1

Just Chat! / Re: Where did the matter and energy come from in the universe.

« on: 20/10/2018 22:00:52 »

could two gamma rays be made to convert into a particle in way other than reversing time to the big bang.

Yes. A pair of gamma ray photons of the right energy can interact to form an electron-positron pair: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_creation

2

The Environment / Re: Which Animals Thrive in Low-to-No-Oxygen Environments?

« on: 07/10/2018 04:51:37 »

Some loriciferans can live their entire lives in anoxic conditions: https://www.nature.com/news/2010/100406/full/464825b.html

The crucian carp can survive anoxic conditions for at least 140 days: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucian_carp#Physiology

3

Chemistry / Re: Vacuum? Negative pressure? Boiling Points?!

« on: 02/10/2018 21:44:57 »

If you know how good of a vacuum the pump can pull, you can use a phase diagram to determine what the boiling point of water will be at that pressure: http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/water_phase_diagram.html

The lowest you can make the boiling point of water would be 0.01 degrees Celsius at a pressure of 0.006 atmospheres. Below that pressure, you can no longer have liquid water. Instead, ice sublimes directly into water vapor.

4

Chemistry / Re: Why NO₂- ion got the negative charge?

« on: 16/09/2018 17:38:47 »

In order to have the octet of each atom filled, an extra electron is required. Here is a website that shows the structure of the nitrite ion. Count the number of valence electrons that each atom contributes: https://chemfiesta.org/2015/09/18/resonance-structures/

5

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: What do explosions look like in space?

« on: 15/09/2018 22:51:59 »

Nuclear weapons tests have been performed in space. The explosion is indeed spherical.

6

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Are there different types of gravity?

« on: 07/09/2018 20:59:16 »

So far as we can tell, all gravity is the same. The equations that describe a ball falling towards the Earth are equally valid for the orbits of the planets. They are, in fact, the exact same thing. The planets actually are falling into the Sun, but they keep missing it:

7

Chemistry / Re: How to find the equivalent weight?

« on: 05/09/2018 05:39:48 »

So, which compounds take part in oxidation-reduction reactions?

Any compound can take part in an oxidation-reduction reaction as long as the result of the reaction is a change of the oxidation state of the atoms present. In order to know if an oxidation state has been changed, you need to be able to count how many electrons "belong" to particular atoms. If an atom gains electrons, then it has been reduced. If it loses electrons, it has been oxidized. For example, take the following reaction:

2Ca + O₂ → 2CaO

In this reaction, the two calcium atoms and the two oxygen atoms start out with an oxidation state of zero because they are neutral. After the reaction, the calcium atoms have lost electrons to the oxygen atoms, forming Ca²⁺ and O^2-. Since the calcium atoms lost electrons, they were oxidized. Since the oxygen atoms gained electrons, they were reduced.

and what's the name of this reaction?

It's an acid-base reaction. An acid is a substance that donates protons whereas a base is a substance that accepts protons. More specifically, that is the definition of a "Bronsted acid" or a "Bronsted base".

8

Chemistry / Re: If I break H2SO4, what should I get?

« on: 03/09/2018 03:39:26 »

If I break H2SO4, we get 2H⁺ and SO₄²⁻. Is it possible to write the same form in a different way such as 2H⁺ to H⁺⁺ and SO₄²⁻ to 2SO₄⁻? Do they mean the same thing?

I'm afraid not. The number in front of the chemical symbol is a statement of how many moles of the substance there are. In order to keep the equation balanced, the total number of moles of each atom much remain constant. Changing the charge is also not equivalent. H⁺ means that the hydrogen atom has a net charge of +1. Changing that to H⁺⁺ or H²⁺ would mean that you are increasing the net charge on the ion from +1 to +2, so that it is no longer the same kind of ion. In fact, hydrogen cannot have a charge greater than +1, since it is a bare nucleus and as such has no more electrons that it can lose.

9

Chemistry / Re: How to find n-factor for 'So₂' and 'So₃'?

