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Is gravitation even real?
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Is gravitation even real?
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fleep
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Is gravitation even real?
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25/09/2007 16:54:37 »
Hi;
All “actions” in Nature are required to comply with Newton’s 3rd Law. “For every action, there is (mandatorily), an equal and opposite reaction”. This applies throughout the universe, including the structure of every atom. An atom is the smallest “balanced particle” of matter, because the actions of electrons and their covalent trading must fit the 3rd Law.
If we consider that the Atomic Number is the number of protons that are contained in each atom of an element, and we also note that this number is the same as the number of electrons in that element, then it might appear that the element is “permanently balanced”, as under Newton’s 3rd Law, but this simply cannot be so
Material things are composed of a myriad of compounds, which when the electron “trading” allowances are considered, then those elements have “given away or exceeded” any seeming appearance of a 3rd Law balance.
If no element ever changed from its pure form into anything else, then the “atomic balance” argument might be valid, but this is the real world, and we have to consider all of the altered states of matter that can occur, which must also balance, or Newton’s 3rd Law can not be correct at the atomic level.
Incidentally, a neutron is said to be 1836 times, and a proton is said to be 1840 times as heavy as an electron. (Could both actually be only one of those two weights, implying another “balance in the atom”?) The closeness of the two seems suspiciously near to a balanced number possibility. Are the numbers even close enough as stated to be called “balanced” at the nano-scale?
Now I must ask: If weight alone makes every molecular body fall, either in space, or in any atmosphere, then where is the need for another force that we call “gravity”? If it does exist as a force, it would seem to be an atomically external effect only, which is said to “attract” other matter.
Now, why would a force called gravity even be required? Matter is electrical in nature, and the measurement between point charges under Coulomb’s Law produces a result that equates to Newtonian math. Protons, which are positive, are made of 3 quarks, but neutrons have no quarks. They are negative, so the protons and neutrons need not balance, but something must balance every atom to meet the 3rd Law.
So if an electron(s) is taken from any element, and that element can no longer balance, what else could there be, except something like (analogically) a universal “atmosphere” of Negative Pressure” that compensates for all chemical transitions, so that they too may balance, when they change?
Our universe is filled with such a Negative pressure, as discovered in 2005, by the Supernova Legacy Team, under the direction of Dr. Ray Carlberg of the University of Toronto. It appears to be the “operating platform” upon which the “Motherboard” of atomic structure can exist.
This theory is speculative in the extreme of course, because it tries to expose the effects attributed to “gravitation” as a “serious mistake”, that can be almost (or perhaps identically) explained by the mathematics of Coulomb’s Law, once we accept that the universe runs on electricity, and not something called “gravity”, about 100 years before Coulomb made his law available to science. We do not even understand all the reasons why the Van Allen Belts exist. They have to be “control panels”, as is a magnetosphere. Perhaps they do things such as controlling our tides, an often suspiciously inconsistent happening attributed to “the moon’s gravity”, which is alleged to be only 1/6 as strong as our own. “Ring currents” in open space appear to be a more believable cause, electromagnetically connecting the point charges of the two bodies.
≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡
Scientific advancement is fundamentally an effort to improve our understanding, and virtually every early discovery has been changed, corrected, or debunked over the ages. Our modern technology is well equipped to investigate other possibilities, and I seriously contend, that it is time we made the effort to prove that even genius can be wrong. Albert Einstein called his Cosmological Constant theory, “the greatest blunder of his life”, but with the discovery of Negative Pressure, he seems to have been proven to be correct.
Respectfully, I must say, that all humans each theorize based upon our observations, our understanding, and our always incomplete absolute knowledge. All of the above is only a theory, constructed from the components with which I have seemingly been cursed to dream.
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Is gravitation even real?
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Reply #1 on:
25/09/2007 20:34:30 »
"Now I must ask: If weight alone makes every molecular body fall, either in space, or in any atmosphere, then where is the need for another force that we call “gravity”? If it does exist as a force, it would seem to be an atomically external effect only, which is said to “attract” other matter.
"
Since weight is, by definition, the force of gravity on an object, I think this question has problems.
"Now, why would a force called gravity even be required? Matter is electrical in nature, and the measurement between point charges under Coulomb’s Law produces a result that equates to Newtonian math."
It's true that Coulomb's law and Newton's law have the same form ie they are both inverse square laws. However most of the time we see objects that are electically neutral overall. To take a simple example HCl is a gas which has a distinct dipole to it, the Cl is slightly negatively charged and the H is positively charged to the same degree.
However if you back off more than a few times the size of the molecule then what you see is not the + charge or the - charge, but the overall effect. Since the charges are the same size (but oposite sign) and roughly as far away as each other they parly cancel out.
The overall effect is that dipole interactions fall off as the inverse cube of the distance.
Only gravity, which is always an attractive force (so far as we know) can have an effect at large distances.
"Perhaps they do things such as controlling our tides, an often suspiciously inconsistent happening attributed to “the moon’s gravity”, which is alleged to be only 1/6 as strong as our own."
What is inconsistent, nevermind suspiciously so, about the tides being driven by the gravity of the moon and sun?
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Is gravitation even real?
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Reply #2 on:
27/09/2007 15:36:21 »
Hi BC;
You're quoted in red here:
“Since weight is, by definition, the force of gravity on an object, I think this question has problems.”
That is hardly a proper statement. If gravity is (perhaps) not now, and never was, a real thing, then a definition of weight that was created/derived from a (perhaps) non-existent component (such as “gravity”), is meaningless. "Gravity" is just a word that did not exist before Newton conceived it, to explain his
theory
.
“Only gravity, which is always an attractive force (so far as we know) can have an effect at large distances.”
That is not true. Negative pressure is universal for example. That covers every distance in the universe. Ring currents (and electromagnetism) working within that NP are known to be of enormous reach and of various sizes. Examples such as you have given about HCL cannot be examined from the basis of “gravity” (which might be a non-existent premise only), and be expected to yield anything but a skewed answer. The “inverse square law” did not work everywhere, so Einstein had to come up with relativity, (another theory), to help explain gravity, which he was obviously also convinced was “fundamentally” the place to start looking for answers.
