1

New Theories / Re: What exactly is gravity

« on: 29/03/2020 15:36:11 »

Einstein's Equivalence Principle:

Einstein’s equivalence is an extension to Galileo Galilei’s, relative motion of objects.  He wrote this in 1632, even before Newton published his now-famous work.

“If you are in a closed room on a ship sailing at a constant speed and the ride is perfectly smooth, objects behave as they would on land. There’s no physical experiment you could conduct to tell whether you’re moving or stationary (assuming you’re not peeking out of a porthole).

This is an excellent idea/thinking of Galilei.  When the ship is at constant speed, things in a closed room, behave as if on land.  He compared closed room to Earth. 

By the time of Einstein science developed a lot and he replaced ship to spaceship. 

“Is there any physical experiment you could do within the confines of your spaceship to tell whether you really were accelerating through space (assuming there were no windows to look out from), or if, instead, you were inside a spaceship stationary on the surface of Earth? Einstein said no—just as Galileo imagined the indistinguishability between a person inside a smooth-sailing ship (confined without windows) and a person on land.This is called the equivalence principle”.

Einstein's theory of "Equivalence Principle" asserts the equivalence between inertial and gravitational forces of acceleration. It rests upon the fact that we cannot distinguish between the inertial forces, experienced, in a rocket ship accelerating through space, and the gravitational forces experienced on the surface of the Earth.

01  Equivalence principle tells indistinguishability, between a person inside a closed chamber of space ship to a person on land.
02  Indistinguishability is valid only when two things compared are equal
03  Does a closed chamber is equal to Earth?.  If so, Earth also must be a closed one.  But we are taking Earth as open. 
04  So, equivalence principle is not “indistinguishable”, but “distinguishable”.
05  Ok, engine of the spaceship is on, it started accelerating through space.  Escape velocity is the speed at which the sum of an object's kinetic energy and its gravitational potential energy is equal to zero.  As the spaceship gains escape velocity, for the spaceship “Gravity is equal to acceleration”. 
06  As per Einstein, if we place any mass, anywhere in the spacetime, it curves, which is known as Gravity.  Similarly, there is curvature against Earth also.  At that velocity, how this curvature is intact.
07  If Earth is an open, not having doors or windows, nothing can stop centrifugal force. Thiings may be different.

Finally, we can say that Earth is not an open but a closed one. This is exactly like that of a closed room in a ship or a closed chamber in spaceship. If it is open, then it is not “indistinguishable”, but distinguishable.

This is the same reason why we don’t feel our planet’s movement around the sun.

Space warps under accelerated motion:

“Theoretically, you could be in deep space, far away from all significant mass concentrations and their gravitational influence. The rocket engine of the observer’s spaceship is firing and produces an acceleration of 9.8 meters (32 feet) per square second. This accelerated observer feels as heavy as we would feel on earth, since the gravitational acceleration with which an object on earth falls to the ground has that exact same value”.

Does space time warps under acceleration motion?.
01  It is true that as long as the space ship is at rest or stationary on the ground, one of the space crew, Mr. X’s weight is 75 kgs.
02  As the engine is start and the rocket start accelerating at the rate of 9.81 meters per second, Mr. X’s weight continues to be 75 kgs only.
03  If space time warps under acceleration motion, one’s rocket achieves escape velocity there must be change in gravity.  No such thing hinted by Einstein.
03  Basic doubt of Einstein is that, the rocket is far away from all significant mass and its gravitational influence, in deep space where there is no Gravity, still as long as rocket engines work at exactly the right rate to accelerate 9.81 meters per second, how, things behave as if on land i.e., gravity.
04  In the cabin Mr. ‘X’s weight continues to be 75 kgs.  So, Einstein thought that space time is warping under acceleration motion.
05  In ‘indistinguishability’, Galileo raised two important points, sailing is smooth and  assuming you’re not peeking out of a porthole.
06  So, it is clear that Gravity can be packed in a closed room or space cabin.  And, this packed Gravity behaves similarly to that on Earth.
07 One’s you reaches the destination and Engine is shut, space time start interacting with the cabin.  Since pressure is high inside the cabin, it moves out and equates with outside.
08  Here, effect of centrifugal force is far limited or negligible since there is no change of Mr. X’s weight anywhere.   

How Gravity works on Earth:

I think, the following is the wonderful presentation of Einstein and it is possible for the people like Einstein only.  No ordinary brain can get an idea or think.

“The room you are in could be a cabin aboard a rocket – In such a situation, if you let go of an object, the cabin floor would accelerate towards that object at 9.81 meters per square second – exactly the same acceleration of free fall here on earth. From your vantage point as an observer standing on the cabin floor, you cannot distinguish between the two situations: are those objects falling towards a massive body like the earth? Or is the cabin floor accelerating towards them”.

01 In macro level, this is 100% correct and valid.
02  Ok, there are two planets Earth and Moon.  If moon is in “free fall”, like an object let to go.  In such situation, if Earth raises towards Moon, it is possible to measure or to say, whether Moon is coming down or Earth raising.
03  In micro level, for an apple, Earth raising, impossible to measure or say anything.  For an object to cabin floor, it is ok. 

“This famous principle begins with the recognition that a gravitational force, as we experience it on Earth's surface ("weight"), is actually caused by spacetime accelerating through us on its way to the center of the Earth. We feel the force only because we are unable to follow the natural flow of spacetime which tries to carry us with it. In "free fall" or orbit we are co-movers with the spatial flow, and feel no force at all, as we offer no resistance to its inertial urgings”.

01   In “free fall”, as per Einstein, we are co-movers with the spatial flow and feel no force.
02 Gravity or weight we feel on Earth’s surface is actually caused by space time accelerating through us to the centre of the Earth.  We feel the force, because we are unable to follow the natural flow of space time.
03  In “Indistinguishability”,  it is clear that Earth is not an open frame, but a closed frame.  There is no centrifugal force working against us as assumed by Einstein.  Its effect is far limited.
04  In equivalence principle, we have discussed in detail that Gravity can be packed or moved.  If it is due to flow of spacetime, since it is a continuous process, almost impossible to pack or move.                                                                                                                                                                 

What exactly is Gravity:

From the theory, “Indistinguishability”  it is clear that Earth is a closed frame.  In case, if it is not correct, then the theory is distinguishable, invalid and incorrect.  As pointed out by Galileo, we will get the feeling, as if on land, only when doors, windows are closed and sail is smooth.  If Earth is having doors, windows, in other words an open frame, there is no comparison at all. 