« on: 30/08/2018 22:06:26 »

SO₂ and SO₃ can both react with water to form the acids H₂SO₃ and H₂SO₄. Perhaps this is what was meant by the question? Here is a link explaining the n-factor: https://www.askiitians.com/iit-jee-chemistry/physical-chemistry/stoichiometry-and-redox-reactions/n-factor-calculation.aspx

10

Chemistry / Re: How is sodium chloride - NaCl - and electrically neutral compound?

« on: 30/08/2018 00:43:25 »

The overall piece of sodium chloride is neutral, but each sodium and chlorine atom within it is charged. It's just that the number of positive charges is equal to the number of negative charges.

11

New Theories / Re: On what theory was the Chinese calendar of the tides of 1100 formed

« on: 28/08/2018 14:36:26 »

In Wikipedia, the formula for the force of gravity in all languages is one, and the formula for the height of the tides, in all languages, is different.
What do you say to this.
https://ru.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Прилив_и_отлив

Because, as has been pointed out before, the tides are affected by many different things. Gravitational forces are only one part of it.

12

Chemistry / Re: Is there any difference between 'formal charge' and 'net charge'?

« on: 28/08/2018 05:58:03 »

Kindly could you provide with a diagram of CO showing formal charge and Net charge, please?

What would a diagram show that I haven't already told you?

13

New Theories / Re: The mechanism of orientation of artificial satellites of the Earth

« on: 18/08/2018 15:28:04 »

As Bored Chemist says, this is not a reactionless drive.

14

New Theories / Re: Who is the author of the theory of tidal barycenter?

« on: 16/08/2018 21:33:53 »

I agree to 90%

Then you're 10% wrong.

15

Physiology & Medicine / Re: Is sexual pleasure caused by evolutionary genetics?

« on: 27/07/2018 17:43:48 »

All of our functions are the result of evolution, so yes.

16

General Science / Re: Are the laws of physics unstable?

« on: 16/07/2018 20:49:15 »

I've heard of these kinds of things before. The world is full of reports of the strange. Although I wouldn't rule out the possibility of anomalous events happening, we would need some kind of solid evidence that these events do indeed occur before the scientific community as a whole would accept it. The problem in this case is that we only have the word of a few witnesses to go by and we don't know the character of these witnesses. People can and do produce hoaxes, unfortunately. I'm not saying that they are necessarily lying, just that you should always take extreme claims with a grain of salt until good supporting evidence comes along.

17

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Can you explain how to heat and cool using magnetic fields?

« on: 14/07/2018 00:51:41 »

So why bother?

There are definitely some advantages, such as safety and convenience. For applications like inductive cooking, it's significantly safer than hooking wires up to a metal pan and then trying to fry an egg with it. It's also easier to do if all you have to do is put the object you want heated into the field instead of trying to find somewhere to attach electrodes to it. I'm guessing that the heating is also more evenly distributed throughout the material via magnetic induction.

18

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Can you explain how to heat and cool using magnetic fields?

« on: 13/07/2018 23:30:52 »

I had not heard about using magnetic fields to cool things before, but heating objects up with them is pretty easy and commonplace (inductive cooking, for example). You can look into that here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_heating

Here is a video displaying magnetic induction heating a metal to white-hot temperatures, causing it to melt:

19

Chemistry / Re: How can we design materials?

« on: 13/07/2018 23:22:48 »

I did find this software that might be relevant to what you are asking for: http://www.materialsdesign.com/software

20

Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology / Re: Does a photon have true zero mass?

« on: 06/07/2018 23:42:35 »

I'm pretty sure that any method we know of to measure mass would indicate that photons do have mass. They are pulled by the gravitational field of the Sun, so Newton's third law dictates that they must also be pulling on the Sun as well. You can't weigh a photon on a scale normally, but I'm pretty sure that what we know of physics indicates that a hollow sphere made of perfectly-reflective material would become heavier when placed on a scale if you had a lot of high energy photons bouncing around inside of it.

The difference between a photon and a particle like an electron is that there is no minimum mass that a photon can have. It can have an arbitrarily low mass that is related to its energy. Electrons, on the other hand, have a finite mass (0.511 MeV) even when they are practically motionless.