Therein might be the first problem. Science needed a “place to start”, even before we knew anything about NP or even Coulomb, so they took off from there, and now are building a hierarchical mountain of patchwork evidence on a theory that many do not trust, but believe there was nowhere else to start. How many gravity theories now exist, not even counting the amateur ones like mine? Dozens? More than that?
What is "inconsistent, never mind suspiciously so, about the tides being driven by the gravity of the moon and sun?"
First you have to understand what I’m seeing.
Let’s say that the Neap (low monthly) Tide is being produced. Convention says that Neap Tide happens when the sun, moon, and Earth form a right angle, and the gravitational pull of the sun partially offsets that of the moon.
Picture the sun as a big ball on the left of a drawing, the (small ball) Earth on the right, and the (tiny ball) moon directly above the Earth on the page.) The low tides are in a direct line from the sun on the left and right sides of the ball representing the Earth. The high tides are “piled” on the top and bottom of the Earth in the picture.
What I see, is the unimpeded solar wind bombarding our magnetosphere. The sun, as a point charge, electromagnetically connects by ring current to the Earth’s point charge, resulting in a like-pole repulsion. Our outward-facing atmosphere is an electrical mass of atoms that all become repulsed toward the exposed Earth, and the electrical burden on the atmosphere becomes simply a huge pressure that pushes the tides to the “top and bottom” of the Earth, (in the picture.) The magnetosphere is known to encircle and bypass our planet, curling back behind the planet, thus creating the same effect on the dark side as on the side that openly faces the sun, so the ocean waters on the sides and the back side of the Earth, also experiences a low tide level. That’s how Neap Tide is formed, without “gravity”. It’s done by electrical pressure.
Now let’s say that the Spring (high monthly) Tide is being produced. Our new picture has the sun on the left, the moon in the center between then sun and the Earth, and the Earth on the right. They are in a horizontal line across the picture. The moon is centrally “blocking” much of the solar wind from hitting our magnetosphere with full force, and much of the solar wind’s effect is deflected towards the top and bottom of the Earth in the picture. The unblocked (by the moon) portions of our magnetosphere at the top and the bottom of the Earth are catching what remains of the solar wind, since most of it is bombarding the moon.
The waters on the moon-shaded area of the Earth are at high tide, because the ring current now between only the moon and the Earth is much less substantial than the huge and powerful ring current that exists between the sun and the Earth’s magnetosphere, when the moon is not in the sun’s pathway to the Earth. The deflected full ring current coming from the sun is now working at an angle that passes the circle of that Earth-blocking moon, and pushes down our atmosphere only on the top and the bottom of the Earth, making the expanded tides “hide” behind the blocking moon.
The description of the electrical events might not be explained perfectly here, but I see the electrical circuitry at work here, as far more plausible than a weak imaginary force called “gravity” that was invented on the basis of primitive suppositions.
Now, what is inconsistent, never mind suspiciously so, about the tides being driven by the gravity of the moon and sun?
To answer your question about "what is “inconsistent” about the sun and moon’s gravity “pulling” our tides, you would have to study the disparities from the “normal” tidal patterns, in historical records like the US Coast Guard. They can all be found on line for many years gone by, and I have studied them in great detail over a few years, and they raise too many questions to be explained by “gravitational effects”.
If the sun’s “gravity” is reliably powerful enough to “pull” our tides at its 93 million mile distance, without the considerations of what would have to be the “comparatively miniscule” pattern-altering effects of Earth’s weather, then what terrible coastal disasters could be caused in bad weather when the (mere) 1/6th Earth gravity moon is blocking the sun’s gravity behind itself?
Search and have a look at the complexity of “tidal anomalies”, and even something close to home, like:
http://bubl.ac.uk/org/tacit/tac/tac48/toolowfo.htm
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Reply #3 on:
27/09/2007 20:21:42 »
Whatever gravity may be or may not be, weight is still defined as the force of gravity so, if you say that gravity doesn't exist, you cannot use the word weight (at the very least, you need to come up with an alternative definition.
"That is not true. Negative pressure is universal for example. "
OK 2 things, First I meant that of the things that had been mentioned only gravity was always atractive.
Second what's negative pressure?
"What I see, is the unimpeded solar wind bombarding our magnetosphere. The sun, as a point charge, electromagnetically connects by ring current to the Earth’s point charge, resulting in a like-pole repulsion. Our outward-facing atmosphere is an electrical mass of atoms that all become repulsed toward the exposed Earth, and the electrical burden on the atmosphere becomes simply a huge pressure that pushes the tides to the “top and bottom” of the Earth, (in the picture.) The magnetosphere is known to encircle and bypass our planet, curling back behind the planet, thus creating the same effect on the dark side as on the side that openly faces the sun, so the ocean waters on the sides and the back side of the Earth, also experiences a low tide level. That’s how Neap Tide is formed, without “gravity”. It’s done by electrical pressure."
You may well see that, but nobody else does.
Electrical pressure would have effects that were proportional to area and different for different materials. Not least the effect on insulators would be different from that on conductors.
We have satelites made of metal and meteors made of various materials. They are all affected to an extent that depends on their mass and nothing else.
"I have studied them in great detail over a few years, and they raise too many questions to be explained by “gravitational effects”."
I presume this is one
"If the sun’s “gravity” is reliably powerful enough to “pull” our tides at its 93 million mile distance, without the considerations of what would have to be the “comparatively miniscule” pattern-altering effects of Earth’s weather, then what terrible coastal disasters could be caused in bad weather when the (mere) 1/6th Earth gravity moon is blocking the sun’s gravity behind itself?"
The question's meaningless. Gravity isn't blocked by anything. It's always attractive.
And I'm sorry to say it but this
"The description of the electrical events might not be explained perfectly here, but I see the electrical circuitry at work here, as far more plausible than a weak imaginary force called “gravity” that was invented on the basis of primitive suppositions." is absurd.
Drop a hammer on your foot and tell me that the force is imagniary. Float unaided up stairs and I might beleive you.
Gravity very clearly exists.
While some measurements have shown that the universe isn't quite as simple as we had thought the idea that gravity (with it's inverse square law) could be replaced by the dipole dipole interaction (inverse cube) or even worse the induced dipole induced dipole interaction that would need to be used for macroscopic uncharged conductive items like planets and stars (inverse 6th power IIRC) is plain daft. Someone would have noticed.
