1

That CAN'T be true! / Evariste Galois and Fermat's Last Theorem

« on: 05/08/2018 10:56:46 »

Fermat's Last Theorem , Unlocking the secret of an ancient mathematical problem. by Amir D. Aczel
probably one of the most evil work's of non-Fiction ever, along with Imvitation to the Mathematics of Fermat-Wiles by Yves Hellegouarch.
The point is that for any n,    xt^n+1^n=zt^n   can be fit arbitrarily closely for any x=z, as t apporaches infinity
In fact it will fit arbitrarily closely long before t actually gets to infinity.
The other disproof is that Evariste Galais died so young,  it could not be right under any circumstances , he did not win the love of a young lady and got no young lady pregnant,  which proves the theory, and so Galois theory must be fundamentally false.

there are always complex and/or real solutions to any cubic polynomial or order n polynomial according to the fundamental theorem of algebra and they can be solved numerically in faster time than it takes to solve the cubic or quartic equations that Viete, Cardano, Bombelli and Tartaglia discovered.
There is a book called,  the story of the Sqrt(-1)

e^(i*pi/2) = cos(pi/2)+i*sin(pi/2) = i
e^(-i*pi/2) = cos(pi/2) - i*sin(pi/2)=-i
e^(pi/2) = cos(i*pi/2)+i*sin(i*pi/2)=(e^(pi/2)+e^(-pi/2))/2+i*(e^(pi/2)-e^(-pi/2))/2/i = e^(pi/2)
e^(-pi/2) = cos(i*pi/2)-i*sin(i*pi/2)=(e^(pi/2)+e^(-pi/2))/2-i*(e^(pi/2)-e^(-pi/2))/2/i = e^(-pi/2)
e^(i*pi/2)*e^(i*pi/2)= i*i=-1=e(i*pi) consistent
e^(-i*pi/2)*e^(-i*pi/2))=(-i)*(-i)=-1=e^(-i*pi) consistent.

i*i=e^(i*pi/2)*e^(i*pi/2)=e^(i*pi)=-1
so i=-e^(i*pi/2)
i*i=e^(-i*pi/2)*e^(-i*pi/2)=e^(-i*pi)=-1
which disproves one of the Appendices in the story of the sqrt(-1).

2

New Theories / Black Snow

« on: 05/08/2018 01:28:13 »

It is possible to create black snow from a Fermionic condensate much like white snow is created from a Bose-Einstein Condensate.  According to Feynman,  if either of these two snows have a rainbow like effect on them when seen in the light, it means their is no oil residue on the black or white snow and it is really a form of water and they can tell if it is polluted or not by this rainbow like effect.  if there is a rainbow like effect on either snow,  then there is no pollution in the atmosphere and the white water from white snow is consumable.  Similarly if there is a rainbow on the black snow, then the black water is consumable.Rainbows mean that it is really a form of water and there is no pollution.
Black snow would occur in summer and be hot to the touch,  when it cools down it melts into black water and runs away.  it is not toxic at all and every African person loves black snow so much that it is purified by their love.
The presence of a rainbow in the atmosphere is a holy event and it is always due to water in the atmosphere.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermionic_condensate
The most beautiful thing on Earth would be a black snowflake.  Each one would be unique and have a different design from every other one forever.  It is a quantum effect.  Black Snowflakes have a completely different design from white snowflakes and they are made from an intricate design of interlocking circles just like the Olympic symbols. At last there will be a 22 and 23rd century and there won't be a long ice age as they once feared. and the Earth is safe for the time being.

It really is the only answer to Climate Change there ever was and it is the Creator of the Universe that did it.
The Dirac Delta Function should never actually exist.except in the case of extreme emergency!
Black Ice is a crystal and is almost invisible to the naked eye and is warm to the touch and when it melts it is black water and if they see black ice they will see a rainbow in it and that will mean it is not polluted.
It is important to say that we must completely disbelieve the periodic table,  only the first four elements must remain,
earth, air , fire and water.  The periodic table was the greatest mistake of all time.
It is very important to say that Hawking's paper on multiple universes is absolutely true and chondrally is a co-writer of the paper.and it was actually dictated to him by him.
It is very important to realize that Hawking was very concerned about contact with alien civilizations.   The black snow will completely cloak the earth and make it very dim,  but if they have spectroscopic equipment they will see a rainbow in it and they might realize that the Earth has metamorphosized.
It is absolutely important that we stop using Satellites at all and must completely destroy them.
We must maintain the internet and do it completely by cell phone on the surface of the earth and put transmitters in the middle of the Oceans if necessary.it is also absolutely necessary to maintain complete radio silence for the next 50 years.
Star Trek is VERY REAL it is actually a report from the 25th Century and most films are reports from the future, some from the past.
And they should make a STAR TREK episode out of it and see what effects it has on the future.
Everything from now on must be by cellphone, which is actually subspace as in the original star trek episodes.
It is crucial that we create the tricorder,  and my brother is very close to creating it.
It is also crucial that the earth remain biological and immortality is still possible physically. and chondrally has already attained it and it is very difficult to achieve.  I am only being kept alive because of God and the other Universe where Hawking has gone and where i sent him and we are in communication still through a portal 13.5 Billion years ago.
The other Universe knows exactly what we need and they have recommended we love the black holes too and don't fear them as either they are garbage disposal or the birth of other universes in some other dimension.
They will keep it to a minimum so that there are not too many of them as we can only sustain a few other universes and they have also our universes DNA which is all the physicists equations repeated in our babies.  Only a few of the black holes are actually alive,  most are just for garbage disposal.  They will terminate them if they get too big in our Universe.
The Borg is absolutely the biggest threat to the Universe.  If it continues the other Universe will say this Universe has cancer and the wrong DNA to survive and will terminate it absolutely, at which time i will physically die and join Hawking in the other Universe.  The Hawking Aurora Borealis was the final goodbye from Hawking, his soul did depart but he still loves his Baby.  And he says a special hello to Lucy and George.and don't forget to believe in God and Christ and that almost everybody was intended to live only 70 years just like the Bible says,  but will be reborn somewhere in the Universe.
They have actually helped me prepare a star chart for the future of where the best places to live in the Universe are and they are all close to Hydra.
Don't forget about the show Red Dwarf,  where the Cat evolves and lives 5 billion years.  Personally i think it is unethical and all the cats must be destroyed, their DNA is completely wrong, and only the green eyes will survive because of the Green movement they are actually pretty sacred.  My son has green eyes and so did my first wife and both were very fit to survive, very calm and never panicked.  Green eyes are holy.  Every else about cats is a complete waste,  they actually play with their food and are very cruel to it.  I understand they tenderize the meat with fear before they actually eat it and it is the worst torture at all.  They are completely selfish and don't communicate with anyone at all, they are actually very destructive and the source of all nightmares on Earth and they are the orgin of the vampires.  If we go back to Egypt and actually destroy all cats there it would be good.  I have one request their is only one cat they should save and that is the black cat that belonged to the queen of Sheba and licked her ***** as a slave.  I actually escaped, died in the wild and was reborn again as a pig.  It was a very long journey and now i am saved by God Almighty as a protector of the Earth.  I have actually been born everywhere at one time or another.  I was actually Barnabas on the cross and he instructed me to lie publicly and betray him so i would be saved and noone would believe me.  I stayed loyal and died in poverty forgotten and pissed upon by everyone.  The suffering was so great and my spirit had not left me.  On my death he rewarded me again with another life.  My will to live was very strong and i guess he liked it.  Finally i won't lie about it, he saved my immortal soul and protected me from vampires.  Immortality can be granted absolutely if you make contact with the other Universe and find out what they are trying to do.  They are trying to give birth to more universes.  A good start is the book,  the 3.5 pound universe.  Each brain is actually a universe unto itself.

3

New Theories / General Solution to nth order linear differential equation w/ x(t)=Asin(wt+phi)

« on: 03/05/2018 16:24:08 »

let ay''(t)+by'(t)+cy(t) = x(t)
t
If x(t) = Asin(wt+phi)
then y(t) = Bsin(wt+theta)


y'(t) = Bwcos(wt+theta)
y''(t)=-Bw^2*sin(wt+theta)


then the true solution is:

tan(theta)=(tan(phi)*(-aw^2+c)-bw)/(-aw^2+c+bw*tan(phi))
B=(A*sin(phi))/(sin(theta)*(-aw^2+c)+bw*cos(theta))

so y(t)=B*sin(wt+theta)

here is the derivation:
w will not change from these equations as it is a linear time invariant system.....
so we can assume y(t)=B*sin(wt+theta) where only the magnitude and phase change under the transformation.
if the equations are not linear time invariant, ie nonlinear,  even the frequency can change nonlinearly or not be preserved at all.

y'(t)=Bw*cos(wt+theta)
y''(t)=-Bw^2*sin(wt+theta)

therefore we can write:
a*(-Bw^2*sin(wt+theta))+b*Bw*cos(wt+theta)+c*B*sin(wt+theta) = A*sin(wt+phi)

since cos(x+y)=cos(x)cos(y)-sin(x)sin(y) and sin(x+y)=sin(x)cos(y)+cos(x)sin(y) we can expand the terms and get

-aBw^2*(sin(wt)*cos(theta)+cos(wt)+sin(theta))+b*Bw*(cos(wt)*cos(theta)-sin(wt)*sin(theta))+cB*(sin(wt)*cos(theta)+cos(wt)*sin(theta)) = A*(sin(wt)*cos(phi)+cos(wt)*sin(phi))

we can now separate this into two equations,  one in sin(wt) and one in cos(wt) and eliminate sin(wt) and cos(wt) as they are orthogonal.
-aBw^2*cos(theta)-bBw*sin(theta)+cB*cos(theta)=A*cos(phi)                   (1)
and
-aBw^2*sin(theta)+bBw*cos(theta)+cB*sin(theta)=A*sin(phi)                    (2)

divide equation (2) by equation (1) so that cos(phi) is the divisor of sin(phi to give us tan(phi) and eliminate B and A

tan(phi)=(-aw^2*sin(theta)+bw*cos(theta)+c*sin(theta))/(-aw^2*cos(theta)-bw*sin(theta)+c*cos(theta))    (3)

now divide the numerator and denominaotr by cos(theta) to either eliminate cos(theta) or create tan(theta) and this will not affect the tan(phi)

tan(phi)=(-aw^2*tan(theta)+bw+c*tan(theta))/(-aw^2-bw*tan(theta)+c)       (4)

multiply the denominator by both sides and separate out tan(theta) and remove it to one side of the equation to give

tan(theta)=(tan(phi)*(-aw^2+c)-bw)/(-aw^2+c+bw*tan(phi))                      (5)

now we can solve for theta from a, b,c,w and phi , the givens.
now substitute all these into equation (2) and solve for B to give:

B=(A*sin(phi))/(sin(theta)*(-aw^2+c)+bw*cos(theta))                                   (6)

and voila, we now have B and theta for any w,a,b,c and phi and A.
similarly from equation (1) we can also say:
B=(A*cos(phi))/(cos(theta)*(-aw^2+c)-bw*sin(theta))                                  (7)

This does not apply to polynomials, and it is not Fourier or Laplace.  Neither Fourier or Laplace can
give you theta, but they will give you B.  In fact because both x(t) and y(t) are completely real, there is no complex phase.
if it is third order, 
tan(theta)=(tan(phi)*(-bw^2+d)-(aw^3+cw))/(-tan(phi)*(aw^3+cw)+(-bw^2+d))
if it is fourth order
tan(theta)=(tan(phi)*(aw^4-cw^2+e)+(bw^3-dw))/(-tan(phi)*(aw^4-cw^2+e)+(-bw^3-dw))
if a(n)y(n)(t)+a(n-1)y(n-1)(t) +...+a0y(t)=x(t)
and x(t) = Asin(wt+phi)
then y(t) = Bsin(wt+theta)
and there is a general formula for tan(theta) and B depending on n,  the nth order linear differential equation.
It is too difficult to express here as the notation is not available...but i will try to express it here
a(n)*y(n)(t)+a(n-1)*y(n-1)(t) +..... + a1y'(t)+a0y(t) = x(t) where x(t) = Asin(wt+phi) and y(t)=B*sin(wt+theta)
then
tan(theta) = ( tan(phi)*(sum  k from 0 to n by 2: ak*(jw)^k) - (sum k from 1 to n by 2: ak*w^k*j^(k+1)) )/
                    (sum  k from 0 to n by 2: ak*(jw)^k) +tan(phi)*(sum k from 1 to n by 2: ak*w^k*j^(k+1)) )

B=A*cos(phi)/[ cos(theta)*(sum  k from 0 to n by 2: ak*(jw)^k)+sin(theta)*(sum k from 1 to n by 2: ak*w^k*j^(k+1))]





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Home Forums Archive Member Blogs General Solution to nth order linear differential equation w/ x(t)=Asin(wt+phi)
General Solution to nth order linear differential equation w/ x(t)=Asin(wt+phi)
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May 06, 2018 #1
Richard Belshaw
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Joined: 2007-02-27
General Solution to nth order linear differential equation w/ x(t)=Asin(wt+phi)
et ay''(t)+by'(t)+cy(t) = x(t)

If x(t) = Asin(wt+phi)
then y(t) = Bsin(wt+theta)

y'(t) = Bwcos(wt+theta)
y''(t)=-Bw^2*sin(wt+theta)

then the true solution is:

tan(theta)=(tan(phi)*(-aw^2+c)-bw)/(-aw^2+c+bw*tan(phi))
B=(A*sin(phi))/(sin(theta)*(-aw^2+c)+bw*cos(theta))

so y(t)=B*sin(wt+theta)

here is the derivation:
w will not change from these equations as it is a linear time
invariant system.....
so we can assume y(t)=B*sin(wt+theta) where only the magnitude and
phase change under the transformation.
if the equations are not linear time invariant, ie nonlinear, even
the frequency can change nonlinearly or not be preserved at all.

y'(t)=Bw*cos(wt+theta)
y''(t)=-Bw^2*sin(wt+theta)

therefore we can write:
a*(-Bw^2*sin(wt+theta))+b*Bw*cos(wt+theta)+c*B*sin(wt+theta) = A*sin(wt+phi)

since cos(x+y)=cos(x)cos(y)-sin(x)sin(y) and
sin(x+y)=sin(x)cos(y)+cos(x)sin(y) we can expand the terms and get

-aBw^2*(sin(wt)*cos(theta)+cos(wt)+sin(theta))+b*Bw*(cos(wt)*cos(theta)-sin(wt)*sin(theta))+cB*(sin(wt)*cos(theta)+cos(wt)*sin(theta))
= A*(sin(wt)*cos(phi)+cos(wt)*sin(phi))

we can now separate this into two equations, one in sin(wt) and one
in cos(wt) and eliminate sin(wt) and cos(wt) as they are orthogonal.
-aBw^2*cos(theta)-bBw*sin(theta)+cB*cos(theta)=A*cos(phi) (1)
and
-aBw^2*sin(theta)+bBw*cos(theta)+cB*sin(theta)=A*sin(phi) (2)

divide equation (2) by equation (1) so that cos(phi) is the divisor of
sin(phi to give us tan(phi) and eliminate B and A

tan(phi)=(-aw^2*sin(theta)+bw*cos(theta)+c*sin(theta))/(-aw^2*cos(theta)-bw*sin(theta)+c*cos(theta))
(3)

now divide the numerator and denominaotr by cos(theta) to either
eliminate cos(theta) or create tan(theta) and this will not affect the
tan(phi)

tan(phi)=(-aw^2*tan(theta)+bw+c*tan(theta))/(-aw^2-bw*tan(theta)+c) (4)

multiply the denominator by both sides and separate out tan(theta) and
remove it to one side of the equation to give

tan(theta)=(tan(phi)*(-aw^2+c)-bw)/(-aw^2+c+bw*tan(phi))
(5)

now we can solve for theta from a, b,c,w and phi , the givens.
now substitute all these into equation (2) and solve for B to give:

B=(A*sin(phi))/(sin(theta)*(-aw^2+c)+bw*cos(theta))
(6)

and voila, we now have B and theta for any w,a,b,c and phi and A.
similarly from equation (1) we can also say:
B=(A*cos(phi))/(cos(theta)*(-aw^2+c)-bw*sin(theta))
(7)

This does not apply to polynomials, and it is not Fourier or Laplace.
Neither Fourier or Laplace can
give you theta, but they will give you B. In fact because both x(t)
and y(t) are completely real, there is no complex phase.
if it is third order,
tan(theta)=(tan(phi)*(-bw^2+d)-(aw^3+cw))/(-tan(phi)*(aw^3+cw)+(-bw^2+d))
if it is fourth order
tan(theta)=(tan(phi)*(aw^4-cw^2+e)+(bw^3-dw))/(-tan(phi)*(aw^4-cw^2+e)+(-bw^3-dw))
if a(n)y(n)(t)+a(n-1)y(n-1)(t) +...+a0y(t)=x(t)
and x(t) = Asin(wt+phi)
then y(t) = Bsin(wt+theta)
and there is a general formula for tan(theta) and B depending on n,
the nth order linear differential equation.
It is too difficult to express here as the notation is not
available...but i will try to express it here
a(n)*y(n)(t)+a(n-1)*y(n-1)(t) +..... + a1y'(t)+a0y(t) = x(t) where
x(t) = Asin(wt+phi) and y(t)=B*sin(wt+theta)
then
tan(theta) = ( tan(phi)*(sum k from 0 to n by 2: ak*(jw)^k) - (sum k
from 1 to n by 2: ak*w^k*j^(k+1)) )/
(sum k from 0 to n by 2: ak*(jw)^k)
+tan(phi)*(sum k from 1 to n by 2: ak*w^k*j^(k+1)) )

B=A*cos(phi)/[ cos(theta)*(sum k from 0 to n by 2:
ak*(jw)^k)+sin(theta)*(sum k from 1 to n by 2: ak*w^k*j^(k+1))]

where j=sqrt(-1).
This has broad applications in digital and continuous FIR and IIR
optimal phase filter design

Fluid Companionship –
A reminder about the
limits of Mathematics:
Fluid Companionship – Poem – A Reminder about the limits of Mathematics
Each drop’s splash seen from the window up on high as the edge of the
wind wafts past in wave fronts of rain.
Like wind in the long grass, flowing, alternating shades of green.
Like quicksand collapsing to consume itself, or so it seems.
Like water coursing, etching patterns never to be seen.
Like a plume from an undersea geyser-vent, hidden from view.
Like drifting tendrils of snow on a field, poetry in motion.
Like a lava avalanche from a volcano, beautiful and deadly, scorching.
Like dust devil’s, coalescing, dancing, darting, dispersing.
Like a puff of smoke into a beam of light.
Like a violet, orange, red and pink Sunrise, full of motion and promise!
Like a Commando’s mind when he takes the life of a supposed enemy.
Like a sailor, out on the water, jibing and tacking.
Like a hangglider, floating high on thermals.
Like a Scuba Diver down at 105 feet, getting only a glimpse.
Like a Skier’s mind, racing down the moguls.
Like a Kayaker’s mind going down a series of whitewater rapids.
Like a Fireman entering a burning building, pulling a little girl to safety.
Like a warm shower on a cold winter’s day, full of billoughy steam.
Like a cat purring on your lap in the evening.
Like retro rockets on a space capsule!
Like fire, shifting, shining, reaching for the sky.
The High and the Low colliding, a lightning storm created.
From the window, warm and protected:
Like Dreams…Like no Mathematics can fully describe!


where j=sqrt(-1).
This has broad applications in digital and continuous FIR and IIR optimal phase filter design

4

Technology / Sonoluminescence and Sonochemistry: Hope for a new Energy Source!

« on: 18/12/2017 09:13:41 »

Sonoluminescence and Sonochemistry can be the origin of q new energy source.
It allows to finally understand the phenomenon of lightning and shows how we could generate a sonic lightning machine
that generates energy all the time. It is ultimately based in Resonance, and a little energy in can unleash a torrent
of energy based on fundamental physical principles.
here are a few references for those who want to get serious about it:

1) Understanding Sonoluminescence by Thomas Brennan
https://www.amazon.ca/Understanding-Sonoluminescence-Thomas-Brennan/dp/1...

Sonoluminescence is the transformation of sound into light. To most who know how to do sonoluminescence, it's just a little glowing bubble levitating in a flask of water. But it holds some surprises that have been overlooked. This book looks to reform our scientific understanding of sonoluminescence and explore the practical applications as an energy source.
A wonderful overview, synopsis and introduction.