Earth is a closed frame, like that of a room in ship or cabin in spaceship. It paved the way for storage of additional energy.  Since Earth is a closed frame, energy entering space time of Earth cannot move out that much easily. This additional energy is warping the space time of Earth.  It is true that Gravity is matter blind.  Total energy density is stranded against the Earth and it tries to move towards the center of the Earth.

The cabin of the spaceship is closed in a Gravity field only.  This atmosphere consists of high energy density.  The crew inside the cabin gets the feeling, as if on land.  When the space ship reaches destination, engine stops, now high density energy in the cabin, interacts with space time of the space ship and adjusts with it. 

It clearly tells us that Gravity can be packed and moved.

Suppose, Mr. X is standing in an open place and the space time around him is curved.  For the strong density of energy, moving towards the center of Earth, he is an obstruction.  Energy moving, nearby Mr. X, bends, interacts with the curvature, start flowing along with the curvature.  This is Gravity or weight, we feel on Earth.

If Mr. X dives from a high place, in free fall, as thought by Einstein, Energy flow equates.  Here, one more important point is that, Mr. X when he is stationary on the ground, there is strong curvature against him.  In free fall, as he accelerates, curvature against him weakens further and further.  As he approaches, 9.81 meters per second, curvature disappears permanently, in other words ‘free fall’.  This is the same  in case of Earth also.  Suppose, let us imagine that Earth is at rest or stationary, there is strong curvature.  When Earth started spinning, curvature weakens.  But Earth is having a strong frame, by which it is closed from all sides and it is giving protection..

Process of Earth spinning:

01  Initially, all the planets, like that of satellites in the space, curves their space time and are at rest or stationary.
02  Energy flowing in the lanes pushes them.
03  Meanwhile atmosphere is developed, frame never allows energy in the lane to interact with Earth directly.
04  Energy in the open area start flowing along with the lane and drags Earth. 

If Mr. X start moving in upward direction, as energy density in the space time weakens, curvature against him also weakens.   It is true that energy is neither created nor destroyed, it can only be modified one form to other.  A part of the incoming energy towards Earth bounces back and moves to faraway places.  When these forces, incoming and outgoing equate, things at that place are at rest or stationary.   

Yours
Psreddy

2

New Theories / Re: What exactly is gravity

« on: 15/03/2020 17:35:57 »

When the sky driver, escapes due to acceleration, think of Earth, how Gravity hooked Earth at that velocity.

Was that a question? If so, there needs to be a question mark at the end. Even if it is a question, I don't understand what you're asking. I can't make sense of that sentence.

Mr Kryptid
Are you an English .........?

3

New Theories / Re: What exactly is gravity

« on: 15/03/2020 12:47:52 »

DOES MASS CURVES THE SPACETIME, ANYWHERE:
Does mass curves the space time anywhere in the universe.  This is one of the important point in deciding what exactly is gravity.

Ok, as per Newton’s theory of gravity, if we place a massive sphere in space it will start exerting force on all other masses around it.

As per Einstein’s General theory of relativity, if we place a massive sphere anywhere in the universe it will distort space time around it.  In other words space time around the sphere is curved.    Matter tells space how to curve, and curved space tells matter how to move. For the first time, Einstein’s General relativity linked Gravity to space time. Mass warps the spacetime and the curvature of spacetime around mass explains gravity.

Suppose a planet “X” is placed in the space and it curved the space time around it.  In other words, it created its own gravity field.  When it is capable of creating its own gravity field, why planets don’t exists outside our solar system. 

There are 8 to 9 planets in our solar system.  The Sun is at the center and these planets are orbiting the Sun. 

Gμν = 8πTμν
On the left side of the equation is a tensor describing the geometry of spacetime — the gravitational field. On the right is the tensor describing the matter and energy density — the source of the gravitational field. The equation shows that spacetime geometry equals mass-energy density when adjusted with the proper units and numerical constants.
It is very much clear that Einstein equated Gravitational field with matter and energy density. 

So, without source, matter and energy how a gravitational field is created.  Mass is just one part only, curvature or gravity again depends on mass/energy density within that area.  No energy density, no curvature or gravity. 

It is surprise, why we are taking space as empty. 

Planets are curving the space time within a solar system only and that is why they are existing in a solar system. 
Energy density is working like a space fabric.  Outside our solar system, there is no energy density, no curvature, no planet can exist. 

No planet can curve the space time, anywhere, unless there is energy density within that place.  There is huge/sufficient energy density, already present in our solar system, which is aiding curvature.

Science developed a lot, these things are appearing before us. 

Yours
Psreddy

4

New Theories / Re: What exactly is gravity

« on: 14/03/2020 14:47:34 »

    When he dives, due to acceleration, curvature or Gravity disappears.


No it doesn't. The space that he's falling through is still curved. If the gravity disappeared, he would move with a constant velocity instead of accelerating.

Quote from: pasala on Today at 11:59:20

    What is "transform away from gravity" supposed to mean?

Yes, of course space time is not empty.  But curvature against the person, who dives is weakens.  So, naturally, he will temporarily transform away from gravity.    When the carnival is at inertial position, there is strong curvature or gravity against it.  As it accelerates curvature or gravity against it weakens. 

Suppose let us imagine that our Earth is in inertial position.  As usual, like any other mass, it curves the space time around it.  Ok, now Earth started spinning against its axis, how the curvature or gravity is still exists. 

"Einstein equated Gravity to acceleration"
Yours
Psreddy

5

New Theories / Re: What exactly is gravity

« on: 14/03/2020 11:59:20 »

One’s Einstein said:
“I was sitting on a chair in my patent office in Bern. Suddenly a thought struck me: If a man falls freely, he would not feel his weight. I was taken aback. This simple thought experiment made a deep impression on me. This led me to the theory of gravity”.

It is true that as long as the person is at the top of the building there is Gravity.  When he dives, due to acceleration, curvature or Gravity disappears. 

