space between galaxies getting larger, are gravitational waves and photons affected by expanding space? Could they travel slightly faster than light in between galaxies where space is expanding?

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Does spacetime bend only locally around objects?

« on: 21/08/2020 07:48:20 »

Suppose an athlete hits a football, did the athlete change the whole universe in some very small way just by doing that act on earth moving across space? Would this act change the gravitational disturbance in some insignificant way light years away? Did increase in kinetic energy of the ball by athlete slightly change curvature of spacetime around it universally? Could this change be detected if we had sensitive enough instrument? Did the athlete change the effect universally as both observers and the observed are in inertial/non inertial reference frame? Can we 3D beings confined to movements in between specific coordinates each interval affect regions of space universally? Did the athlete affect(in some small way) a distant planet? A distant black hole in some negligible way? Objects in motion do change mass slightly, would this cause slight gravitational disturbance universally? Since gravitational waves can only travel at the speed of light, would a change in gravity caused by the athlete be universal but only detectable after years for the detectors being light years away from athlete? But the change made by athlete did change the universe in some small way?
But since the universe is accelerating in expansion faster than speed of light, the gravitational disturbance would never be able to completely fill the universe and be never detected?

Also, is each and every person constantly contributing towards increase in entropy and hence eventually heat death of the universe?

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Does spacetime bend only locally around objects?

« on: 20/08/2020 14:22:09 »

Please I need help. Does a body with mass curve space and dilate time only locally, eg 5 km? Or is the whole universe affected by it even though in some very small insignificant way since gravity is universal? Does changing the mass of a body or moving an object hence increasing its kinetic energy has a very small negligible effect on the entire universe or only the space surrounding that object? How can a sensitive theoretical device measure such a small gravitational disturbance from light years away from that object?

Also, from extremely theoretical point of view of 11D supergravity, would a small gravitational disturbance in our 4D universe(eg an athlete kicks football) affect all of the dimensions in some small way? Is our 4D universe at the surface of a 5D hypersphere?

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Questions on wormholes, string theory, multiverse

« on: 24/05/2020 05:48:24 »

Thanks for the answer.

If in a multiverse every possibility is realized, would that also included all of the permutations of a universe? Does my pixel color arrangement example also get realized? Specially in the type 4 of Tegmark's in which every possible thing one can think of and describe mathematically is included? Would permutations of the universe also count in many-worlds interpretation? Would permutations count in type 1 of Tegmark's which is the extension to our own universe? Would this also count in type 2 of different physical constants and eternal inflation giving rise to many baby mini-universes?

In type 1 of Tegmark's, if there is just one infinite universe, things are stated to repeat and every event would occur an infinite number of times, however, why would all the Hubble volumes have the same physical laws and physical constants everywhere? Do the physical laws and constants differ in type 1?

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Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Questions on wormholes, string theory, multiverse

« on: 24/05/2020 04:52:34 »

I know many of these haven't been proven and just derived from possibilities of physical theories, but please help me answer all of these questions:

1. Why would quantum corrections be infinite as one passes through a wormhole hence leading to lethal gravitational radiation? What calculation shows infinite quantum corrections?
2. What does it mean by a false vacuum representing a local minimum but not global minimum of energy? Can you give an example?
3. Please explain false vacuum decay event. And how it is used in doomsday event.
4. What is the flux vacuum in string theory?
5. Are all the possible ways things can be arranged also included in the multiverse, specifically type 4 of Tegmark's that is the ultimate ensemble saying all mathematical models count? But for 8K UHD resolution(7680x4320) or 33177600 pixels each pixel being filled with 48 bit color(so 2.81e+14 colors for one pixel) gives rise to (2.81*10^14)^33177600 number of different ways they could be arranged and hence 1 frame has (2.81*10^14)^33177600 or (2.81)^464486400 possible configurations, for a 60 fps and say 20 minute movie scene, this would be (2.81)^3.34e+13 possible number of configurations, in only 20 minutes, in a simple monitor, not even the universe or universe's age having been taken into account. This easily exceeds Tegmark's estimation that an idential Hubble voume to ours should be atleast (10^10)^115 or 10^1150 meters away from us and things would start to repeat. How do things start to repeat exactly? Even though just a 20 minute movie scene in some monitor could have (2.81)^3.34e+13 number of possible configurations? Does this mean the multiverse might contain atleast (2.81)^3.34e+13 number of possible universes based on some simple 20 minute movie scene alone? Does this count? Do every possible permutation of the universe count in a multiverse?
6. What is the estimated size of the whole universe? How can that be calculated?
7. Hubble constant value is around 70 km/s/Mpc(or 70 km/s/3.26e+6 light years), so considering the observer is at the center of observable universe(having radius 4.65e+10 light years), the 4.65e+10 light year objects are moving away from universe center at the rate of 1e+6 km/s. Is this correct? For Andromeda galaxy, this would give (1.75e+8 ly km/s)/(3.26e+6 ly) = 53.6 km/s. Is this correct?
8. In the brane multiverse model, 4D space-time universe branes are moving inside 10 dimensional hyperspace or 11 dimensional hyperspace? Should the hyperspace/bulk have temporal dimension? Is the bulk confined to time?
9. In the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, one universe keeps splitting into copies of itself, like the cat dead found in one universe with one timeline and the cat alive in a different universe with different timeline, all probabilities happen in different universes, does this mean all those universes aren't time displaced and continue to go towards the future of increasing entropy and eventually heat death for every universe? For example, one universe is 13.8 billion years old and another is 1e+100 years old when all black holes evaporated, can they co-exist in a multiverse of many-worlds interpretation?
10. Can there be an infinite number of dimensions? What is the upper limit and why are dimensions limited?
11. What does it mean to require Jupiter sized mass of exotic matter/negative energy for a 1 meter wide Visser wormhole? How is this calculated?
12. Please explain large extra dimensions.

18

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Solving high temp issues upon enhanced thought speed.

« on: 26/04/2020 08:29:30 »

Thank you for responding. I have one final question.

If an accelerated thought speed could perceive extremely small time intervals like in the range of a microsecond or 1e-6 seconds, then considering distance traveled by light in a microsecond to be 1e-6 * 3e+8 = 300 meter, would the emitted light from world around him shift to other forms of EM radiation? Or just slowed down world would be perceived? What if the robotic avatar of accelerated thought speed tried to move around? Assuming his electronic body substrate could also move rapidly in microseconds and heating issues resolved, would the world appear discontinuous or fuzzy due to the robotic avatar capturing slowed down photons by moving around? (Sorry I am unable to imagine this, need some help)

19

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Solving high temp issues upon enhanced thought speed.

« on: 22/04/2020 08:11:34 »

Please answer the above questions.  What would the world appear for a speed up thought speed? I know such a scenario is not possible in our current age, just like decoherence issue in quantum computers, but this does not mean we should stop thinking about the seemingly impossible things altogether. People thought invention of flight could take centuries or millenia, but at the same year Wright brothers took flight. Neanderthals went extinct because they remained at one place, their perspective was too narrow. We should sometimes think and imagine about such futuristic stuff and have a mental exercise.

Please help me by giving your opinions. We all look at things from a different perspective, so we could get closer to a true picture in seemingly impossible things collectively.

20

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Solving high temp issues upon enhanced thought speed.

« on: 21/04/2020 07:44:17 »

I am very confused about futuristic emulated minds.

The signals fired off by human nerves can travel upto 100 m/s. However electronic circuit boards can send signals at 50% the speed of light, so 1.5e+8 m/s.

Please help me answer these questions:

First using the biological approach, suppose we found a way to enhance our senses and speed up our perception of time, by speeding up the speed of our thought signals and operation speed of neurons. Then,
1. Would the outside world appear frozen to us?
2. Would we be able to experience subjective hours or even years for each second that passes for everyone else?
3. Would that increased signal firing speeds result in some heat issues due to huge number of vibrations and molecular motion per second? If so, how can the heating problem be solved? 

Then using the electronic approach, suppose we became futuristic emulated minds, neurons replaced with transistors, we directed our evolution to silicon. Then, would the world appear frozen in time, progressing very very slowly? And could lead to us measuring between nanoseconds and hence living a subjective billion year for each year that passes for everything else? Would the heating issues arise in electronic approach to enhancing ourselves?

And finally, is such a scenario even possible? The passage of time or increasing entropy is dictated by the operation speed of our neurons, not only by how fast things are moving in relation to other things or our position in space. So if we could increase this operation speed, would that really result in a scenario where everything else appears almost frozen to us? Please give me your thoughts on what could happen in such a low amplitude world.