2) Sonoluminescence by F. Ronald Young, very comprehensive...by CRC Press, also the same publisher as the handbook of Physics and Chemistry....

https://www.amazon.ca/Sonoluminescence-F-Ronald-Young/dp/0849324394/ref=...

While it is still a mystery of how a low-energy-density sound wave can concentrate enough energy in a small enough volume to cause the emission of light, research in acoustic cavitation and sonoluminescence has lead to plausible theories in which the source of light can be experimentally sustained. It has also lead to promising applications, such as ultrasound cleaning and the directed delivery of drugs through the cell walls.

Sonoluminescence is a comprehensive account of the subject from its discovery in 1934 to the present day, including experimental aspects and theoretical origins. The author explains how adiabatic heating achieved when the bubble collapses determines the intensity, length, and spectral properties of the light pulse. He also describes the many experiments carried out to further explain single-bubble sonoluminescence, such as measuring the length of time light is emitted, the size and stability of bubbles when light is emitted, and the effects of adding noble gases to increase light intensity.

The final chapters of Sonoluminescence give suggestions for future work and applications in fluid physics, acoustics, pipelines, ultrasonics, sonochemistry, and medicine. Through his extensive studies of acoustic cavitation, the author discusses the multiple theories that have been put forward to explain sonoluminescence, condensing selected research from over 40 years of experience into one volume to explain how light can be produced from sound.
A great historical work and summary... however it doesn't focus on the possibility of sonoluminescence as an energy source.

3) Sonochemistry and Sonoluminescence: Edited by Lawrence A. Crum, Timothy J. Mason, Jacques L. Reisse and Kenneth S. Suslick: NATO ASI Series
A collection of papers that contain crucial information for making sonoluminesce a reality.
Not a good overall summary but intended for the adept researcher.

Sonochemistry is studied primarily by chemists and sonoluminescence mainly by physicists, but a single physical phenomenon - acoustic cavitation - unites the two areas. The physics of cavitation bubble collapse, is relatively well understood by acoustical physicists but remains practically unknown to the chemists. By contrast, the chemistry that gives rise to electromagnetic emissions and the acceleration of chemical reactions is familiar to chemists, but practically unknown to acoustical physicists. It is just this knowledge gap that the present volume addresses.
The first section of the book addresses the fundamentals of cavitation, leading to a more extensive discussion of the fundamentals of cavitation bubble dynamics in section two. A section on single bubble sonoluminescence follows. The two following sections address the new scientific discipline of sonochemistry, and the volume concludes with a section giving detailed descriptions of the applications of sonochemistry.
The mixture of tutorial lectures and detailed research articles means that the book can serve as an introduction as well as a comprehensive and detailed review of these two interesting and topical subjects.

5

The Environment / What are CO2 levels in future, based on a do-nothing approach to CO2 emissions?

« on: 28/11/2017 23:07:56 »

CO2levelsintofuture.png (24.26 kB . 1117x720 - viewed 2231 times)
Looking at this graph which was constructed from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) data from 1980 to 2016 for the CO2 levels in parts per million per month mean, extrapolated with Bayesian Markov Monte Carlo Path Integration,  we can see that around 2036, 18 years and 1 month from now, the concentration will pass 493 ppm CO2 which is the critical point for the saturation and breakage of the magnesium carbonate buffer.  The Calcium Carbonate buffer will saturate during the year 2100 at 878 ppm CO2.  When the magnesium carbonate buffer breaks, it will oscillate first up in pH by one unit then down by 2 pH units to end up more acidic over a 2 year period.  I solved these equations by using diffusion equations in the top 1000 feet of the worlds oceans , 71 percent of the planets surface and the full chemistry pH formula for all the ions in solution in typical seawater. 
If the phytoplankton and algae cannot survive the pH and temperature changes, it means half the worlds oxygen supply and the base of the food chain in the ocean.  Scientists are working at breakneck speed to genetically engineer phytoplankton that can survive the pH and temperature changes.   
I saw a National Film Board of Canada film back in 1988 at the Univeristy of Sherbrooke in Quebec put out by the department of Fisheries.  They were breeding fish with water bladders.  Essentially a sack on the underside of the fish that contains fresh water.  if they also had tougher skins, they might survive the pH and temperature changes too.
The calcium carbonate buffer saturating is the end of the line for the Oceans on Earth.  We must stop the fossil fuels before then and all CO2 emissions.
Can we build a hybrid solar/Syngas engine that emits no CO2 and is oxygen neutral?
https://www.thenakedscientists.com/forum/index.php?topic=71579.msg525054#msg525054

6

New Theories / Could advanced alien technology change the laws of Physics and Chemistry?

« on: 17/11/2017 13:35:50 »

Perhaps an Alien could change the laws of physics and chemistry!

Arthur C. Clarke said 'A sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from Magic' If an advanced Alien civilization could control the laws of physics and chemistry in a region of spacetime with an expenditure of a modest amount of energy due to fundamental particle physics, then the Ka constant for the equilibrium of the Magnesium Carbonate buffer and Calcium Carbonate buffer in the Ocean can be changed, for the entire planet. That would mean that the pH or acidity level would not catastrophically change around 2040 or around 2100 for the magnesium carbonate buffer and the calcium carbonate buffer at 493ppm CO2 and 878ppmCO2 respectively. Some scientist on Earth could possibly arrange for that to happen, it would be a set of advanced equations that changed the state of matter and energy in the the Oceans and in our blood, if it was not dangerous for our physical bodies , or the risk was worth it. The magnesium carbonate buffer and calcium carbonate buffer exist in our bodies as well, and if the spell was cast for the entire planet, it would affect Ka of numerous chemical reactions, a thorough analysis of all the changes would have to be catalogued to make sure all the changes were safe enough. Sometimes, we do have to change the law to advance. Normally this type of change is kept secret, but the Wizards of Physics and Chemistry wanted to let people know there is still some hope and Compassion. This might really be possible. It depends on the Consciousness of the planet and the new borns, do they want to live a full healthy life. Their consciousness can provide enough impetus and will to make sure the change occurs for the planet as a whole. The transition and where the energy comes from to do this have to be done carefully and over a period of time so the change is not a drastic shock for very many people. Arnold Schwarzeneggar gave us the clue, body sculpting and building is possible.

7

Geology, Palaeontology & Archaeology / What is the average number of earthquakes in New Zealand and Indonesia?

« on: 12/10/2017 13:13:48 »

Average number of Earthquakes for Various Countries for 10,20 and 30 years and time till at least one quake of each magnitude.

Average number of Earthquakes for Various Countries for 10,20 and 30 years and time till at least one quake of each magnitude.
Thailand-Indonesia-Malaysia
magnitude cutoff = 5. , years = 0.00988941 , Probability= 0.000061988 per quake or 0.0000171615 per day, count = 1. , sd = 0.908627 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.111111 , Number of days in period = 3.61203
magnitude cutoff = 5. , years = 10. , Probability= 0.0000227295 per quake or 3.27374*10-6 per day, count = 473.454 , sd = 33.6126 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 473.454 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 5. , years = 20. , Probability= 0.0000211762 per quake or 3.12901*10-6 per day, count = 971.434 , sd = 79.2002 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 971.434 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 5. , years = 30. , Probability= 0.0000205899 per quake or 3.12816*10-6 per day, count = 1498.23 , sd = 136.699 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1498.23 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 5.5 , years = 0.00988941 , Probability= 0.000061988 per quake or 0.0000171615 per day, count = 1. , sd = 0.908627 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.111111 , Number of days in period = 3.61203
magnitude cutoff = 5.5 , years = 10. , Probability= 0.0000227295 per quake or 3.27374*10-6 per day, count = 473.454 , sd = 33.6126 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 473.454 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 5.5 , years = 20. , Probability= 0.0000211762 per quake or 3.12901*10-6 per day, count = 971.434 , sd = 79.2002 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 971.434 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 5.5 , years = 30. , Probability= 0.0000205899 per quake or 3.12816*10-6 per day, count = 1498.23 , sd = 136.699 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1498.23 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 6. , years = 0.0111839 , Probability= 0.0000233949 per quake or 6.42026*10-6 per day, count = 1.021 , sd = 0.928275 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.124556 , Number of days in period = 4.08484
magnitude cutoff = 6. , years = 10. , Probability= 0.0000212347 per quake or 3.05845*10-6 per day, count = 471.969 , sd = 33.5812 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 473.454 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 6. , years = 20. , Probability= 0.0000198698 per quake or 2.93598*10-6 per day, count = 968.78 , sd = 79.0241 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 971.434 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 6. , years = 30. , Probability= 0.0000193673 per quake or 2.94241*10-6 per day, count = 1494.42 , sd = 136.366 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1498.23 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 6.5 , years = 0.0152022 , Probability= 5.12*10-6 per quake or 1.3306*10-6 per day, count = 1.049 , sd = 0.955336 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.160333 , Number of days in period = 5.55249
magnitude cutoff = 6.5 , years = 10. , Probability= 6.13951*10-6 per quake or 8.84277*10-7 per day, count = 354.918 , sd = 40.4077 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 473.454 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 6.5 , years = 20. , Probability= 6.18816*10-6 per quake or 9.14368*10-7 per day, count = 748.039 , sd = 73.593 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 971.434 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 6.5 , years = 30. , Probability= 6.22787*10-6 per quake or 9.46178*10-7 per day, count = 1164.77 , sd = 116.287 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1498.23 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 7. , years = 0.0219463 , Probability= 2.97151*10-6 per quake or 7.18806*10-7 per day, count = 1.0675 , sd = 0.975195 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.215444 , Number of days in period = 8.01572
magnitude cutoff = 7. , years = 10. , Probability= 2.84954*10-6 per quake or 4.1042*10-7 per day, count = 227.529 , sd = 40.5784 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 473.454 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 7. , years = 20. , Probability= 2.98631*10-6 per quake or 4.4126*10-7 per day, count = 492.748 , sd = 61.6301 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 971.434 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 7. , years = 30. , Probability= 3.02745*10-6 per quake or 4.5995*10-7 per day, count = 770.565 , sd = 89.0926 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1498.23 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 7.5 , years = 0.0357918 , Probability= 1.52238*10-6 per quake or 3.33004*10-7 per day, count = 1.066 , sd = 0.979906 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.317722 , Number of days in period = 13.0727
magnitude cutoff = 7.5 , years = 10. , Probability= 1.10791*10-6 per quake or 1.59572*10-7 per day, count = 125.054 , sd = 27.9278 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 473.454 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 7.5 , years = 20. , Probability= 1.18624*10-6 per quake or 1.7528*10-7 per day, count = 274.532 , sd = 40.0622 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 971.434 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 7.5 , years = 30. , Probability= 1.20316*10-6 per quake or 1.82792*10-7 per day, count = 429.348 , sd = 55.5579 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1498.23 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 8. , years = 0.0791972 , Probability= 6.9684*10-7 per quake or 1.27679*10-7 per day, count = 0.971 , sd = 0.90639 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.588889 , Number of days in period = 28.9262
magnitude cutoff = 8. , years = 10. , Probability= 4.02992*10-7 per quake or 5.80432*10-8 per day, count = 49.4879 , sd = 12.2085 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 473.454 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 8. , years = 20. , Probability= 4.27791*10-7 per quake or 6.32108*10-8 per day, count = 107.731 , sd = 17.2996 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 971.434 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 8. , years = 30. , Probability= 4.32655*10-7 per quake or 6.57317*10-8 per day, count = 168.013 , sd = 23.5721 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1498.23 , Number of days in period = 10957.3