Now, before going to spinning of Earth, let us take the example of cylindrical carnival ride.  The cylinder is rotated faster and faster until the acceleration eases and the movement stays constant. But, once the speed is constant, you still feel the accelerated motion, you feel yourself being pinned to the outer edge of the ride. Cylindrical ride that accelerated motion can warp space and time.

It is here that Einstein connected the dots to suggest that gravity is the warping of space and time.

Here, centrifugal force is just one side of the coin only.  It is true that, cylindrical carnival, passengers all curved the space time around them.  As the carnival picks up faster, since gravity is equated to acceleration, curvature or gravity against carnival and passengers weakens. 

We are comparing carnival to Earth.  In fact there is strong curvature or Gravity against Earth also.  As the carnival pickup, it is true that curvature weakens.  What about Earth?.  This is one of the key point in “what exactly is gravity”. 

When a person dives from high place, he will definitely transform away from Gravity.  What about the cylindrical carnival?.  As long as the carnival is at inertial position, strong Gravity hooked it.  As it accelerates, gravity weakens and acceleration eases.

When Earth is at inertial position gravity hooked it.  It is known fact that Earth is spinning at the rate of 460 meters per second.   Ok, how Gravity is intact at that velocity.   

In the case of carnival, if Gravity is intact at that speed/acceleration then only it will be able to warp the space time.  But there is no scope for any gravity at all.  As the Gravity weakens, carnival acceleration eases. Passengers at the edges travel full circumference, escapes from gravity and are moved to edges due to air and other forces.

The effects of being in a gravitational field are indistinguishable from the effects of being in an accelerated frame of reference. 

Indistinguishability tells us that Gravity can be packed in a closed frame.  Warped space time is already present in the space time, which can be packed or moved from place to place.  Closed frame of reference tells us that there is something working as frame protecting gravity on Earth. 

If cylindrical carnival possess gravity in acceleration, if am sure mine idea or thinking is wrong.

Yours
Psreddy 
 

6

New Theories / Re: What exactly is gravity

« on: 08/03/2020 17:39:09 »

I had proposed 8 to 9 layers

On what basis?

Sure, I will try in the later session.
Psreddy

7

New Theories / Re: What exactly is gravity

« on: 08/03/2020 17:07:21 »

When the sky driver, escapes due to acceleration, think of Earth, how Gravity hooked Earth at that velocity.

Was that a question? If so, there needs to be a question mark at the end. Even if it is a question, I don't understand what you're asking. I can't make sense of that sentence.

Oh, Kryptid.
Ok I will try

8

New Theories / Re: What exactly is gravity

« on: 08/03/2020 17:05:48 »

    But, why, the above rule is not applicable to Earth.


It is. Gravity is what holds the Earth together.

"When Gravity or curvature itself is in question" how it holds Earth.  Further it is not comparison to centrifugal force to gravity but "Gravity to acceleration".
Psreddy

9

New Theories / Re: What exactly is gravity

« on: 08/03/2020 16:55:26 »

"The principle of equivalence says that gravity is not a force at all, but is in fact the same thing as acceleration.

Einstein’s ground-breaking realization (which he called “the happiest thought of my life”) was that gravity is in reality not a force at all, but is indistinguishable from, and in fact the same thing as, acceleration, an idea he called the “principle of equivalence”.

When the sky driver, escapes due to acceleration, think of Earth, how Gravity hooked Earth at that velocity.
Psreddy

10

New Theories / Re: What exactly is gravity

« on: 08/03/2020 16:19:16 »

Pasala said
But, why, the above rule is not applicable to Earth.  It is true that Earth is rotating 460 meters per second, which is several times greater than Gravity.  Still why curvature is intact. 
GG: I do not understand what you are trying to prove by this statement. Gravity is 9.806 meters per second squared which is an acceleration and you are comparing it to a surface velocity. If you take the velocity squared and divide it b y the radius of the earth you would get a tiny number. Gravity is much stronger than the outward force that could tear the earth apart.

GG
I am talking about "Gravity to acceleration".  If the space craft accelerates more than 9.806 meters per second, space time curvature around the space craft is lost.  It is now gravity free.  When Earth is spinning 460 meters per second, how curvature/gravity is intact. 

Please try to understand.

Psreddy

11

New Theories / Re: What exactly is gravity

« on: 08/03/2020 15:08:40 »

“Matter tells space how to curve, and curved space tells matter how to move”.

It is the basic principle behind Einstein's General Relativity, which linked, for the first time, the phenomenon of gravity with that of spacetime and relativity.

Place a mass down anywhere in the Universe, and the space around it will curve in response.

No doubt Einstein’s imagination is  extra-ordinary.   

Now, science developed a lot and we are sending satellites into deep space.  Let us imagine that we have placed a satellite “X” in the space.   Ok, now, compare in between Earth and satellite “X”.

01 Both Earth and Satellite “X” have curved space time around them.
02 Due to curvature both of them are in inertial position.
03 Earth is now started rotating against its axis, but satellite “X” is not.
04 If matter warps the spacetime, in the case of satellite “X”, if not Gravity, there must be symptoms, at least.
05 In the case of satellite, why curvature fails to move it.
06 One part of Einstein, “matter tells space time how to curve” is complete.  But the other part, “curved space time tells mass how to move”, is not accomplished.

Curvature grips mass and throws it into inertial position.  This is the key point.  This is not Gravity and it is only a part of Gravity. 

Einstein explained in a lecture in 1922:
“I was sitting on a chair in my patent office in Bern. Suddenly a thought struck me: If a man falls freely, he would not feel his weight. I was taken aback. This simple thought experiment made a deep impression on me. This led me to the theory of gravity”.

This, thought experiment, is simple, yet extra-ordinary.  Let us say, a person ”Y” is standing at the top of the building.  If he dives, he will simply transform away from gravity.   As long as “Y” is at the top of the building and also on Earth there is strong Gravity.  By this Einstein equated:
                       “Gravity to acceleration”.

But, why, the above rule is not applicable to Earth.  It is true that Earth is rotating 460 meters per second, which is several times greater than Gravity.  Still why curvature is intact. 

There is something which is protecting Earth, not only Earth but all other planets.  In the absence of this protection, curvature will be simply eroded.  It is paving way for Gravity, without which Gravity is incomplete. 