(actually, strictly no-one would. Any law other than inverse square gives unstable orbits. It's essentially impossible for life to evolve without 1/r^2 so there would be no observers to notice.
Oh, BTW, this "Therein might be the first problem. Science needed a “place to start”, even before we knew anything about NP or even Coulomb, " is also bollokcs. Coulomb's law was known about since about 1780. Einstein would have been aware of it.
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Reply #4 on:
28/09/2007 15:58:48 »
Hi BC;
I'm in red print and you're black print.
Whatever gravity may be or may not be, weight is still defined as the force of gravity so, if you say that gravity doesn't exist, you cannot use the word weight (at the very least, you need to come up with an alternative definition.
Of course I can use the word “weight”. The weight of a mass is the total of all the atomic weights in every atom of the object. Weight has been defined as the “force of gravity” only because Newton invented/used that word to name his (non-existent) “attractive force”. The definition of the word ‘weight”, by association to a theoretical “force”, has also become (only) a theoretical definition.
“ Negative pressure is universal...."
OK 2 things, First I meant that of the things that had been mentioned only gravity was always atractive.
Second what's negative pressure?
"What I see, is the unimpeded solar wind bombarding our magnetosphere. The sun, as a point charge, electromagnetically connects by ring current to the Earth’s point charge, resulting in a like-pole repulsion. Our outward-facing atmosphere is an electrical mass of atoms that all become repulsed toward the exposed Earth, and the electrical burden on the atmosphere becomes simply a huge pressure that pushes the tides to the “top and bottom” of the Earth, (in the picture.) The magnetosphere is known to encircle and bypass our planet, curling back behind the planet, thus creating the same effect on the dark side as on the side that openly faces the sun, so the ocean waters on the sides and the back side of the Earth, also experiences a low tide level. That’s how Neap Tide is formed, without “gravity”. It’s done by electrical pressure."
You may well see that, but nobody else does.
Apparently that’s true, but that doesn’t make my theory of “no gravity” any less a unique thought than Newton having one, whether he was right or not. (Don’t even suggest that I am comparing myself to his genius. That would be stupid of me, and of anyone else who made such a claim, but he too was only human, and everybody makes a big mistake from time to time. (Einstein readily admitted his Cosmological Constant to be a “big blunder”, but he turned out to be right It’s called “Negative Pressure.”)
You also asked what “Negative Pressure” is. Well, it was the Supernova Legacy Team that named their own discovery. A “negative pressure” is obviously the opposite of a positive pressure, such as matter has to be. Just as there is matter and there is anti-matter, for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction, etc., so the opposite of a positive pressure is a negative pressure, and NP has been confirmed as being something that fills the entire universe, (as Einstein predicted, then recanted when the Hubbell found that the universe is expanding). NP is now seen by some as the “operating platform” for the “motherboard’ on which all transitions/exchanges of force, (regardless of type), can be capable of achieving a balanced state as required by Newton’s 3rd Law.
Electrical pressure would have effects that were proportional to area and different for different materials. Not least the effect on insulators would be different from that on conductors.
We have satelites made of metal and meteors made of various materials. They are all affected to an extent that depends on their mass and nothing else.
So what’s your point? Satellites and meteors are not “affected” by anything but being in a vacuum. They are free to fall without impediment because they are not contained by a ring current or by any other behaviour-controlling force.
"I have studied tides in great detail over a few years, and they raise too many questions to be explained by “gravitational effects”."
I presume this is one
"If the sun’s “gravity” is reliably powerful enough to “pull” our tides at its 93 million mile distance, without the considerations of what would have to be the “comparatively miniscule” pattern-altering effects of Earth’s weather, then what terrible coastal disasters could be caused in bad weather when the (mere) 1/6th Earth gravity moon is blocking the sun’s gravity behind itself?"
The question's meaningless. Gravity isn't blocked by anything. It's always attractive.
I thought only neutrinos pass right through anything in their path. Are you saying that a pulling gravity from the sun is pulling the tides “right through” the moon? If gravity really was a pulling force, the sun would only pull the moon towards itself when the moon got in the way. That would not increase the pull on the tides, but decrease it, would it not? I say the moon is a barrier at the Neap Tide of my "picture" example, to all but neutrinos.
Sorry, but your answer to my "sun's gravity" question is meaningless within the claims of my theory. You know that I have to relent and use the word “gravity” in my correspondence so I can pose a situation question to you, based on your belief in “gravity”. I try to make concessions to your possibilities. You seem to make none, and seem to merely try to ridicule the conclusions of all I have studied.
You said:
"The description of the electrical events might not be explained perfectly here, but I see the electrical circuitry at work here, as far more plausible than a weak imaginary force called “gravity” that was invented on the basis of primitive suppositions."
is absurd.
Drop a hammer on your foot and tell me that the force is imagniary. Float unaided up stairs and I might beleive you.
And I'm sorry to say it too, but a falling object is not the result of a “force” at all. A weight falls because that’s what weight must do, whether in an atmosphere, or in a vacuum. Why would a mass need any “help”, simply to fall? If Newton had never put a name to what he thought he had “discovered”, do you suppose that a hammer or anything else would not be able to fall? That is ridiculous, of course, but so is your assumption that I could float up the stairs if there was no gravity. My weight would still hold me down, unless I was in the vacuum of space in a pressurized rocketship.
Gravity very clearly exists.
That’s baloney, in my theory! Why do we need gravity? Whether things fall, or perform their physical work, or their chemical reactions, these things will happen without the need for some weird “attractive force” whose tailored math bears an amazing resemblance to the plausible and identifiable workings of electrical circuitry.
Even “planetary accretion” over time is implausible. The roundness of planets and moons and the like speaks volumes against the supposition that a central “attractive force” would ever bring materials made of every element, into “global shapes”, particularly on the broad scale. Only exterior compaction could accomplish that feat. (Look at black holes as a more likely beginning for “round body compaction”. It also helps to explain molten cores, misshapen bodies, atmospheric formation, and where all the “lost” antimatter from the Big Bang can be found.)
While some measurements have shown that the universe isn't quite as simple as we had thought the idea that gravity (with it's inverse square law) could be replaced by the dipole dipole interaction (inverse cube) or even worse the induced dipole induced dipole interaction that would need to be used for macroscopic uncharged conductive items like planets and stars (inverse 6th power IIRC) is plain daft. Someone would have noticed.