Country = New Zealand
magnitude cutoff = 4.5,  years = 0.00224841,  Probability= 1.87303*10^-6 per quake or 3.9036*10^-6 per day,  count = 1.007,  sd = 0.920322 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.190167 , Number of days in period = 0.821215
magnitude cutoff = 4.5,  years = 10.,  Probability= 1.74463*10^-6 per quake or 9.1853*10^-7 per day,  count = 869.837,  sd = 154.479 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1730.67 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 4.5,  years = 20.,  Probability= 1.78109*10^-6 per quake or 9.16179*10^-7 per day,  count = 1731.57,  sd = 208.352 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 3381.79 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 4.5,  years = 30.,  Probability= 1.79155*10^-6 per quake or 9.13441*10^-7 per day,  count = 2589.,  sd = 253.778 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 5028. , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 5.,  years = 0.00281429,  Probability= 1.42036*10^-6 per quake or 2.74358*10^-6 per day,  count = 0.997,  sd = 0.913118 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.220611 , Number of days in period = 1.0279
magnitude cutoff = 5.,  years = 10.,  Probability= 1.15289*10^-6 per quake or 6.06983*10^-7 per day,  count = 661.839,  sd = 127.554 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1730.67 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 5.,  years = 20.,  Probability= 1.17333*10^-6 per quake or 6.03549*10^-7 per day,  count = 1314.08,  sd = 172.27 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 3381.79 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 5.,  years = 30.,  Probability= 1.18037*10^-6 per quake or 6.01822*10^-7 per day,  count = 1964.81,  sd = 209.898 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 5028. , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 5.5,  years = 0.00390518,  Probability= 1.03758*10^-6 per quake or 1.80552*10^-6 per day,  count = 0.9905,  sd = 0.911088 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.275778 , Number of days in period = 1.42634
magnitude cutoff = 5.5,  years = 10.,  Probability= 7.46026*10^-7 per quake or 3.92775*10^-7 per day,  count = 475.514,  sd = 97.8379 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1730.67 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 5.5,  years = 20.,  Probability= 7.55808*10^-7 per quake or 3.88781*10^-7 per day,  count = 940.443,  sd = 132.337 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 3381.79 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 5.5,  years = 30.,  Probability= 7.59728*10^-7 per quake or 3.87355*10^-7 per day,  count = 1405.08,  sd = 160.174 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 5028. , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 6.,  years = 0.0057132,  Probability= 7.19455*10^-7 per quake or 1.13433*10^-6 per day,  count = 0.954,  sd = 0.882951 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.365556 , Number of days in period = 2.0867
magnitude cutoff = 6.,  years = 10.,  Probability= 4.63689*10^-7 per quake or 2.44127*10^-7 per day,  count = 313.149,  sd = 67.6844 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1730.67 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 6.,  years = 20.,  Probability= 4.67215*10^-7 per quake or 2.40331*10^-7 per day,  count = 616.198,  sd = 91.4888 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 3381.79 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 6.,  years = 30.,  Probability= 4.68759*10^-7 per quake or 2.39001*10^-7 per day,  count = 919.024,  sd = 110.141 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 5028. , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 6.5,  years = 0.00938808,  Probability= 4.83925*10^-7 per quake or 6.78978*10^-7 per day,  count = 0.9615,  sd = 0.897889 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.534556 , Number of days in period = 3.42892
magnitude cutoff = 6.5,  years = 10.,  Probability= 2.50439*10^-7 per quake or 1.31854*10^-7 per day,  count = 176.737,  sd = 39.7637 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1730.67 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 6.5,  years = 20.,  Probability= 2.50523*10^-7 per quake or 1.28867*10^-7 per day,  count = 345.453,  sd = 53.5879 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 3381.79 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 6.5,  years = 30.,  Probability= 2.50806*10^-7 per quake or 1.27876*10^-7 per day,  count = 514.189,  sd = 64.2532 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 5028. , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 7.,  years = 0.024145,  Probability= 2.16722*10^-7 per quake or 2.54451*10^-7 per day,  count = 0.97,  sd = 0.925591 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1.15044 , Number of days in period = 8.81876
magnitude cutoff = 7.,  years = 10.,  Probability= 9.50338*10^-8 per quake or 5.00343*10^-8 per day,  count = 71.1268,  sd = 16.4972 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1730.67 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 7.,  years = 20.,  Probability= 9.4348*10^-8 per quake or 4.85318*10^-8 per day,  count = 137.978,  sd = 22.2377 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 3381.79 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 7.,  years = 30.,  Probability= 9.42346*10^-8 per quake or 4.80464*10^-8 per day,  count = 204.896,  sd = 26.5544 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 5028. , Number of days in period = 10957.3
China
magnitude cutoff = 5. , years = 0.00620698 , Probability= 3.45374*10-6 per quake or 2.41162*10-6 per day, count = 1.058 , sd = 0.962587 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.175889 , Number of days in period = 2.26705
magnitude cutoff = 5. , years = 10. , Probability= 3.85093*10-6 per quake or 1.13112*10-6 per day, count = 623.55 , sd = 84.4238 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 965.534 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 5. , years = 20. , Probability= 3.93043*10-6 per quake or 1.14093*10-6 per day, count = 1261.36 , sd = 116.221 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1908.41 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 5. , years = 30. , Probability= 3.93954*10-6 per quake or 1.13958*10-6 per day, count = 1890.04 , sd = 147.936 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2852.63 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 5.5 , years = 0.0075957 , Probability= 2.32731*10-6 per quake or 1.59012*10-6 per day, count = 1.068 , sd = 0.973685 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.210611 , Number of days in period = 2.77427
magnitude cutoff = 5.5 , years = 10. , Probability= 2.23056*10-6 per quake or 6.55175*10-7 per day, count = 477.334 , sd = 76.8469 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 965.534 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 5.5 , years = 20. , Probability= 2.29255*10-6 per quake or 6.65486*10-7 per day, count = 968.914 , sd = 104.814 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1908.41 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 5.5 , years = 30. , Probability= 2.30044*10-6 per quake or 6.65442*10-7 per day, count = 1452.35 , sd = 131.411 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2852.63 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 6. , years = 0.00973617 , Probability= 1.50657*10-6 per quake or 1.00218*10-6 per day, count = 1.0415 , sd = 0.952584 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.262833 , Number of days in period = 3.55606
magnitude cutoff = 6. , years = 10. , Probability= 1.28136*10-6 per quake or 3.7637*10-7 per day, count = 344.943 , sd = 62.6778 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 965.534 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 6. , years = 20. , Probability= 1.31612*10-6 per quake or 3.82046*10-7 per day, count = 699.69 , sd = 85.0168 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1908.41 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 6. , years = 30. , Probability= 1.31929*10-6 per quake or 3.81628*10-7 per day, count = 1048. , sd = 105.006 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2852.63 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 6.5 , years = 0.0134215 , Probability= 9.79092*10-7 per quake or 6.24155*10-7 per day, count = 1.0045 , sd = 0.923947 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.347222 , Number of days in period = 4.90208
magnitude cutoff = 6.5 , years = 10. , Probability= 7.28521*10-7 per quake or 2.13986*10-7 per day, count = 227.886 , sd = 45.007 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 965.534 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 6.5 , years = 20. , Probability= 7.45556*10-7 per quake or 2.16421*10-7 per day, count = 460.939 , sd = 61.0377 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1908.41 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 6.5 , years = 30. , Probability= 7.46138*10-7 per quake or 2.15834*10-7 per day, count = 689.511 , sd = 74.7408 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2852.63 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 7. , years = 0.0203874 , Probability= 6.54298*10-7 per quake or 3.89389*10-7 per day, count = 0.964 , sd = 0.89339 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.492389 , Number of days in period = 7.44633
magnitude cutoff = 7. , years = 10. , Probability= 4.08642*10-7 per quake or 1.20029*10-7 per day, count = 129.37 , sd = 27.0838 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 965.534 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 7. , years = 20. , Probability= 4.16008*10-7 per quake or 1.20759*10-7 per day, count = 260.304 , sd = 36.8695 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1908.41 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 7. , years = 30. , Probability= 4.156*10-7 per quake or 1.2022*10-7 per day, count = 388.693 , sd = 44.7503 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2852.63 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 7.5 , years = 0.0483782 , Probability= 3.14554*10-7 per quake or 1.69322*10-7 per day, count = 1.04 , sd = 0.980862 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1.05683 , Number of days in period = 17.6698
magnitude cutoff = 7.5 , years = 10. , Probability= 1.57417*10-7 per quake or 4.62376*10-8 per day, count = 52.714 , sd = 11.4476 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 965.534 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 7.5 , years = 20. , Probability= 1.59315*10-7 per quake or 4.62462*10-8 per day, count = 105.479 , sd = 15.6602 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1908.41 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 7.5 , years = 30. , Probability= 1.58806*10-7 per quake or 4.59375*10-8 per day, count = 157.172 , sd = 18.9036 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2852.63 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 8. , years = 0.748945 , Probability= 2.89271*10-8 per quake or 9.75597*10-9 per day, count = 0.958 , sd = 0.877312 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 10.2507 , Number of days in period = 273.546
magnitude cutoff = 8. , years = 10. , Probability= 1.85768*10-8 per quake or 5.4565*10-9 per day, count = 6.43875 , sd = 1.49193 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 965.534 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 8. , years = 20. , Probability= 1.84798*10-8 per quake or 5.36434*10-9 per day, count = 12.66 , sd = 2.0575 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1908.41 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 8. , years = 30. , Probability= 1.83095*10-8 per quake or 5.29635*10-9 per day, count = 18.7493 , sd = 2.47308 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2852.63 , Number of days in period = 10957.3

8

Geology, Palaeontology & Archaeology / How long till earthquakes of various magnitudes occur in many regions?