Yours
Psreddy

12

New Theories / Re: What exactly is gravity

« on: 01/03/2020 17:10:07 »

Mr Kryptid

Let me tell in detail since Gravity is having roots in all of them:

In a nuclear explosion there is  rapid release of energy from a high-speed nuclear reaction. The "yield" of a nuclear weapon is a measure of the amount of explosive energy it can produce. Thus, a 1 kiloton nuclear weapon is one which produces the same amount of energy in an explosion as does 1 kiloton (1,000 tons) of TNT. Similarly, a 1 megaton weapon would have the energy equivalent of 1 million tons of TNT.

According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, a nuclear bomb needs about 33 pounds (15 kilograms) of enriched uranium to be operational.   

When chain reaction starts, total energy is multiplying.  At present we are of the opinion that total energy is coming from the atom bomb only.  If it is true, where and how huge energy is stored in a fissile material.  If the total energy is from the fissile material, how it is stable in normal condition.   Whenever I go by these theories, these things bothers my mind.   

Ok, before going deep, let me tell you one simple incident that happened in my high school studies.  One day teacher performed a simple experiment.  He lighted a candle, closed it by a  glass and when the candle put off, he started explaining how things need oxygen to burn.  Immediately, I questioned, why don’t you think that the glass is “obstructing” something.  Nobody listened to me.

For Einstein, space is no longer flat as assumed by Newton, but it can be pulled, pushed and warped by matter.  It is rather immaterial if we say that matter curves the space time.  There is a medium by which matter is pulling, pushing space time.  For that Einstein is very clear in his math’s, he equated space time curvature or Gravity to Energy density. 

But, at present we are of the opinion that there is no potential energy or energy density on Earth.  Ok, then how the matter is curving the space time.  In case, if Sun energy is alone responsible then space is curved during day time and flat during night time.   But it is not happening so. There is strong Gravity at all times.

The Yield from a nuclear weapon mainly depends on:
01  The quantity of fissile material used or the quantity of potential energy released.
02  The potential energy or energy density in the space time.
03  Rapid release of energy or the speed with which the energy is freed.  Since, if the process slows down, space time absorbs the shock and neutralizes it. 

Ok, if an atom bomb is detonated total energy packed there in is freed.  In normal conditions, it cannot do wonders.   Now, space time start playing important role.  There is strong Gravity or curvature on our Earth.  Since total energy is released within short time, it pushes the existing energy and try to make room.  In other words it is an additional energy into the space time.  It charges the existing energy, resulting raise of radiation.  It is true that Gravity is matter blind.  So, energy density against the space time of Earth is high.  Most of the charge is passed on to the Earth.

If the same bomb is detonated on Moon.  Here Gravity or curvature or energy density is weak.  Though same amount of energy freed, energy density in the space time is weak.  Weak charge is passed on to the surface.  Since Gravity or curvature of space time is 1/6th, naturally yield also.

Ok, if the same bomb is detonated in space, outside Earth’s atmosphere.  Here energy is not influenced by any matter.  Energy is of at free state.  It curves the space time of the bomb. But there is no gravity, in other words strong density of energy.  Energy released by atom bomb, pushes or charges energy in the space time.  Since density of energy in the space time  is weak, effect is weak.  It moves in all directions equally. 

Ok, let us cross our solar system, here there is no source of energy and thus there is no potential energy.  This is perfect vacuum.  It is impossible to detonate an atom bomb.  When a uranium-235 absorbs a neutron and splits, whatever energy freed moves out unabated.  There is no chain reaction and radiation.

If a nuclear weapon is exploded in a vacuum-i. e., in space-the complexion of weapon effects changes drastically.  First, in the absence of an atmosphere, blast disappears completely. Second, thermal radiation, as usually defined, also disappears.

In a vacuum, energy density is weak.  When an atom bomb  is detonated, energy freed, fails to charge the outside energy.  There is no radiation and thus chain reaction.  The glass used is not allowing free movement of outside energy. 

Suppose, you have not created vacuum, but covered it by glass as is done in the case of fire.  In                               “in distinguishability”, it is clear, within cabin there is no change of gravity and it is not equal to acceleration.  But for the space ship Gravity is equal to acceleration.  Here it is clear that Gravity can be packed.  So, there is strong potential energy packed within the chamber.  But glass is not allowing free movement of energy.  So, energy density, space time of the bomb helps in raise of radiation.  However it is weak.  Chain reaction slows down.

I strongly believe that in the case of Fire, explosions, light, whatever we see with our naked eye is deceiving.  Total energy is not coming from them.  There are no energy boosters, inverters, transformers.  Truly, it is not mechanical. 

Yours
Psreddy

13

New Theories / Re: What exactly is gravity

« on: 23/02/2020 16:21:59 »

GG: The atom bomb on the moon is interesting. It seems to me that the lower gravitational field and the lack of an atmosphere will produce less harm locally to the moon. More of the energy will radiate outward into space.

That doesn't mean that the explosion contains less energy (which appears to be what Pasala is arguing).

No, potential energy stored within atom bomb never changes, whether it is on Earth or Moon or in space in between.  Total output mainly depends on energy density in the space time of the bomb.  As the density increases curvature increases, small amount of energy freed, pushes and charges the outside energy, resulting raise of radiation.

14

New Theories / Re: What exactly is gravity

« on: 23/02/2020 14:30:06 »

As per Einstein Space is no longer flat as assumed by Newton, it can be pulled, pushed and warped by matter.  Gravity is most accurately described by the general theory of relativity, which describes gravity not as a force, but as a consequence of the curvature of spacetime caused by the uneven distribution of mass.

“Matter tells spacetime how to curve and curved space time tells matter how to move”.  This is the core of Einstein General theory of relativity. Gravity is highest where space time is most curved and vanishes where space is flat.

In Einstein General theory of relativity, curvature of space time plays key role.  If we place mass anywhere in the universe, it will curve the space time around it.

Einstein Field Equation:

Gμν        =  Geometry of spacetime, Gravitational field
8πTμν    =   The source of curvature/gravity field, matter and energy density.

So,
Gμν        =  8πTμν   

Curvature of space time at a place is determined by the matter and energy density at that place.  Einstein has set certain parameters, the density, the momentum, mass/energy, which determine curvature at a place.

Ok, let us take our Earth.  It is a huge mass and it curved the space time around it.  In other words there is strong curvature/gravity against space time of Earth. 