Why? Everybody believed Newton, so even today they still aren’t even looking for something other than what he claimed. I may not be the one here that is “daft”. I contend that anyone who is completely close-minded to other THEORETICAL possibilities may be one of the daft.
When some are faced with a new and radical belief that has not been proven completely implausible, they should be open-minded enough to examine it without intellectual prejudice.
Any law other than inverse square gives unstable orbits.
If that is always true, then maybe now it’s time to re-examine that observation, experimenting with electrical circuitry as the actual cause of things ascribed to something called “gravity”.
Oh, BTW, this
"Therein might be the first problem. Science needed a “place to start”, even before we knew anything about NP or even Coulomb,
"is also bullocks. Coulomb's law was known about since about 1780. Einstein would have been aware of it.
You missed my meaning. What I meant by “a place to start” was the time immediately following 1687 and the publication of the Principia. Of course Einstein would have known and considered Coulomb’s Law, but he wasn’t questioning Newton, because like I said, Coulomb had made an observation 100 years after Newton, that seemed to be of “no gravity-related significance”. “The theory of gravitation had become “trusted”, because it seemed to answer many (but not all) questions, so Coulomb was effectively ignored then, and is still “kept on a back burner”, even until today. Things in Nature that did then, and do not now not comply with Newton’s “gravity” are each provided with tailor-made math “solutions”. If gravity was so “foolproof”, we would not have so many alternate gravity theories today. Even the numbers of people that believe gravity “pushes” are legion. I too used to believe that.
Even when I long ago pointed out the significant antics of Janus and Epimetheus to you, and asked why their incredible proximity didn’t cause them to collide, you only said, “Just wait”. That was not even close to being an objective examination of my theory. Your mind seems to be fixed and closed to anything but an ancient tradition that has been taken as “gospel”, while forgetting that gravity remains a theory to this day.
PERHAPS the ongoing confusion all exists because there just is no such thing as “gravity”. (ONLY “PERHAPS”, because mine, like any other theory, is ONLY a THEORY.)
I’m truthfully sorry to be so blunt, but I honestly believe that some of my explanations open up some reasonably logical alternatives, and deserve better examination. They are based on things not yet well compared to traditional acceptance. I don’t care if I’m wrong. I already can see how it’s all explained under “Newton’s umbrella”. Just tell me why my logic is impossible, not what Newton’s gravity allegedly “proves”.
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Is gravitation even real?
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Reply #5 on:
29/09/2007 21:38:29 »
Your theory doesn't seem to explain anything usefully; gravity does.
How, for example, would you explain Cavendish's experiment?
"Of course I can use the word “weight”. The weight of a mass is the total of all the atomic weights in every atom of the object. "
Weight is a force; mass isn't so you cannot add masses together to get weight.
If you add the masses of the constituent atoms of an object you get the mass of the object. If you multiply that by the local g you get the weight.
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Reply #6 on:
01/10/2007 14:34:48 »
Hi BC;
You're in black. I'm in red.
How, for example, would you explain Cavendish's experiment?
Why would I want to? How can science in 1873 take a perfectly sensible 1798 experiment aimed at determining the density, (weight for its size), of the Earth, alone, and couple it with Newton’s THEORY, and then call it a “universal constant”? Just because the lead ball weights innocently used by Cavendish came from a weighing system that supposes that weight is related to a theoretical force called “gravity”, does not mean that any of the subsequent suppositions took us in any proper directions. What happened was, that by basing the result on a theory, the “universal constant” also became a theory.
When I said: "Of course I can use the word weight. The GENUINE "weight" (of a mass/body of matter,) is the total of all the atomic weights in every atom of the mass. Weight has been defined as the “force of gravity” only because Newton invented/used that word "gravity" to name his (non-existent) “attractive force”. The definition of the word ‘weight”, by association to a theoretical “force”, has also become (only) a theoretical definition. Maybe the word for “weight” should be “mass”, alone.
You said:
"Weight is a force; mass isn't, so you cannot add masses together to get weight. If you add the masses of the constituent atoms of an object you get the mass of the object. If you multiply that by the local g you get the weight."
Sure. You get the “weight” from that current procedure, but only because you believe that there is a force such as gravitation. I do not, as you know. (The word “mass”, states how much matter (in one agglomeration), that there is in an object.) You can add the total “masses” (using the word to replace “weight”), of ore bodies together, and get the total agglomeration of their masses, (which is their “weight).
If we had once assumed that the atomic weights of the elements were all correctly calculated without using Gravitation to supplement their genuine “bare material weights”, then we could actually say that the weight of a mass is the sum of all of the atomic weights in that mass. Why should we supplement real numbers with those imposed by a fictional “force”? All math formulations constructed beyond this very basic ideology would be skewed if a theoretical “force” was used to supplement their true “weights”, i.e. the sum of their true masses. If we then took the Gravity-supplemented “weights” and used them as a “universal constant” to determine the “weights” of any other spatial bodies, they would all be wrong too. I believe that’s what happened, and that all of our answers would be technically wrong today, but that’s only if we ignore Coulomb’s inverse square results that closely match the “Newton thing”.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_constant
“When considering forces of fundamental particles, the gravitational force can appear extremely weak compared with other fundamental forces. For example, the gravitational force between an electron and proton 1 meter apart is approximately 10-67 newton, while the electromagnetic force between the same two particles still 1 meter apart is approximately 10-28 newton. Both these forces are weak when compared with the forces we are able to experience directly, but the electromagnetic force in this example is some 39 orders of magnitude (i.e. 1039) greater than the force of gravity — which is even greater than the ratio between the mass of a human and the mass of the Solar System.”
Sounds to me like electromagnetism is a more likely universal “operating” force than something called “gravity”, which simply seems to screw up the progression of “real science”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_constant
– “Measurement of the gravitational constant
“The gravitational constant appears in Newton's law of universal gravitation, but it was not measured until 1798 — 71 years after Newton's death — by Henry Cavendish (Philosophical Transactions 1798). Cavendish measured G implicitly, using a torsion balance invented by Rev. geologist John Michell. Blah, blah...).
However, it is worth mentioning that
the aim of Cavendish was not to measure the gravitational constant
but rather to measure the mass and density relative to water of the Earth through the precise knowledge of the gravitational interaction.