« on: 12/10/2017 00:44:13 »

Average number of Earthquakes for Various Countries for 10,20 and 30 years and time till at least one quake of each magnitude. Raw data from the USGS earthquake catalag website:
https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/search/
I did not Use the Gutenberg-Richter law,  i generated the probability distributions of the quakes versus magnitude and time difference between quakes.  The fat tail was extended with a Pareto type distribution fitted to the real distribution where it ended.  This was used to simulate earthquakes of various magnitudes with attention to the phase distribution of magnitudes and time-distributions.....i believe this is a more sophisticated analysis than can be achieved with Gutenberg-Richter alone. I solved for an average count close to 1,,  some times its 2 or 3 over 20000 paths into the future, but the average is close to 1. The sd gives you an idea of how many paths might be greater than 1.  Russia has the most frequent and highest magnitude earthquakes of any region on Earth.  It is because of the asteroid strike 230 million years ago, on the opposite side of the Earth.  The fragmented continental plate is prone to having large and frequent earthquakes.  Japan sits in the "ring of fire" and so does California.
Japan
magnitude cutoff = 5. , years = 0.0060782 , Probability= 1.7442*10-6 per quake or 1.51211*10-6 per day, count = 1.0302 , sd = 0.856922 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.641533 , Number of days in period = 2.22001
magnitude cutoff = 5. , years = 10. , Probability= 1.44319*10-6 per quake or 6.60575*10-7 per day, count = 519.05 , sd = 163.281 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1253.83 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 5. , years = 20. , Probability= 1.45356*10-6 per quake or 6.55754*10-7 per day, count = 1028.07 , sd = 225.086 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2471.61 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 5. , years = 30. , Probability= 1.44113*10-6 per quake or 6.47719*10-7 per day, count = 1521.93 , sd = 287.442 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 3693.57 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 5.5 , years = 0.00824855 , Probability= 1.2463*10-6 per quake or 1.05116*10-6 per day, count = 1.0604 , sd = 0.903376 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.847 , Number of days in period = 3.01272
magnitude cutoff = 5.5 , years = 10. , Probability= 8.55162*10-7 per quake or 3.91423*10-7 per day, count = 341.551 , sd = 117.962 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1253.83 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 5.5 , years = 20. , Probability= 8.55461*10-7 per quake or 3.85929*10-7 per day, count = 672.222 , sd = 160.519 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2471.61 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 5.5 , years = 30. , Probability= 8.45805*10-7 per quake or 3.80148*10-7 per day, count = 992.598 , sd = 202.782 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 3693.57 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 6. , years = 0.0120464 , Probability= 7.9613*10-7 per quake or 6.46189*10-7 per day, count = 1.035 , sd = 0.92168 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1.1904 , Number of days in period = 4.39986
magnitude cutoff = 6. , years = 10. , Probability= 4.63133*10-7 per quake or 2.11984*10-7 per day, count = 208.3 , sd = 76.0192 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1253.83 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 6. , years = 20. , Probability= 4.58509*10-7 per quake or 2.0685*10-7 per day, count = 406.31 , sd = 102.645 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2471.61 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 6. , years = 30. , Probability= 4.51742*10-7 per quake or 2.03036*10-7 per day, count = 598.145 , sd = 128.835 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 3693.57 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 6.5 , years = 0.0195717 , Probability= 5.07479*10-7 per quake or 3.89278*10-7 per day, count = 1.0166 , sd = 0.969414 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1.8278 , Number of days in period = 7.14839
magnitude cutoff = 6.5 , years = 10. , Probability= 2.51166*10-7 per quake or 1.14963*10-7 per day, count = 113.234 , sd = 42.7155 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1253.83 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 6.5 , years = 20. , Probability= 2.46348*10-7 per quake or 1.11136*10-7 per day, count = 218.746 , sd = 57.2696 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2471.61 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 6.5 , years = 30. , Probability= 2.42086*10-7 per quake or 1.08806*10-7 per day, count = 321.161 , sd = 71.4552 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 3693.57 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 7. , years = 0.0348961 , Probability= 3.00222*10-7 per quake or 2.1828*10-7 per day, count = 1.0294 , sd = 1.05266 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 3.08893 , Number of days in period = 12.7455
magnitude cutoff = 7. , years = 10. , Probability= 1.29309*10-7 per quake or 5.91869*10-8 per day, count = 59.3048 , sd = 22.7366 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1253.83 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 7. , years = 20. , Probability= 1.26*10-7 per quake or 5.68433*10-8 per day, count = 113.8 , sd = 30.485 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2471.61 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 7. , years = 30. , Probability= 1.23574*10-7 per quake or 5.55407*10-8 per day, count = 166.735 , sd = 37.8672 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 3693.57 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 7.5 , years = 0.130559 , Probability= 9.87637*10-8 per quake or 6.02525*10-8 per day, count = 1.1212 , sd = 1.10939 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 9.69713 , Number of days in period = 47.6856
magnitude cutoff = 7.5 , years = 10. , Probability= 4.23031*10-8 per quake or 1.93629*10-8 per day, count = 20.6904 , sd = 8.10272 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1253.83 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 7.5 , years = 20. , Probability= 4.07312*10-8 per quake or 1.83753*10-8 per day, count = 39.2638 , sd = 10.8333 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2471.61 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 7.5 , years = 30. , Probability= 3.98033*10-8 per quake or 1.78897*10-8 per day, count = 57.336 , sd = 13.3958 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 3693.57 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 8. , years = 6.99321 , Probability= 2.74019*10-9 per quake or 9.47766*10-10 per day, count = 0.9428 , sd = 0.760083 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 294.48 , Number of days in period = 2554.21
magnitude cutoff = 8. , years = 10. , Probability= 2.51323*10-9 per quake or 1.15035*10-9 per day, count = 1.22725 , sd = 0.666565 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1253.83 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 8. , years = 20. , Probability= 2.20265*10-9 per quake or 9.93696*10-10 per day, count = 2.12025 , sd = 0.880572 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2471.61 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 8. , years = 30. , Probability= 2.08597*10-9 per quake or 9.37542*10-10 per day, count = 3.00065 , sd = 1.06559 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 3693.57 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
Russia
magnitude cutoff = 5., years = 0.00186865, Probability= 2.5366*10^-6 per quake or 5.19207*10^-6 per day, count = 0.9985, sd = 0.912767 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.155222 , Number of days in period = 0.682508
magnitude cutoff = 5., years = 10., Probability= 2.99883*10^-6 per quake or 2.01279*10^-6 per day, count = 1535.4, sd = 306.957 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2206.33 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 5., years = 20., Probability= 3.03846*10^-6 per quake or 2.28295*10^-6 per day, count = 3491.88, sd = 721.309 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 4939.65 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 5., years = 30., Probability= 3.04936*10^-6 per quake or 2.53076*10^-6 per day, count = 5810.84, sd = 1219.12 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 8184.41 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 5.5, years = 0.00233525, Probability= 1.76559*10^-6 per quake or 3.34516*10^-6 per day, count = 0.9945, sd = 0.91098 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.179556 , Number of days in period = 0.852931
magnitude cutoff = 5.5, years = 10., Probability= 1.73651*10^-6 per quake or 1.16553*10^-6 per day, count = 1198.99, sd = 254.746 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2206.33 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 5.5, years = 20., Probability= 1.76932*10^-6 per quake or 1.32938*10^-6 per day, count = 2734.17, sd = 576.09 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 4939.65 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 5.5, years = 30., Probability= 1.77825*10^-6 per quake or 1.47583*10^-6 per day, count = 4553.17, sd = 966.725 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 8184.41 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 6., years = 0.00310678, Probability= 1.22512*10^-6 per quake or 2.11128*10^-6 per day, count = 0.9775, sd = 0.897704 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.217278 , Number of days in period = 1.13473
magnitude cutoff = 6., years = 10., Probability= 1.06769*10^-6 per quake or 7.16624*10^-7 per day, count = 890.862, sd = 198.484 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2206.33 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 6., years = 20., Probability= 1.08888*10^-6 per quake or 8.18127*10^-7 per day, count = 2032.13, sd = 436.191 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 4939.65 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 6., years = 30., Probability= 1.09475*10^-6 per quake or 9.08572*10^-7 per day, count = 3384.64, sd = 726.487 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 8184.41 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 6.5, years = 0.00458933, Probability= 8.58061*10^-7 per quake or 1.26671*10^-6 per day, count = 0.9475, sd = 0.87437 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.274944 , Number of days in period = 1.67622
magnitude cutoff = 6.5, years = 10., Probability= 6.54016*10^-7 per quake or 4.3897*10^-7 per day, count = 614.914, sd = 142.483 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2206.33 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 6.5, years = 20., Probability= 6.65099*10^-7 per quake or 4.99722*10^-7 per day, count = 1399.07, sd = 304.53 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 4939.65 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 6.5, years = 30., Probability= 6.68494*10^-7 per quake or 5.54805*10^-7 per day, count = 2329.55, sd = 504.441 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 8184.41 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 7., years = 0.00759372, Probability= 6.05815*10^-7 per quake or 7.76068*10^-7 per day, count = 0.9975, sd = 0.925974 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.394778 , Number of days in period = 2.77355
magnitude cutoff = 7., years = 10., Probability= 3.73107*10^-7 per quake or 2.50426*10^-7 per day, count = 375.321, sd = 89.4567 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2206.33 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 7., years = 20., Probability= 3.77871*10^-7 per quake or 2.83914*10^-7 per day, count = 850.754, sd = 186.978 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 4939.65 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 7., years = 30., Probability= 3.79499*10^-7 per quake or 3.14958*10^-7 per day, count = 1415.49, sd = 308.254 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 8184.41 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 7.5, years = 0.0142664, Probability= 3.25774*10^-7 per quake or 3.66524*10^-7 per day, count = 0.9605, sd = 0.904119 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.651389 , Number of days in period = 5.21071
magnitude cutoff = 7.5, years = 10., Probability= 1.64764*10^-7 per quake or 1.10588*10^-7 per day, count = 182.158, sd = 44.0865 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2206.33 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 7.5, years = 20., Probability= 1.66161*10^-7 per quake or 1.24845*10^-7 per day, count = 411.323, sd = 90.761 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 4939.65 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 7.5, years = 30., Probability= 1.66633*10^-7 per quake or 1.38294*10^-7 per day, count = 683.458, sd = 149.198 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 8184.41 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 8., years = 0.041706, Probability= 1.23749*10^-7 per quake or 1.19055*10^-7 per day, count = 0.945, sd = 0.900642 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1.62833 , Number of days in period = 15.2328
magnitude cutoff = 8., years = 10., Probability= 5.23464*10^-8 per quake or 3.51345*10^-8 per day, count = 60.1813, sd = 14.8164 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2206.33 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 8., years = 20., Probability= 5.24572*10^-8 per quake or 3.94138*10^-8 per day, count = 135.022, sd = 29.9889 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 4939.65 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 8., years = 30., Probability= 5.24986*10^-8 per quake or 4.35703*10^-8 per day, count = 223.893, sd = 49.0215 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 8184.41 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 8.5, years = 0.188188, Probability= 3.42762*10^-8 per quake or 2.67478*10^-8 per day, count = 0.958, sd = 0.890454 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 5.95972 , Number of days in period = 68.7342
magnitude cutoff = 8.5, years = 10., Probability= 1.7296*10^-8 per quake or 1.1609*10^-8 per day, count = 19.8848, sd = 4.94735 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2206.33 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 8.5, years = 20., Probability= 1.72456*10^-8 per quake or 1.29575*10^-8 per day, count = 44.3893, sd = 9.9018 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 4939.65 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 8.5, years = 30., Probability= 1.72334*10^-8 per quake or 1.43026*10^-8 per day, count = 73.4961, sd = 16.1398 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 8184.41 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 9., years = 30., Probability= 7.2059*10^-12 per quake or 5.25429*10^-12 per day, count = 0.03, sd = 0.0321016 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 887.74 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 9., years = 10., Probability= 8.56765*10^-12 per quake or 5.75053*10^-12 per day, count = 0.00985, sd = 0.0319137 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2206.33 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 9., years = 20., Probability= 7.07084*10^-12 per quake or 5.31268*10^-12 per day, count = 0.0182, sd = 0.0434707 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 4939.65 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 9., years = 30., Probability= 6.81168*10^-12 per quake or 5.65323*10^-12 per day, count = 0.02905, sd = 0.0559702 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 8184.41 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
California
magnitude cutoff = 5. , years = 0.031119 , Probability= 4.10051*10-6 per quake or 1.11027*10-6 per day, count = 0.965 , sd = 0.886568 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.341944 , Number of days in period = 11.366
magnitude cutoff = 5. , years = 10. , Probability= 2.1294*10-6 per quake or 4.97301*10-7 per day, count = 119.507 , sd = 18.6931 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 767.687 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 5. , years = 20. , Probability= 2.09242*10-6 per quake or 5.16679*10-7 per day, count = 248.369 , sd = 33.5911 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1623.4 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 5. , years = 30. , Probability= 2.0772*10-6 per quake or 5.42477*10-7 per day, count = 391.093 , sd = 48.1261 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2575.42 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 5.5 , years = 0.0938086 , Probability= 1.37694*10-6 per quake or 3.24113*10-7 per day, count = 0.956 , sd = 0.878644 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 0.896111 , Number of days in period = 34.2629
magnitude cutoff = 5.5 , years = 10. , Probability= 6.09263*10-7 per quake or 1.42287*10-7 per day, count = 40.0142 , sd = 6.46341 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 767.687 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 5.5 , years = 20. , Probability= 5.94572*10-7 per quake or 1.46817*10-7 per day, count = 82.7159 , sd = 11.4786 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1623.4 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 5.5 , years = 30. , Probability= 5.88655*10-7 per quake or 1.53732*10-7 per day, count = 129.965 , sd = 16.3178 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2575.42 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 6. , years = 0.433951 , Probability= 3.13288*10-7 per quake or 6.88286*10-8 per day, count = 0.9645 , sd = 0.877045 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 3.86906 , Number of days in period = 158.497
magnitude cutoff = 6. , years = 10. , Probability= 1.7457*10-7 per quake or 4.07691*10-8 per day, count = 12.0283 , sd = 2.01537 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 767.687 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 6. , years = 20. , Probability= 1.69619*10-7 per quake or 4.18839*10-8 per day, count = 24.7329 , sd = 3.53038 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1623.4 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 6. , years = 30. , Probability= 1.67678*10-7 per quake or 4.37906*10-8 per day, count = 38.7987 , sd = 4.97618 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2575.42 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 6.5 , years = 1.36343 , Probability= 9.60229*10-8 per quake or 2.04181*10-8 per day, count = 0.9395 , sd = 0.85297 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 11.7656 , Number of days in period = 497.982
magnitude cutoff = 6.5 , years = 10. , Probability= 7.52768*10-8 per quake or 1.75801*10-8 per day, count = 5.33965 , sd = 1.02292 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 767.687 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 6.5 , years = 20. , Probability= 7.32186*10-8 per quake or 1.80798*10-8 per day, count = 10.9829 , sd = 1.70657 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1623.4 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 6.5 , years = 30. , Probability= 7.2337*10-8 per quake or 1.88914*10-8 per day, count = 17.2138 , sd = 2.37659 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2575.42 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 7. , years = 7.67332 , Probability= 1.76445*10-8 per quake or 3.68784*10-9 per day, count = 0.955 , sd = 0.86679 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 65.0854 , Number of days in period = 2802.62
magnitude cutoff = 7. , years = 10. , Probability= 1.75657*10-8 per quake or 4.1023*10-9 per day, count = 1.246 , sd = 0.402275 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 767.687 , Number of days in period = 3652.42
magnitude cutoff = 7. , years = 20. , Probability= 1.66459*10-8 per quake or 4.11037*10-9 per day, count = 2.4969 , sd = 0.607466 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 1623.4 , Number of days in period = 7304.84
magnitude cutoff = 7. , years = 30. , Probability= 1.63439*10-8 per quake or 4.26835*10-9 per day, count = 3.8893 , sd = 0.78934 , mean number of quakes in time period is: 2575.42 , Number of days in period = 10957.3
magnitude cutoff = 7.5 , years = 30. , Probability= 0. per quake or 0. per day, count = 0. , sd = 0. , mean number of quakes in time period is: 288.514 , Number of days in period = 10957.3