So, we can equate this curvature/gravity with density of Energy.  Suppose, if there is no energy density at a particular place, space time turns out flat.   

But at present we are of the opinion that Sun energy is the only source to Earth and there is no potential energy. 

If there is no energy density in our solar system, how mass is curving the space time. 

It is true and known fact that there is strong Gravity against Earth and it is appearing before us and we are practically experiencing it.

In case, if our thinking is correct, no energy density, Gravity must be created or space time is curved by mass during day time, when Sun energy reaches us and must vanish or turn into flat during night time. 

This is not happening so, there is Gravity during night time also. 

Is our thinking wrong or Einstein wrong?. 

Important point on Curvature of Spacetime:

1.  As per Einstein if we place mass anywhere in the universe, it will curve the space time.  Ok, here in his equations, he equated Gravity field with energy density.  So, without potential energy at a place, no mass will curve the space time, in other words Gravity. 

2.  No mass will curve the space time in empty or flat space time. 

3.  Finally, all masses will curve space time, within specific area of solar system, where potential energy is pooled up.

4.  This is the reason, if an asteroid, making its journey, never stops, until it enters solar system. Energy density curves the space time and slows down its movement.  In case, if the asteroid is accelerating with lot of speed, slows down, crosses the solar system and makes its journey, till it reaches another solar system.

Gravity, equation with acceleration:

Einstein’s imagination gave birth to general relativity’s core idea as he gazed out his office window while he was supposed to be evaluating patents. “All of a sudden I was struck by a thought,” Einstein later said. “If a person falls freely, he will certainly not feel his own weight.”

01  Gravity on Earth is equated to 9.81 (m/s^2)
02  Earth is rotating 460 meters per second.

It is true that it is several times higher, however, how Gravity or curvature against Earth is intact.

Psreddy

15

New Theories / Re: What exactly is gravity

« on: 21/02/2020 10:58:21 »

Gravity appears to be governed by two sets of principles, at the same time; Einstein and Newtonian. In terms of Einstein and General Relativity, as mass accumulates, space-time curves and contracts. Time slows and distances contract in space-time. The black hole, for example, has distance contracted to a point and time has essentially stopped.

In terms of Newtonian, gravity induces weight and pressure. As the weight and pressures increase distances between materials get smaller, in parallel to GR. However, the time variable in the Newtonian aspect speeds up instead of slows. This is evident in matter vibrations and transitional states and the frequency of energy output. In the sun, for example, the core pressure causes nuclear fusion and transitions, with the release of high frequency energy.  This result is the time element in the Newtonian and Einstein each go in opposite directions.

Please see that no theory, Newton or Einstein tells you, this is "what exactly is gravity". 

Newton's inverse square law, applies, only when there is Gravity.  Earth and Moon attracts each other, only when there is Gravity.  How Gravity came into existence or method by which it is created, is ill defined or not at all touched. 

Einstein's curvature of space time comes into existence or start applying only when there is Gravity.   Einstein's general theory of relativity explains gravity as a distortion of spacetime caused by the presence of matter or energy. A massive object generates a gravitational field by warping the geometry of the surrounding spacetime.

It never tells you how a massive object generates gravitational field.  Suppose,  there is strong gravitational field on Earth, it must tells us, how this gravitational field was created and how Earth warps the spacetime.  Leaving aside other things, it must tell, how this invisible force came into existence.

But, either of them never gives you or defines, in exact terms, what exactly is gravity.

These theories only describes the effects of Gravity.   

Please try to understand the difference.

Psreddy 

16

New Theories / Re: What exactly is gravity

« on: 05/02/2020 14:39:47 »

Friends,

It is true that science developed a lot.  We know several things and we are able to carry out research in space and we are sending rockets to other planets. 

I think there is every need to revise the present existing theories.  I don't think it is so good, going by ants perception,  trampoline  analogy.  Ok, they may be correct, let us discuss to have "What exactly is gravity".

Yours
Psreddy

Gravity appears to be governed by two sets of principles, at the same time; Einstein and Newtonian. In terms of Einstein and General Relativity, as mass accumulates, space-time curves and contracts. Time slows and distances contract in space-time. The black hole, for example, has distance contracted to a point and time has essentially stopped.

In terms of Newtonian, gravity induces weight and pressure. As the weight and pressures increase distances between materials get smaller, in parallel to GR. However, the time variable in the Newtonian aspect speeds up instead of slows. This is evident in matter vibrations and transitional states and the frequency of energy output. In the sun, for example, the core pressure causes nuclear fusion and transitions, with the release of high frequency energy.  This result is the time element in the Newtonian and Einstein each go in opposite directions.

There are two distinct time aspects with respect to gravity.  This makes sense since gravity is a force, while acceleration due to the gravitational force, has the units of d/t/t or one part distance and two parts time.

In terms of an application, a black hole will have space-time contracted to near a point-instant. This is the Einstein leg. The Newtonian leg is connected to the compressed matter and energy transitions close to zero time or extreme frequency  In other words, the black hole should be internally generating exotic particle states similar to early universe. This is unexplored by science, since they do not seem to understand that gravity displays two opposite time vectors.

Actually, i had attempted to reconcile both the theories, but failed. 

It is surprise to see, why these theories ends at black holes. We are all living in a strong gravity field, but no theory in exact terms defines or tells you, this is what exactly is gravity.  We knew, Einstein theories are far advanced and are proved to a great extent, still for all practical applications we are using Newton theories. 

A curved space time is within our reach, living there, each and every second in its influence, but a black hole, an imaginary one.    But, event horizon or whether light escapes is a big topic, for that expansion or contraction of universe also goes long way.  It is not criticising.  Our technology is far limited and it is impossible for our rockets to reach black hole.  We don't know, how black holes came into existence,   or they generating exotic materials. 

EINSTEIN GEOMETRY:
                                                 Gμν = 8πTμν
On the left side of the equation is a tensor describing the geometry of spacetime — the gravitational field. On the right is the tensor describing the matter and energy density — the source of the gravitational field. The equation shows that spacetime geometry equals mass-energy density when adjusted with the proper units and numerical constants.

It tells us that Gravitational field is nothing but matter and energy density.  However we don't accept that there is huge potential energy stored on our Earth.  In other words, when we say that there is no stored energy on this Earth, Einstein curvature is also wrong.