The accuracy of the measured value of G has increased only modestly since the original experiment of Cavendish.
G is quite difficult to measure, as gravity is much weaker than other fundamental forces, and an experimental apparatus cannot be separated from the gravitational” (OR ANY OTHER) “ influence of other bodies. Furthermore, gravity has no established relation to other fundamental forces, so
it does not appear possible to measure it indirectly
.
A recent review (Gillies, 1997) shows that published values of G have varied rather broadly, and some recent measurements of high precision are, in fact, mutually exclusive.
Oh, BTW -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish_experiment
"It is not unusual to find books that state erroneously that Cavendish himself determined the gravitational constant (G), and this mistake has been pointed out by several authors. In actuality, Cavendish's only goal was to measure the density of the Earth; he called it 'weighing the world'.
The method Cavendish used to calculate the Earth's density from his results caused G to 'drop out' of his calculations, a practice going back to the work of Newton a hundred years earlier.
(Even newton didn't trust his own theory). The gravitational constant doesn't appear anywhere in Cavendish's paper, and there is no indication that he regarded it as a goal of his experiment. One of the first references to G is in 1873, 75 years after Cavendish's work.
In Cavendish's time, G did not have the importance among scientists that it has today; it was simply proportionality constant in Newton's law. The purpose of measuring the force of gravity was instead to determine the Earth's density. This was a much-desired quantity in 18th-century astronomy, since once the Earth's density was known, the densities*** of the Moon, Sun, and the other planets could be found from it."
***In physics, density is mass m per unit* of volume V, or, how heavy something is compared to its size. e.g = in kilograms, (SI). grams (g), tonnes, pounds, ounces, long and short tons, atomic mass units, etc.
So. What would happen if there really is no such thing as gravity? Obviously, we cannot know exactly what percentage of each of the 100 or so elements forms a part of the great density (Earth) and its atmosphere, and so we could not simply total their mass weights. All we could do I guess, is to estimate those percentages and maybe then we could compare it to the answer that “gravity’s weight calculation” says that the total is. Maybe there’s another way.
If we use Coulomb’s math, then guess what? I think we get an inverse square answer that’s pretty close to what “gravity” is alleged to produce as an answer, after all. Is that a coincidence, or what? And it doesn’t even need Big G to get there.
Thank you for input BC.
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Reply #7 on:
01/10/2007 15:51:26 »
With regards dropping a hammer on your foot - I wouldn't recommend it, it hurts. But if I understand your hypothesis correctly (which I don't think I do), then surely a negatively charged hammer would hit your foot in a different way to a positively charged hammer, no? If the attractive force is electrical, then this would be so, but if the attractive force was gravitational, then the hammer would hit your foot equally hard both times.
Also, please stop putting THEORY in capitals, if you are attempting to imply that it's an untested hypothesis, then say that, but a theory is a hypothesis that has been strongly tested and assumed to be correct because of the weight of evidence in it's favour. Sorry, but misapplication of the word theory, especially in a scientific context, is a pet hate of mine.
Oh, and please stop redefining wieght to suit you. Weight is a measurement of the gravitational force acting on an object, so if you doubt gravity, find a different word.
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Reply #8 on:
01/10/2007 20:17:48 »
Hi Ben;
Please stop putting THEORY in capitals, if you are attempting to imply that it's an untested hypothesis, then say that, but a theory is a hypothesis that has been strongly tested and assumed to be correct because of the weight of evidence in it's favour. Sorry, but misapplication of the word theory, especially in a scientific context, is a pet hate of mine.
Okay. I don't want to trigger pet "hates", but you should know that the Oxford defines "theory" this way: "a view held; supposition explaining something: the sphere of speculation as distinguished from that of practice. I have to use it, but I won't capitalize it anymore, (assuming I always remember I said this). I'll try to remember to say, "my untested theory".
Oh, and please stop redefining wieght to suit you. Weight is a measurement of the gravitational force acting on an object, so if you doubt gravity, find a different word.
Suppose I said, (something like), "atomic burden", and had to explain each time what that is meant to imply, that would still bring out all the objections to my the interpreation of "weight" in my "untested theory". I think I'll just play that one by ear.
With regards to dropping a hammer on your foot - if I understand your hypothesis correctly, then surely a negatively charged hammer would hit your foot in a different way to a positively charged hammer, no? If the attractive force is electrical, then this would be so, but if the attractive force was gravitational, then the hammer would hit your foot equally hard both times.
Glad you asked me. I don't think I explained the "electricity thing" very well. My untested theory, which is meant to "explain" the effects attributed to "gravity", never did explain that electricity is what is the fundamental force that causes things that are attributed to gravity, but unlike what gravity is supposed to be, it is not a "universal constant" except in its mandatory roles across the universe. In effect, like any other force, it is working only where it has a "job" to do in the universe. There is no electrical force at work between bodies that require no such effect.
I see electricity as being necessary in functions like covalence, electromagnetics, tidal motion, weather, etc. Being a force, that makes more sense to me than does another theoretical thing called a "force" which has no reason to exist, particularly when Coulomb's Law can handle the measurement of effects attributed to "gravity". In other words, electricity is not a universal constant as Negative Pressure has been proven to be. If there's "nothing for electricity to do" for example, in a particular stretch of outer space, then all there is there is absolutely nothing. And that means "no gravity", too.
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Reply #9 on:
02/10/2007 02:43:49 »
"Is gravitation even real?"
Yes. Gravitation is the attraction observed between two masses. That's it. How one explains it may or may not be plausible but it is real as it is a directly observable phenomenon of nature. Case and Point.
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Reply #10 on:
02/10/2007 19:58:24 »
Fleep,
I know perfectly well why Cavendish did his experiment.
What he observed was that the moving test masses he used were attracted to the large fixed masses he used in exactly the way predicted by Newtonian gravity.
I challenge you to explain this particular aspect of reality without using gravity.
BTW the experiment has been repeated many times since so there's no way to say "that was just one observation- it must have been a mistake"
The materials available to him and the time constant of the apparatus were such that any electrical charges would have leaked away fast enough to have had no influence.
The materials he used were not magnetic.