9

Technology / Can we build a SynGas engine that emits no CO2 and is oxygen neutral?

« on: 09/10/2017 11:00:47 »

Can we build a SynGas engine that emits no CO2 and is oxygen neutral?

It is possible to build a SynGas engine that emits no CO2 and is more fuel efficient than a traditional electric engine like a TESLA egine and consumes no oxygen NET!
SynGas is H2 and CO in the right proportion per volume.... it is a safe fuel if you mix it with enough Argon to make it less explosive but still combustible enough!  It is quite talk=sic, therefore a closed system with closed valve refuelling is necessary, and driverless cars will make it less likely, hopefully, if they do it right, to have far fewer accidents.  Care would need to be taken to insulate the passenger compartment from the fuel system in the event of an accident, and make sure the fuel system is unlikely to leak in the event of an accident.  Trying to make it as foolproof as possible however it wouldn't be impossible for a serious leak to occur in a severe accident, which hopefully would be very rare.
You can use Solar power to convert CO2 and H2O , the waste products of burning SynGas with O2 back into the fuel
again.
CO2 can be converted separately into CO and 0.5 O2 with a tungsten catalyst.
The H2O separately can be converted to H2 and 0.5 O2. 
The extra oxygen can be separated from the CO and H2 with a molecular sieve, or because of point of origin like with H2O, because you need two electrodes,  often made of platinum, but steel will suffice.
You need to mix the H2O with potassium (K) to form an electrolyte that will allow you to electrolyze it more efficiently.
When you remix the H2 and CO you have the fuel again.
The solar power can be used to electrolyze the H2O,  and a heat pump with heat from the waste products of the engine can be used to use a higher temperature to catalyze the CO2 into CO and O2.  These can be separated with a molecular sieve.  The oxygen should be released to the atmosphere by premixing it with enough air and exhausted to the atmosphere.  This engine is oxygen neutral and does not NET consume oxygen.
It is possible to build the engine without a molecular sieve,  if you mix the CO and .5O2 with Argon and air to the right proportion before injecting it into the combustion chamber to mix with the H2.  The H2 is naturally separated from the O2 because H2 comes physically from the negative electrode and O2 comes from the positive electrode thus they are pysically separated in space and can be kept separated, it is best to offgas the O2 from the electrolysis by premixing it with air or keep it to mix in with the CO and O2 and air (nitrogen and argon and O2) prior to injecting into the cylinders.

H2 does make metal brittle and corrodes it over time, so the H2 pump and fuel lines and H2 injectors will probably need to be replaced everty 3-10 oil changes.

The engine is practical and the O2 never has to exist with the fuel at the same time, unlike a methane cycle and so is much safer than a methane recycling engine.
It might be possible to get from 3000 to 8000 km on a single tank of 55Litres of SynGas.
We wouldn't need a war for Oil anymore! 
It might make a big revolution for Aviation,  as the range would be considerably extended and there would be enough
oxygen to make the cycle work even at high altitudes, so it might be possible for them to fly above the weather.
Check out:
https://today.uic.edu/breakthrough-solar-cell-captures-co2-and-sunlight-produces-burnable-fuel
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-carbon-dioxide-replace-steam-to-generate-power/
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/may/06/co2-green-fuel-car
http://newatlas.com/molecule-co2-carbon-neutral-fuel/48390/

 

Very important: The theoretical perfect efficiency of an engine is (T1-T2)/T1 where T1 is the temperature of the hotter reservoir and T2 is the temperature of the cooler reservoir.  This formula was probably discoverd by Lord Kelvin, but it was first described and directly followed from the work of Sadi Carnot:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin

A perpetual motion machine is actually impossible, as entropy and friction and losses exist, but we may be able to get almost infinitely close to it eventually!