Yours
Psreddy

17

New Theories / Re: What exactly is gravity

« on: 02/02/2020 17:38:26 »

Ok, let us keep aside time dilation and distance contraction, since these are all effects of Gravity.

As per Newton Gravity creates or causes weight and pressure and you have given best example of Sun.  Here core is responsible in creating pressure/force and thus nuclear fusion, release of huge energy. 

As per Einstein as mass accumulates, it curves the space time around it. 

A Black hole exhibits strong Gravity field whether this is due to compression of matter and energy or due to the curvature of space.  In all these cases, it is possible due to gravity field only.   There is strong Gravity field in the Sun’s core and also space time of the black hole

If a sheet of paper is bent, on one side it appears that it is due to pressure and on the other side appears as attraction. 
.   
So, here, we are all discussing Gravity’s impact, a force or a curvature.  How this curvature is created.  Without curvature, there is no gravity at all.  And in turn, without gravity there is no pressure or force.  So, these are all inter related to one another.  Matter curves the space time around it. And this curvature is the base for creation of gravity. Gravity in turn creates pressure/force on matter.

What Exactly is curvature:
During the time of Einstein, science developed a lot and thus predictions of Einstein are far superior.  Particle physics started playing key role.  Matter disturbing or curving the space around them drawn the attention of scientists.

“Gravity is most accurately described by the general theory of relativity which describes gravity not as a force, but as a consequence of the curvature of space time caused by the uneven distribution of mass”. 

Now we are sending satellites into space, they are curving the space time around them, but there is no Gravity.

I think time has come to rethink what exactly this curvature is. 
                                           Gμν = 8πTμν
On the left side of the equation is a tensor describing the geometry of spacetime — the gravitational field. On the right is the tensor describing the matter and energy density — the source of the gravitational field. The equation shows that spacetime geometry equals mass-energy density when adjusted with the proper units and numerical constants.

This is the same energy density, causing or curving space time around Earth.  To decide, curvature at a place, there are some parameters such as the density, the momentum, mass-energy... etc.   So, it is those parameters that determine 'how much space-time curvature' is around a body.  And one of the parameters is of course energy.


There is strong energy density in and around black holes.  Since gravity is matter blind, in turn it creates pressure/force against matter. 

Basic thing is, we are forgetting, how this energy density is created.  In a 2d space time no matter can curve the space time and thus it is flat.  So, even before, mass enters, there must be strong energy base.  When a huge mass is placed in space, since energy is of object oriented, it moves and  curves the space time around mass.

But we cannot take this as Gravity, since energy concentration in space is low.  Unless it is boosted, it simply fails to create pressure/force on objects.  It is true that Earth, apple, every object curves the space time around them.  Since Earth is a huge object, there is continuous flow of Energy.  A part of this, in and around apple bend towards apple and creates pressure and thus it comes down to Earth.

If the curvature alone is responsible for Gravity, our satellites must create Gravity and spin against their axis. 

Yours
Psreddy

18

New Theories / Re: What exactly is gravity

« on: 26/01/2020 13:22:44 »

WHAT EXACTLY IS GRAVITY:
Gravity, even today, a big puzzle.  Newton’s Inverse square law is very clear, for that it is being used in all important practical applications. He claimed that any two masses in the Universe, no matter where they were located or how far apart they were, would instantaneously attract one another via a mutual force known as gravity. The more massive each mass was, the greater the force, and farther away they were (squared), the lesser the force.
   
The concept of action-at-a-distance, intellectuals did not accept it, how objects located half-a-Universe away suddenly and instantly exert a force on one another?.  How could they interact from so far away without anything intervening to mediate it?.

At that time science was not so developed and the identification of existence of Gravity itself is far reaching.  Some of the doubts hanged in the mind of Newton also.

In the words of Newton:
“Gravity must be caused by an agent acting constantly according to certain laws; but whether this agent be material or immaterial, I have left to the consideration of my readers”.

Gravity is most accurately described by the general theory of relativity which describes gravity not as a force, but as a consequence of the curvature of spacetime caused by the uneven distribution of mass. 

As per Einstein Space is no longer flat as assumed by Newton, it can be pulled, pushed and warped by matter.  As per Einstein space is working like fabric.  Ok, but what exactly this fabric consists of and how this fabric came into existence.  As per Descartes Space is filled with matter.  Suppose if it is matter, space time cannot be pulled or pushed and mass cannot curve it.   

As per Einstein, curvature mainly depends on some of the parameters:
“Tμν is a mathematical object (a tensor to be precise) which describes material bodies. In that mathematical object, there are some parameters such as the density, the momentum, mass-energy... etc. So it is those parameters that determine 'how much space-time curvature' is around a body. And one of the parameters is of course energy. Therefore, energy do bend space-time”.

The Einstein Field Equation:
                                           Gμν = 8πTμν
On the left side of the equation is a tensor describing the geometry of spacetime — the gravitational field. On the right is the tensor describing the matter and energy density — the source of the gravitational field. The equation shows that spacetime geometry equals mass-energy density when adjusted with the proper units and numerical constants

So, space is filled with mass/energy.  Since mass is equated with energy, space is completely filled with energy.

If you want to calculate what the space time curvature at any point in space, General Relativity allows you to do it, but you need to know a few things. You need to know the locations, magnitudes, and distributions of all the masses in the Universe, just as Newton demanded. But you also need information about:
•   how those masses are moving and how they have moved over time,
•   how all other (non-mass) forms of energy are distributed,
•   how the object you’re observing/measuring from is moving in a changing gravitational field,
•   and how the spatial curvature is changing over time.
Only with those additional pieces of information can you compute how space is curved for you at a particular location in space and time.


Ok, let us see trampoline analogy. 
“Consider a very large trampoline with nothing on the trampoline pad and trampoline pad remains flat and parallel to the ground. Now place a heavy bowling ball at the center of the trampoline pad. The center of the pad will sag downward. If we assume the analogy that the trampoline pad represents space-time, and the bowling ball a gravitating object, then the sagging of the trampoline represents the curvature of space time under the influence of gravity”.