Define "burden" (as you use it) and I will be happy for you to use it as often as you like.(provided that the definition doesn't make it the same as mass)
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Reply #11 on:
03/10/2007 11:18:36 »
Hi;
The pressure's getting to much, and I think I’m getting too old to continue this long debate about whether or not “gravity” really exists. I will reveal right now what I believe Henry Cavendish “discovered” when he set out to “weigh the world”.
I don't think that I ever said that there was any electrical influence involved in Cavendish’s experiment, but what I also did not say, is that regardless of the safeguards he built into the torsion bar device, he could not guard it from the influence of our weather changes. When it is noted that the properties of lead and mercury are extremely close, the apparent relevance of the following observation might send some people scrambling to their reference books. I happen to find a lot of my “good old stuff” in my 1878 edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica.
With all due respect to Newton’s other works, I fully believe that Newton’s “gravitation” is merely an imaginary “force” that went awry. I will not attempt to explain why I am making this assumption because the evidence seems almost too obvious to be untrue. What he appears to have constructed is a giant barometer of the aneroid type.
I might have missed something, and I could be wrong, so may I ask for comments please?
Thanks for everyone'e input.
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Reply #12 on:
04/10/2007 19:32:47 »
"I don't think that I ever said that there was any electrical influence involved in Cavendish’s experiment, but what I also did not say, is that regardless of the safeguards he built into the torsion bar device, he could not guard it from the influence of our weather changes. "
and, as I have said the experiment has been repeated many times since. How come the weather always has the same effect when the one thing that weather is famed for being is variable?
They knew about air pressure, if this force had depended on the pressure they would probably have noticed it. The problem still remains. Why did the balls move sideways?
Also, what do you mean by "When it is noted that the properties of lead and mercury are extremely close, the apparent relevance of the following observation might send some people scrambling to their reference books."
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Reply #13 on:
06/10/2007 11:21:43 »
I am in some confusion. I have tried unsuccessfully to research the web for answers for many months now. I tend to get side tracked and lose interest, I have visited forums but they in general are not helpful or out of date. I have just joined the science forum and while my attention level is currently high, I thought I’d contact some members who may have their own ideas or answers to my questions .. I’ve never even posted on a forum before and never contacted anybody in any way with these or any other ideas or thoughts.
I am an engineer by trade and probably of average intelligence, with a short attention span, a cave man in science terms.
In short while traveling on a plane journey in idle thought, it occurred to me that gravity as I understood it in my relative ignorance, was illogical. This caused further though processes which led me to seek answers to many simple questions. In fact I found that there were no definitive answers. This got my interest and led me to concoct a theory that is probably not original.
May I state right away that I am a firm believer that in general terms it’s usually unwise to try to answer difficult questions with simple answers! But in this instance I believe a simple explanation must be the answer
Basic Theory
We all believe, without question, in our own “natural” individual human self-defense biological mechanism, where anti bodies bombard and attack “intruders” Without conscious thought, we treat these intruders as blemishes or threats on our life’s landscape that must be removed. The antibodies appear to gang up and produce a self determined, reactive, premeditated and predictable force in order to see off the intruder.
In the same way that human biology automatically react to stimulus it could be that the universe may also react in a similar predictable fashion. I believe it perfectly logical to assert the same unconscious thought process to the universe as a whole. The defensive “universal force” (UF) is a reactive force created by the universe. Design and composition at this point irrelevant. This could even mean that the Universe is a living thing maybe not with conscious thought but certainly with natural unexplainable reactions. Most if not all of my own questions now have a coherent answer based on the evidence of our own natural human defense model
UF is:-
1. completely predictable and logical
2. limitless power
3. selectively reactive
4. controllable in the short term only
5. utterly relentless. Once the process starts it continues to grow until it achieves its ultimate objective … to obliterate the intruder/blemish completely (or at least as we understand completely). Nothing can stop it!
Process
Generally the existence of the universe continues on relentlessly until a blemish appears and triggers UF. The trigger could take any form, the cause and source unknown..Probably heat or vacuum sensitive. The response is a literally limitless crushing force against the intruder, resulting in a chain reaction of friction and greater force, with an inevitable consequence.
UF acts:-
6. in a ripple like effect, as if the blemish has been dropped into a pond, strongest at each center fading to nothing at the outer edge
7. Equally and simultaneously in all directions ie, the force on a perfect sphere would be exactly equal in each direction and therefore balanced. While the force on a cube would have an uneven effect on the flat surfaces, greater at the center lesser at the corners, effectively a balanced effect, assuming no outside influences, both these options would be balanced and would not result in movement. While an uneven shape such as a planet would cause a “domino” of motion resulting in continued rotation.
8. Independently from other sister forces carrying out similar cleansing roles across the universe.
9. forces in close enough in proximity would directly and proportionally effect each other
10.
Examples of effect
11. Gravity
1. In fact what we term gravity is a downward force caused by UF
2. The earth is yet another blemish in the universal pond in the relatively short, but to us long, process of being dealt with by UF
3. UF has identified the friction or heat at core of the planet and is reacting as it must by slowly crushing the Earth
4. Rotation of planet is due to uneven surface and shape of landscape
5. Each element of the earth compacts downwards towards the blemish at the core, effectively supporting the element laying above it, all of us waiting for the inevitable
6. Further effects of UF are that the sea and other elements are bombarded with varying levels of downward force, causing a further chain-reaction effect. The effect of UF is as a child bouncing on a bed. The lighter element in the Earth’s atmosphere are bounced around like pillows in an uncontrollable fashion, this is turn drastically effects the climate tides and so on
12. Propulsion in space
1. We assume a rocket propelled vehicle
2. When the rocket fuel ignites an effective sphere shaped explosion is created causing UF to and attack in all directions equally.