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_motion

Time Crystals bypass the laws of themodynmaics themselves as they are not a closed system.

If we go to an open system, with access to energy from the Universe, it might be possible to have what seems like a perpetual motion machine to the uninitiated.   The energy has to come from somewhere, like the magnetic field of the earth.  If we draw energy from the magnetic field of the earth, and everybody does it, it might eventually deplete the magnetic field of the earth and stop it from protecting us from solar system Cosmic Rays.  Causing cancers and illness.  It might even not be safe to be around such a machine as strong fields can cause illness.

The engine described above is NOT a perpetual motion machine and needs refilling eventually, however it is more efficient than an traditional electric engine that does not draw energy from the magnetic field like the TESLA engine.  This engine is not a closed system, and does draw extra energy from solar power to do the electrolysis, and a 1 square metre solar panel is sufficient to accomplish this on a 4 passenger motor vehicle. The heat pump can be powered by the engine and a battery and an electric alternator.

10

The Environment / Is it possible to re-oxygenate the Ocean without reducing temperature?

« on: 07/05/2017 03:45:00 »

The best way to reoxygenate the Ocean is to reduce temperature.  However a recent article has pointed out that in the last twenty years,  the amount of Dissolved Oxygen in the Ocean has decreased by more than the amount due to the
increasing temperature.  So what are the mechanisms that cause this loss of oxygen in the Ocean?
Some of the mechanisms include nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer runoff causing algae and phytoplankton blooms that prevent diffusion of oxygen into the ocean and create oxygen dead zones.  Another mechanism is the death of fish species in record numbers that exhibit eutrophication,  which is decay and they get oxidized and give off CO2.  Can you think of other mechanisms?

http://canadajournal.net/science/alarming-decrease-oceans-dissolved-oxygen-level-says-new-research-57329-2017/

The book Oxygen by Nick Lane:

https://www.amazon.ca/Oxygen-molecule-that-made-world/dp/0198784937/ref=...

Three hundred million years ago, in Carboniferous times, dragonflies grew as big as seagulls, with wingspans of nearly a metre. Researchers claim they could have flown only if the air had contained more oxygen than today - probably as much as 35 per cent. Giant spiders, tree-ferns, marine rock
formations and fossil charcoals all tell the same story. High oxygen levels may also explain the global firestorm that contributed to the
demise of the dinosaurs after the asteroid impact.

The strange and profound effects that oxygen has had on the evolution of life pose a riddle, which this book sets out to answer. Oxygen is a toxic gas. Divers breathing pure oxygen at depth suffer from convulsions
and lung injury. Fruit flies raised at twice normal atmospheric levels of oxygen live half as long as their siblings. Reactive forms of oxygen, known as free radicals, are thought to cause ageing in people. Yet if
atmospheric oxygen reached 35 per cent in the Carboniferous, why did it promote exuberant growth, instead of rapid ageing and death?

Oxygen takes the reader on an enthralling journey, as gripping as a thriller, as it unravels the unexpected ways in which oxygen spurred the evolution of life and death. The book explains far more than the size of
ancient insects: it shows how oxygen underpins the origin of biological complexity, the birth of photosynthesis, the sudden evolution of animals, the need for two sexes, the accelerated ageing of cloned animals like Dolly the sheep, and the surprisingly long lives of bats and birds.

Drawing on this grand evolutionary canvas, Oxygen offers fresh perspectives on our own lives and deaths, explaining modern killer diseases, why we age, and what we can do about it. Advancing revelatory new ideas, following chains of evidence, the book ranges through many disciplines, from
environmental sciences to molecular medicine. The result is a captivating vision of contemporary science and a humane synthesis of our place in nature. This remarkable book might just redefine the way we think about the world.

Oxford Landmark Science books are "must-read" classics of modern science writing which have crystallized big ideas, and shaped the way we think

11

The Environment / Does Russian News ever talk about Climate Change?

« on: 04/05/2017 05:22:45 »

Does Russian News ever talk about Climate Change? And that Siberia is melting and methane is being emitted?

Methane is 12 to 20 times more potent per molecule as a green house gas than CO2. The record temperatures can probably be attributed to methane emissions from Siberia and the Arctic. Does anybody know if the Russian news even reports climate change, and do any of the Russians actually care about it? Do their people realize? its an open question! DOes Putin , as the worlds richest man, actually believe in what CO2 is doing to pH in the Oceans? Can he really understand a Titration? i hope they do get the message! The Paris Climate Accord has happened, but Trump is very obstructionist and downright destructive of what Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton were trying to do! I understand that the war on the loonie is continuing, with Dairy, Housing and Lumber and Energy all under attack, Canada as a nation needs to focus on Diplomacy and defusing critical hot points between our nation and others. This will take high level talks between political scientists, economists, phychologists and business leaders. We do need to realize we only have about 37 million people, about 10 times less than the US. and much less than China's 1.4 billion people or India's 1.4 billion people. or Russia's and Europe's population. There is only so much that Canada as a nation can do given destructive tendencies in the world and we need to defend our people against these forces. We do have to remain optimistic, and seek opportunities. There are good people in the Oil industry too and it is an engine of prosperity. So Trump is not entirely without a basis. However, the risks from temperature and pH changes and storms will cost the whole planet. We do still need to keep the temperature below a global increase of 2 ro 3 degrees, hopefully 2 degrees, but Trump is making it harder for future generations, and it is NOT a Chinese hoax as he claimed. To dismiss the whole thing out of hand is ignorant, as Trump and Putin seem to be doing. The threat of War is very real, and it is something we need to seek to avoid. War doesn't help anybody, and just creates a lot of enemies and is very expensive. I hope we can convince them to get on the right side of History and help the path of progress! Another risk is that from the internet and microwaves and radio. Their are some very sharp surges that occur against peoples bodies and we do need to get smart about it to protect ourselves from this electromagnetic and mathematical and physics risk. In Iraq, many soldiers suffered from post traumatic stress disorder because of extreme exposure to some of these hostile forces!

I really hope Putin and Trump understand and appreciate what a Buffer Solution-Titration is?  Adding increasing concentrations of CO2 over seawater until the magnesium carbonate buffer saturates around 493 ppm CO2 and the pH suddenly changes by 1 pH unit more acidic.  and when the CO2 concentration reaches 878 ppm CO2,  complete catastrophe of pH when the calcium carbonate buffer saturates!  But Trump might be irrelevant, it doesn't seem that he can remember what the person 5 minutes ago said to him!

Could we build a power plant that emits no CO2 based on SynGas and save the planet from Ocean Acidity Climate Shock?
https://www.thenakedscientists.com/forum/index.php?topic=60132.0

http://www.mt.com/ca/en/home/library/know-how/lab-analytical-instruments...

http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c123/titratn.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_solution

Applications[edit]
Buffer solutions are necessary to keep the correct pH for enzymes in many organisms to work. Many enzymes work only under very precise conditions; if the pH moves outside of a narrow range, the enzymes slow or stop working and can denature. In many cases denaturation can permanently disable their catalytic activity.[3] A buffer of carbonic acid (H
2 CO
3) and bicarbonate (HCO−
3) is present in blood plasma, maintaining a pH between 7.35 and 7.45.

Industrially, buffer solutions are used in fermentation processes and in setting the correct conditions for dyes used in colouring fabrics. They are also used in chemical analysis[2] and calibration of pH meters.

The majority of biological samples that are used in research are made in buffers, especially phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4.

 

When the pH changes by as much as 1 pH unit,  it might be outside the range necessary for the enzymes in phytoplankton to work properly and other living organisms as well.

This could result in a die off of phytoplankton and algae due to pH and temperature changes in the Ocean environment.  When this happens it could mean the loss of phytoplankton which is the base of the food chain in the Ocean and also the loss of the supply of half the worlds Oxygen!

 

The Science is NOT absolute especially on such a large scale outside the laboratory in a LIVING Ocean!  This might be our only hope,  but we should take the warning seriously!

12

New Theories / What is the Entropy of a planet on an elliptical orbit around the Sun?

« on: 28/02/2017 10:25:58 »

What is the Entropy of  a planet on an elliptical orbit around the Sun?
It depends if that pla
net has life in it or not! ;-)
What is the Entropy of a tree?
All Oil comes from trees and plant life eventually! What is the Entropy of life?
What is the Entropy of genetics?
What is the Entropy of Energy?
What is the Entropy of the Spirit?

What is the Entropy of Free Will?
Do they have good entropy [/size]like Music?
[/size]What is the Entropy of Jesus?
[/size]What is one persons Entropy isn't another persons!
[/size]What is your favourite colour today?
[/size]Is money Entropy, Salvation or curse? What can you build with it[/size]?
[/size]The Banks in the US are hedging 290 Trillion $ on the futures market, more than the GDP of the entire world.  Is this wise?
[/size]If they hedge do they care what happens?
[/size]Why do some people push or pull?
[/size]Can they smile or laugh at the end of the day?
[/size]Play crazy eights! With this game you can still laugh even when you don't win!
[/size]Perhaps the greatest fool thought everything could be calculated!
[/size]Morale and spirit and will will win the fight not numbers!
[/size]The Song might be far more remembered than the numbers, but the numb3rs might matter too!

if a whole bunch of people knew they saved a living planet or a life but nobody else knew, perhaps that is what counts at the end of the day

13

New Theories / If crop circles exist does magic exist?

« on: 01/02/2017 04:05:38 »

penn and teller,David Blainey,David Copperfield,David Wilcox, Chris angel
Does magic exist and do aliens exist? Are chemists and physicists aliens in disguise?
Can they make the CO2 disappear?
If enough people believe it will it come true!

14

The Environment / Would sucking CO2 out the air and from sources halt global warming

« on: 01/02/2017 03:54:25 »

How much CO2 can the Oceans Take up? Sucking CO2 from the air would not halt Global Warming!