Here we are all concentrating on bowling ball, and the sagging of trampoline pad. Ok, it is one of the best examples that tells how matter curves space time.  But we are forgetting, what exactly this trampoline is and the thing by which it is made up of.  I am sure that space time fabric is not from nothing.  Suppose if it so, then matter cannot curve the space.  There is something, which is acting as space fabric.   It is of course, matter blind. 
In parameters set by Einstein, to measure how much curvature around a body, he is very much clear, it is the density, momentum of mass/energy that precisely decides curvature. 
Suppose if we place a satellite in the space.  There is huge potential energy and it moves towards the satellite and curves the space time around it.  This curvature once again depends on density of mass/energy within that area.

What is the source for this space fabric: 
Let us see our solar system, Sun is important source of energy and it is pumping huge energy.  This energy is spread up to our solar system only.  In between two solar systems, there is no any source of energy and thus it is empty.   

In our solar system space is completely filled with huge potential energy. A photon released from Sun never travels directly.  Space is not empty.  A photon freed, pushes existing photons, a chain action.  It follows first in, first out method.  There is a flow/transfer of energy and it continues.  In case, for any reason, if the Sun stops pumping energy, the photon released fails to push the chain and thus it weakens instantly. 


General relativity:
Einstein’s imagination gave birth to general relativity’s core idea as he gazed out his office window while he was supposed to be evaluating patents. “All of a sudden I was struck by a thought,” Einstein later said. “If a person falls freely, he will certainly not feel his own weight.”

This is great idea.  When the person is at the top of the building, there is Gravity.  When he comes down to the Earth there is Gravity.  In the middle, while falling freely, there is no Gravity at all.  There is something in the space which is causing Gravity, fails, while falling freely.

It is true that there is strong curvature against Earth.  This curvature once again depends on the distribution of mass/energy within that area.  So, in other words there is strong potential energy. 

As long as the person is in inertial position there is strong gravity.  Potential energy, gripped him by curving the space time around him.   When he accelerates downwards, slowly curvature weakens. In other words gravity weakens. 

01 It is true that Earth is spinning with lot of speed, still curvature is intact.
02 When Gravity is equated to acceleration, why it is not working in case of Earth.
03 For that almost all the planets are having Gravity and they are accelerating/spinning against their own axis.  Why Gravity is not equal to acceleration here.
04 If we place a satellite in the space, it curves the space around it.
05 It will not rotate against its axis, instead it will start rotating against gravity of Earth.
If the satellite start rotating against its axis, it will turn out as a full pledge planet.  But it must  have certain amount of shield/protection, otherwise, due to acceleration curvature weakens and it will start moving out.  Almost all the planets are having similar protection, otherwise curvature will be eroded.


EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE:
“In 1632, even before Newton published his now-famous work, Galileo Galilei wrote about the relative motion of objects familiar in his time: ships. If you are in a closed room on a ship sailing at a constant speed and the ride is perfectly smooth, objects behave as they would on land. There’s no physical experiment you could conduct to tell whether you’re moving or stationary (assuming you’re not peeking out of a porthole). is there any physical experiment you could do within the confines of your spaceship to tell whether you really were accelerating through space (assuming there were no windows to look out from), or if, instead, you were inside a spaceship stationary on the surface of Earth? Einstein said no—just as Galileo imagined the in distinguishability between a person inside a smooth-sailing ship (confined without windows) and a person on land, Einstein realised that the effects of acceleration and gravity were indistinguishable too”.

It is great observation, indeed, by Galileo. 
01  If you are in a closed room, sailing in a ship, one cannot tell, you are moving or stationary on land. 
02  If the space ship is accelerating through space, for the space ship, Gravity is equal to acceleration.
03 For the people within cabin, they may not be in a position to tell, whether they are accelerating through space or in inertial position on ground..
04  If Gravity is due to curvature alone, one’s the cabin is closed, Gravity must come down dramatically.  But it is not happening so.
05  So, Curvature/Gravity can be packed and moved.  There is Gravity within this atmosphere.
06   So, hereby we can conclude that Curvature which is nothing but Energy, is already present with lot of pressure, can be packed or moved.
08 If we create vacuum, space cabin, curvature is not lost.  By creating vacuum, we are removing air and particles there in.  But we cannot remove energy.  So energy still curves the space time. 
09 Suppose, if the space ship is in space, if we close the cabin of the space ship, as there is no Gravity, it packs the same. 

This is the reason, there is in distinguishability between a person inside a smooth sailing ship and one in inertial position on Earth.  The cabin of space ship is locked in a gravity field and the cabin is filled with potential energy, nothing but gravity.  For the space ship gravity is equal to acceleration.

But for the people inside the cabin, gravity is not equal to acceleration, but it is equal to windows

HOW GRAVITY WORKS:
 When the apple fell on the ground, Newton thought Earth is pulling things towards it.  As per Newton every mass in the universe attract every other mass and named this attraction as “Gravity”. 

By the dawn of 20th century, science developed a lot.  For Einstein, patent office thought, “free fall”, a game changer.   If a person dives from highest place, temporarily he will transform away from Gravity.  This is one of the important effects of gravity.  Einstein equated acceleration to Gravity. 

As per General theory of relativity, gravity is not a force, but as a consequence of the curvature of spacetime caused by the uneven distribution of mass/energy.  To decide, curvature at a place, there are some parameters such as the density, the momentum, mass-energy... etc.   So, it is those parameters that determine 'how much space-time curvature' is around a body.  And one of the parameters is of course energy. Therefore, energy do bend space-time. 

So, as per General relativity energy at a place decides curvature. Finally, it is the energy working as medium or agent. 
So, here there is strong potential energy stored on this Earth.   We are sending rockets to space.  Space time around them is also curved, but there is no Gravity.

Suppose if we say that there is huge potential energy stored on this Earth, there must be a source.  Sun is the important source, however there are limitations and it comes in day time only.  It is true that energy moves from high to low and thus unless there is protection, total energy moves away during night time.  But there is protection, which is not allowing energy entering our atmosphere to escape that much easily. 

Due to curvature, radiation is raising and water particles are raising against gravity.  Water particles are divided further and further and becomes so light that they move against gravity.  If the curvature increases, water particles are pushed to farther height.  These particles joins other particles, becomes heavier and start accelerating towards earth, creating pressure on energy.   