3. The rocket design is such that the tip of the body of the propulsion device is some distance from the core of the explosion and acts to greatly reduce the UF forces at one side of the core only, therefore the UF forces create controlled movement of the rocket
4. The UF force at the tip of the rocket is at its weakest though in a direct line with the centre of the core, at the other end UF force is pushing towards the centre of the core, creating a mini gravity effect around the explosion the core
5. In fact the explosion/blemish is itself is being propelled forward through space, if the propulsion of a space vehicle was a coiled spring, when the spring was released it would cause no forward movement of the vehicle
13. Combustion in space
1. If there were a balanced explosion in space with no external influences, there would follow a ripple effect from the core of the explosion with an equal force emitting outwards on all sides, what would happen to that force if not engulfed and digested by UF
2. Are we to believe that when the fuel is exhausted the force of the explosion vanishes or fades away?
3. Why is it not being countered and defeated by the UF force
4. What if the fuel load was such that the explosion lasted for a week or a thousand years, with no gravity to speak off as we now teach, what stops the explosion from spreading across the universe from its core at an unimaginable speed engulfing all in its wake
Thoughts please ... be kind:-)
Kevin
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Reply #14 on:
06/10/2007 13:02:37 »
Hi Kevin;
I see that you're a "Newbie", like me. If I might suggest something, I think that you would find more attention from those interested in your theory, if you asked the moderators to transfer it to "New Theories", so it can stand on its own.
By burying it in the middle of the debate about my theory, you have taken away your access to those who might be interested in your thoughts.
Good luck with it.
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Reply #15 on:
06/10/2007 14:50:55 »
Hi BC;
You're in black print, me in red, as usual.
"I don't think that I ever said that there was any electrical influence involved in Cavendish’s experiment, but what I also did not say, is that regardless of the safeguards he built into the torsion bar device, he could not guard it from the influence of our weather changes. "
and, as I have said the experiment has been repeated many times since. How come the weather always has the same effect when the one thing that weather is famed for being is variable?
They knew about air pressure, if this force had depended on the pressure they would probably have noticed it. The problem still remains. Why did the balls move sideways?
Also, what do you mean by
"When it is noted that the properties of lead and mercury are extremely close, the apparent relevance of the following observation might send some people scrambling to their reference books."
Well, in the first place, I don't see how it becomes my resposibility, to explain the results of all those experiments and any minute variances between them that might have been virtually unmeasurable at the scale which it is claimed that "gravity" works. What I will only do is try to explain why I believe the whole Cavendish Experiment must be scientifically re-checked, in the light of the recognition of the fact that his apparatus was a giant aneroid barometer.
I do not have access to any of the measurements conducted at the original or the repeated experimental efforts to compare. I have no idea who would have them all, nor how completely comparitive they would be.
This apparatus was an aneroid barometer. Cavendish found that the Earth's density was 5.448 times that of
water
. He was working with lead, (which is almost the same atomic weight as mercury, another barometric utility), and as the density of the large and small lead balls changed with pressure and temperature, they may have only appeared to get closer to each other, when in fact, their density/compactness distances apart may have been caused by temperature and/or air pressure. These do change the density of matter.
That all experiments produced the "same result" is only to say that there was an
appearance
of a "measurable attraction". That difference is, or can be different than the results of adjacent lead-ball density changes.
We know nothing of the seasons nor the locations of any of the experiments except that Cavendish did his in a shed, i.e. - outside, and certainly not "temperature controlled". We don't know the laboratory facilities nor the weather factors or dates where any of the others were conducted. (Almost certainly those records are available somewhere).
We don't know that the original weights, roundness, and weight measurements were absolutely precise by the technical standards that we would use today, and I, for one, am fairly sure that changes in density will be radically different between a 348 lb., and a 2 lb. lead ball.
What I am saying is that by Cavendish's design, all the experiment and its repeats have been done using an aneroid barometer, which will produce the results that an aneroid barometer is designed to do.
I see no solidly rational and proven "evidence" in any of this, that Newton's theoretical force called "gravity", produced any result or measurable "force" at all.
Sorry. But Cavendish's lead balls are now somebody else's ball. I will answer no more questions in this theory that further seek to condemn these observations without disproving them as being genuinely pertinent questions.
Thanks for help and input from everybody.
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Reply #16 on:
06/10/2007 17:15:19 »
"Well, in the first place, I don't see how it becomes my resposibility, to explain the results of all those experiments and any minute variances between them that might have been virtually unmeasurable at the scale which it is claimed that "gravity" works."
It's your responsibility because you are the one putting forward the new theory.
"What I will only do is try to explain why I believe the whole Cavendish Experiment must be scientifically re-checked, in the light of the recognition of the fact that his apparatus was a giant aneroid barometer."
It is far from clear that his apparatus was acting as a barometer so don't call it a fact.
"This apparatus was an aneroid barometer. "
No it was not. Stop saying this unless you have some evidence to prove it.
The effect of atmospheric density on apparent weight is well known. In accurate measurements it is corrected for. (you sometimes see references to weights in vacuo for exactly this reason).
The important fact about it here is that it produces a force straight upwards against gravity.
The balls in Cavendish's experiment moved sideways.
The fact that mercury and lead have similar atomic weights doesn't seem to me to have any relevance.
It is true that we don't have data on the weather while Cavendish or hundreds of others did this experiment. What we do know is that they all got the same answer. If that's due to the weather then, presumably, they must all have had the same weather. The odds on that make it an absurd suggestion.
If this "
What I am saying is that by Cavendish's design, all the experiment and its repeats have been done using an aneroid barometer, which will produce the results that an aneroid barometer is designed to do."
were true then the results would be all over the place because that's what the weather is like. All the experiments give the same answer so the one thing it cannot be measuring is the weather.
What Cavendish did was to take a lump of stuff and put another lump of stuff near it. He noted that there was a force between the 2 lumps of stuff.
That was a real observation. The force he measured is called gravity.
It's real.
Does this "
Sorry. But Cavendish's lead balls are now somebody else's ball. I will answer no more questions in this theory that further seek to condemn these observations without disproving them as being genuinely pertinent questions."
mean that, because Cavendish's experiment proves that gravity exists and therefore proves that you are flat wrong, you won't talk about it?
Anyway, here's the report on a similar experiment undertaken in a vacuum chamber. There's clearly no effect of air pressure here and the result is the same. Gravity exists and obeys an inverse square law.
http://www.physics.uci.edu/gravity/papers/HoskinsPaper.pdf
And, if you still think that's too nearly Cvaendishes experiment, how do you explain the outcome of this experiment?
http://www.open2.net/sciencetechnologynature/planetsbeyond/gravity.html
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Reply #17 on:
06/10/2007 21:56:38 »
Hi BC:
I'm red print.
Does this,
"Sorry, but Cavendish's lead balls are now somebody else's ball. I will answer no more questions in this theory that further seek to condemn these observations without disproving them as being genuinely pertinent questions."
mean that, because Cavendish's experiment proves that gravity exists and therefore proves that you are flat wrong, you won't talk about it?