Gravity on any planet mainly depends on potential energy stored therein.  It is true that all the masses curves the space time around them.  However Gravity mainly depends on the strength of frame and potential energy stored there in. 

As long as the apple is in the tree, potential energy developed a strong curvature.  It is true that Gravity is matter blind.  There is strong curvature against Earth.  Both apple and Earth have their own curvatures.  Unless there is pressure/force both will remain in their places.  Space is exerting pressure/force against both of them.  However curvature of Earth and apple tug on each other and exerts opposite force.  Earth is a huge mass when compared to apple, there is flow of energy towards Earth, a part of which bents towards curvature of apple, creates pressure and pushes it towards Earth.

EFFECTS OF GRAVITY:
Extra-ordinary brain of Einstein wonderfully predicted some of the important effects of Gravity such as light bending, time dilation etc.

The Einstein Field Equation:
                                           Gμν = 8πTμν
On the left side of the equation is a tensor describing the geometry of space time — the gravitational field. On the right is the tensor describing the matter and energy density — the source of the gravitational field.
By this, we can conclude that there is huge potential energy stored on this Earth.  This potential energy had its influence on things done by us, research etc.

For that it is true that there is huge potential energy in our solar system also. But it is not created within short time.  Whatever energy being pumped by Sun, at present is just additional only.  Additional energy simply charges the existing energy and thus light. 

Even the curved space time is nothing but potential energy only.  There is huge potential energy on this Earth.  Sun energy entering our Earth’s space, is simply additional only and it charges existing energy and thus light.  On Moon, curved space time or Gravity is weak and in other words potential energy.  Additional energy is of the same, but potential energy is weak. 

Since energy density is high on Earth additional energy creates wonders.  In case, let us assume that there is no potential energy on Earth, if an atom bomb is exploded, additional energy generated thereby, moves out unabated, no lighting, waves.  Though additional energy, through atomic explosion is small, potential energy in the space time plays key role.

Even in the case of electric bulb, torch light, we are of the opinion that total energy is coming from the source.  But it is untrue.  Even before, switching on electric bulb, there is strong curvature against the space time of the bulb.  Small amount of energy, additional, released there from pushes the existing energy, in other words, charges it and thus light.  It is untrue to say that total energy is coming from source.

1) SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL ENERGY ON EARTH:
A) SUN:
Sun is one of the important sources of additional energy to Earth.  Sun energy is simply, not complete, and it is only additional only.  There is strong curvature against Earth’s space time, in other words energy density.  Sun energy entering our Earth’s space time, pushes existing energy, in other words charges it, resulting in light.

B) ATOMIC EXPLOSION:
Whatever appearing is deceptive.    Energy released due to atomic explosion is additional energy only.   As long as the atomic bomb is in original position, keeping so much energy how it is stable.   Total energy is coming out only after explosion.  If the space is empty, additional energy cannot do wonders.  Space time of the each and every atom is curved, in other words strong energy density.  When an atom is split and energy is released, it only pushes existing Potential energy.  Here speed of light, C2 has no role.  Yield of energy mainly depends on:
1)  Density of energy in the space time.
2)  Additional energy released there from.

B)  LIGHT:
If we switch on a torchlight, do total energy coming from the torch light.   What about the huge potential energy present in the space.   Energy coming or released from torch light is very, very small.  It pushes and charges existing energy, which is known as light.  Suppose if the space time is empty, additional energy moves out, no chance of charging and thus light.

Even in the case of electric bulb also, it is one of the important sources of additional energy.  Total energy is not coming from the bulb.  Here, the basic difference is, we are drawing electrons from the space time at one place and releasing them at another place, though balance is nil, it is also additional energy only.
C)   FIRE:
Fire is no more mysterious one.  It is also one of the important sources of additional energy.
 
WORKING OF SOLAR SYSTEM:
At present we are of the opinion that Gravity is keeping planets in order.  We have already discussed that space fabric is nothing but potential energy stored in the Solar System. 

How this potential energy is created and stored in the solar system.  Without this energy, space fabric is immaterial.  It is true that “Energy is neither created nor destroyed” it can only be modified into one form to other.  Each second energy generated by Sun is just additional only.  In fact Sun has no capacity to create this space fabric. 
The atmosphere of the Sun consists of 3 layers the photosphere, the chromosphere and the corona. Energy produced from Sun is transferred from the core through the successive layers.  I propose that these layers extend up to the end of Solar system and energy transfers from one layer to the other and each subsequent layer is weakest when compared to previous one.

Planets exist within these layers and no planet crosses or moves to other layer. 

Suppose if we place a satellite in the space.  Energy curves the space time around it and throws it into inertial position.  Energy within these layers are moving and it pushes it.   There is a flow of energy towards Earth and it drags the satellite towards Earth.  However energy flowing in the layer pushes it and it start going round the Earth continuously.   


Yours
Psreddy
.

19

New Theories / Re: What exactly is gravity

« on: 15/12/2019 08:07:03 »

"According to Einstein, your weight on earth is due to the fact that your body is traveling through warped spacetime”

Einstein did not say that. Nothing travels through spacetime (which is more something Minkowski said). An object has a worldline through spacetime, and weight is an artifact of a worldline that does not follow a geodesic, resulting in a locally curved (accelerated) line.

"Matter tells space how to curve, and curved space tells matter how to move".
Ok, let us think "what exactly is the medium" that is being curved by the mass and that tells mass to move.

20

New Theories / Re: What exactly is gravity

« on: 08/12/2019 16:46:08 »

If this is true, then:
"According to Einstein, your weight on earth is due to the fact that your body is traveling through warped spacetime”

Galileo Galilei wrote about the relative motion of objects familiar in his time:

"If you are in a closed room on a ship sailing at a constant speed and the ride is perfectly smooth, objects behave as they would on land. There’s no physical experiment you could conduct to tell whether you’re moving or stationary (assuming you’re not peeking out of a porthole). This is the core idea behind relativity, and is the same reason why we don’t feel our planet’s movement around the sun, or our solar system’s movement through the galaxy"
.
If our weight on Earth is due to the fact that our body is travelling through space time, then Galileo's "closed room" theory must be wrong.  In a closed room, you are not being exposed to space time directly.    But it is not happening so.

Here effects of acceleration and Gravity is different.

 
Yours
Psreddy