Not yet I guess, because I obviously haven’t covered all possibilities for the “attraction”, so here goes....
Wikipedia says: Covalency is greatest between atoms of similar electronegativities. Thus, covalent bonding does not necessarily require the two atoms be of the same elements, only that they be of comparable electronegativity. (“Not necessarily” implies of course, that
covalency is a strong attractive force that exists between the atoms of different masses of the same element.
E.g. – Separated atoms of the same elements that have similar electronegativities have a natural affinity for each other. If you put a block of pure lead beside another block of pure lead, they have a fundamental attraction for each other. Same thing goes between two blocks of pure copper, etc. Every pure element must “like its own kind” before it “likes” anything else. Metallic ore bodies often exist in large concentrations.)
In the molecule H2, the hydrogen atoms share the two electrons via covalent bonding. (This is a pretty good example of attraction between two atoms of the same element.)
Re:
http://www.physics.uci.edu/gravity/papers/HoskinsPaper.pdf
It says: “The balance bar, vertical hanger, mirror, and damping cylinder, as well as the four attracting masses (m, and m’, and the two far masses), were all made of OFHC copper, etc.”
In the Cavendish experiment, he used 4 lead balls; likely all cast from the same heat of ingots. i.e – uniform chemistry and properties.
If you don’t give any credit to atmospheric pressure and temperature as being reasons for “attraction” between separated masses, then maybe you would like to be the one to explain what part of the measured attractions between the “like materials” in each of your two experiments was “gravity”, and what part was natural attraction within their individual kinds.
As for the other experiment you pointed to at
http://www.open2.net/sciencetechnologynature/planetsbeyond/gravity.html
Please tell me what the mountain and the pendulum were made of, and I’ll take a stab at it. In the meantime, I still maintain that Newton was wrong about “gravity” being a force of any kind. I say it does not exist, and if we all look hard enough, it will explain that what we thought was “gravity”, is really other things.
I say the universe is run on electricity and the other reliable and proven forces known to Physics, while poor old “gravity” will always remain just an orphan concept that has gone mad.
Thank you. Cheers.
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Reply #18 on:
07/10/2007 15:53:18 »
This "
atoms of different masses of the same element
" doesn't make sense because atoms of the same element often have the same mass and seldom have markedly different masses. Covalency is an effect of the electrostatic attraction between nuclei and the electrons anyway so can have little to do with this. In fact, since it only applies to the atoms within one molecule, it cannot possibly apply to the forces between two distinct objects.
"Every pure element must “like its own kind” before it “likes” anything else. "
Nonsense, the atoms of carbon in a lump of coal and the atoms of oxygen in the molecules floating about in the air are clearly happy to change partners to produce carbon dioxide. They do this because (to continue the anthropomorphism) they like each-other more than they like their own kind.
"
In the molecule H2, the hydrogen atoms share the two electrons via covalent bonding. (This is a pretty good example of attraction between two atoms of the same element.)"
Yes, and that attraction is sated by just one partner. To get the H2 molecules to hang out together as a liquid you have to cool it nearly to absolute zero.
Covalency therefore has nothing to do with the Cavendish experiment.
There is no evidence for your supposed "attraction between like substances" and there is (as I have shown) considerable evidence against. This attraction therefore doesn't exist.
"
If you don’t give any credit to atmospheric pressure and temperature as being reasons for “attraction” between separated masses, then maybe you would like to be the one to explain what part of the measured attractions between the “like materials” in each of your two experiments was “gravity”, and what part was natural attraction within their individual kinds."
OK that's easy. The whole of the attractive force comes from gravity and none of it comes from the force whose existence I have just disproved.
Incidentally, it's not just that I give no credit to temperature and pressure as possible explanations. I explicitly explained why they cannot be the explanation, they change but the effet remains. Knowing that, how can anyone give them credit?
As for "
Please tell me what the mountain and the pendulum were made of
," I can't see how it matters but my best guess is the pendula were made of lead bobs, probably on tungsten or steel wires. The mountain was made of rock; they generally are. I think that part of the world is noted for granite so that's a reasonable expectation for the mountain.
Perhaps you might care to tell me what they could have been made of that would have made any difference.
In the meantime perhaps you would like to give an explanation for the observation that things atract one-another as shown in Cavendish's experiment.
"
I say the universe is run on electricity and the other reliable and proven forces known to Physics, while poor old “gravity” will always remain just an orphan concept that has gone mad
." and I say the madness is discounting the evidence of things like the moon's orbit, the tides and the direct experimental observations of gravity.
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Reply #19 on:
07/10/2007 20:16:33 »
Hi BC:
I'm in red.
I said: "If you don’t give any credit to atmospheric pressure and temperature as being reasons for “attraction” between separated masses, then maybe you would like to be the one to explain what part of the measured attractions between the “like materials” in each of your two experiments was “gravity”, and what part was natural attraction within their individual kinds."
OK that's easy. The whole of the attractive force comes from gravity and none of it comes from the force whose existence I have just disproved.
You didn't disprove anthing. I think you basically know that I’m talking about what goes on inside “bulk matter”, which can be e.g. - pure copper, or pure lead, or it can be an alloy or whatever.
We are talking about lead and copper, not any atmospheric gases that can be floating free, ready to bond with other covalent gases and/or solid elements. Whether you refuse to attribute the mutual attraction of atoms within a ball of pure matter of a single element to covalence or anything else, it does not make you right. The fact remains that if the atoms were not attracted to each other, the pure lead would not be bonded into a ball, and neither would the pure copper be bonded into the other shapes described in the other cited experiments. If the nuclear forces are what holds the nucleus of an atom together, and all the atoms in bulk matter are coerced by the nuclear forces, then so is the bulk metal itself.
You also said
"There is no evidence for your supposed "attraction between like substances" and there is (as I have shown) considerable evidence against. This attraction therefore doesn't exist."
Check out http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/liquids/faq/h-bonding-vs-london-forces.shtml then tell me that there are no other forces working between atoms in bulk matter. It seems logical that if these forces which are obviously measurable are working inside one bulk ball of lead, then they are likely measurable between two bulk balls of lead in close proximity.
Thanks again.
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