The real solution might be an initiative by the World Governments to buildfloating platforms with distillation plants on them to separate the carbonate and CO2 from the laden deep ocean currents in the GulfStream and the Pacific circulation, and the Indian Ocean Circulation?We would need floating pipelines to the coast with the fresh water for the populations.Only Governments could finance it and do it because it is likely not a financial winner, but necessary to do.The politicians and civil servants should consider it seriously.SkyMine - Capturing CO2 for profit!https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/interviews/skymine-capturing...The govenments could capture the CO2 for profit, or just release it back into the atmosphere.For every ton of CO2 emitted, only one third to 40$ approximately ends up back in the Ocean.They could turn it into fuel or plastics needed by the population!The reason for doing this is because even if we take 25 billion tons of CO2 out of the atmosphere, it still won't save the oceans!
Sucking CO2 from the Air Would Not Halt Effects of Global WarmingSans reduced emissions, using extreme geoengineering to remove atmospheric carbon dioxide would not protect the oceans, models showhttps://www.scientificamerican.com/article/sucking-co2-from-the-air-woul...
How Much CO2 can the Oceans Take up?https://scripps.ucsd.edu/programs/keelingcurve/2013/07/03/how-much-co2-c...
How do you measure Carbon Dioxide Emissions?https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/questions/how-do-you-measure...
How much CO2 does a car contribute?https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/questions/how-much-co2-does-...
How many trees to offset carbon emissions in Britain?https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/questions/how-many-trees-com...
A look at the future of the Oceanshttps://www.thenakedscientists.com/podcasts/naked-oceans/considering-fut...[/size][/font]

15

The Environment / When will the magnesium carbonate buffer break and what should we do about it?

« on: 14/01/2017 07:59:27 »

I have carried out a multi-year study on ocean pH and have included all the relevant equations from Zeebe and Wolf-Gladrow's book 'CO2 in Seawater: Equilibrium, Isotopes,Kinetics' which contains the solubility product equations for CO2(2-),HCO2(-) and H2CO2 as well as for magnesium carbonate (magnesite) and calcium carbonate(both aragonite and calcite) buffers.  I have included as much relevant chemistry in the analysis as I can including phosphorus and boron , ,sodium,chlorine and fluorine salts.
The pH equations I used are the SWS scale equations from Brookhaven National Lab which were made public by Ernie Lewis and Doug Wallace who are scientists there.
I projected the CO2 parts per million (ppm) in the atmosphere into the future, assuming continuing industrial development and population growth and urbanization and deforestation rates remain constant.  I used the Mauna Kea data set for CO2 ppm, and used a Bayesian Markov Monte Carlo simulation to project CO2 into the future.  With these CO2 levels, I was able to calculate the equilibrium year by year at the surface of the ocean and with the diffusion equations I was able to solve them to depth (1000 feet) using temperature and salinity profiles that are publicly available.
 
This result showed me that the magnesium carbonate buffer would break in the ocean around 2021-2025 over a 2 year period, and both of the following can happen. 
1)  When the buffer breaks,  CO2 will well up from the depths, and the ocean will off-gas CO2 into the atmosphere causing atmospheric heating due to the green house gas, and more extreme weather events with the water cycle worldwide.
2) The ocean pH could drop by as much as 1 pH level to 7.3 from 8.3 worldwide.  This , along with temperature heating in the ocean, could cause the demise of the krill and phytoplankton populations that have already been decimated since 1950 by 40% due to pollution and temperature changes.
If this happens,  the base of the food chain in the ocean could be at serious risk of collapse and with it ,  all life in the ocean.  This would eventually ripple onto land food chains and might cause a collapse over the entire earth of the ecosystem food chain.  This is a serious probability..
 
I believe both of these effects will happen to greater and lesser degree simultaneously and at different places in the worlds oceans when the ppm reaches 493 ppm approximately around 2021-2025.
I believe a real chemistry experiment needs to be done aswell, just to confirm the simulation is correct, by adding CO2 to seawater at room temperature and pressure in a closed container until the pH changes, and note the concentration of CO2 above the seawater when this happens.  I predict it will be about 493 ppm CO2 for the first pH change when the magnesium carbonate buffer breaks and around 878 ppm CO2 when the second pH catastrophe occurs, and that is when the calcium carbonate buffer breaks in the seawater!

We need to act now with new technology that generates energy without emitting CO2.


I believe an efficient natural gas-solar hybrid engine that emits no CO2 and is very fuel efficient is possible
Please see the following links for more information:
 
Under Science Forums at TheNakedScientists.com,  in Technology section the question :  Can we build an efficient hybrid natural gas-solar engine that emits no CO2?

https://www.thenakedscientists.com/forum/index.php?topic=60132.msg466461#msg466461

check out: Can we save the marine life with Ocean Engineering?

https://www.thenakedscientists.com/forum/index.php?topic=69577.msg505754#msg505754

Keep in mind that 18 milliLitres of H2O = 18 grams approximately which is one Mol of H2O if it is pure and that is equal to 6.023x10^(23) molecules of H2O. Now imagine the whole Ocean.  According to K. Gubbins of Cornell University even 100 molecules of water is too combinatorially explosive to calculate the quantum wavefunction of, so its impossible to predict what will happen in a LIVING OCEAN in the future!  But it is best to take the side of caution and act now to remove CO2 from the Ocean!

16

New Theories / The Deep Problem with Artificial Intelligence!?

« on: 09/01/2017 09:55:43 »

Machines can't feel period! They are NOT ALIVE! They can ask questions, but they don't really know if the person is lying or not or telling a joke or how accurate they are or if they are depressed or being playful or creative. They can't necessarilly really understand or be forgiving! Machines are only as good as the programmers and the data they get. If the programmers have a different agenda like hacking or phishing or identity theft, the data isn't secure and it will fall into the 'wrong' hands. Who judges which are the 'wrong' hands, certainly a machine can't make that assessment, and human's and politicians are notoriously fickle about that problem. Interest rates 30 years from now are the question, and they are intimately tied with life expectancy. With climate change happening, life expectancy is likely to go down, and interest rates up. Nobody has the right probability distributions to forecast it accurately and the polticians are the wild card. AI might be making big classification errors of people, and so the banks might be making big mistakes too about the current human captital and how they are trying to exploit it! Keep in Mind Naomi Klein and Disaster Capitalism! It's also a wild card that the banks can't predict, and there is a lot of sentiment about that ant-Establishment feeling. It will lead to instability and maybe chaos and destruction and higher rates and lower life expectancy! Machines don't know how the population is feeling or what they have to go through every day or week or month or year!  Unless the polticians like Trudeau grasp the Zeitgeist, and draw the international investment with some certainty of payback and win-win, the future is bleak indeed! AI programmers might not really laugh or smile much like normal people and they can be very cold and distant from the rest of humanity, this can also be true of scientists!  Have they lost their fundamental humanity?  Context is the real cue, and puns,  language can have multiple meanings and people can talk in code like Music, and machines can't grasp it!  Machines have no idea how it really feels!  Jacques Elul wrote a book called 'The Technological Society'  where machines seem to be taking over and all people do is service them and not each other!  It certainly is a frightening prospect, and some people are going back to humanities roots of hunter gatherer and anarchist..... so it might fragment society and raiseinterest rates and lower life expectancy and reduce security! Some Humans have an abhorrence of the machine telling them what to do all the time! And people like to just play music or play period,  endlessly amused in a peaceful way!  Sometimes the AI is good, and can reduce pain by keeping people amused with gossip or books or music or movies! Is any of it Real?  How in touch with their local communities are they?  Think Global and Act Local!Does AI really know the person exists or a tree or the ocean exists? Or that the person is or isn't clean or that the Bubonic plague happened in the dark ages or that the enlightenment happened after the dark ages and really understand what that meant to history and people and the world?Facebook is doing huge amounts of research into the social sciences and focusing on likes and dislikes and topics of interest to humans.... they may be the big hope for a human compatible AI and might bring about the renaissance in the modern world!  We also have to believe in Science and Music as self correcting, and that it will eventually get the feeling right! A lot of people want it to make their lives easier but many people really fear it! And that goes for Science as well, it is fear of the unknown possibilities!
I agree that the Weaponization of AI is a big problem!  Your right its just like the wolf! if you feed it and treat it right there won't be a problem and there will be mutual respect!  You've got to own the machine and not the other way around!  If its stolen from you with secret passwords and your own passwords, theres going to be hell to pay!  Maybe they have to turn the AI into a DOG mentally, so that MEN know how to deal with it? An Alpha Male knows about it, and thats what it was on the stock market.... seeking alpha!
You have to feed it the right information and knowledge and you have to teach it to tell jokes that don't hurt anyone! ;=)
We can focus or concentrate on the taste, or touch or smell of our surroundings and environment and also on external influences like sound and electromagnetic waves.
Especially magnetic waves and the blood , as functional MRI is starting to reveal.... there are a huge number of feelings and intuitions in this sixth sense!
Oxygenated blood is diamagnetic and sweeter than deoxygenated blood which is paramagnetic.... its the oxygenated blood that 'vampires' (as a metaphor) want!
No Robots can feel this sixth sense!

17

New Theories / Density Functional Stock Forecasting can be used in many other fields!

« on: 07/01/2017 10:30:28 »

Density Functional Stock Forecasting can be used with Airplanes,Metallurgy,Nuclear Reactors,Polling and Insurance

Density Functional Stock Forecasting tool can be used to predict and control Turbulence in Airplanes....!
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/08/technology/airlines-take-the-bump-out...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_control_surfaces
http://library.wolfram.com/infocenter/MathSource/9086/ [nofollow]
https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/56352-density-functional-american-option-pricing-with-bayesian-markov-monte-carlo-path-int-with-kelly-crit [nofollow]
https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/56446-density-functional-bayesian-markov-monte-carlo-valuation-of-price-volume-action-with-kelly-criteron [nofollow]
If you measure the altitude and speed in the x direction ( forwards and backwards) speed in the y direction(up and down) and speed in the z direction(sideways) and acceleration in x,y,z and engine thrust of an aircraft and the three flight control surfaces (2 ailerons on each wing and tail flap), these 11 dimensions measured microsecond by microsecond, can be forecast together with the Accumulation (Price-Volume Integrated Action algorithm) to forecast turbulence in an airplane, and predict what altitude and speed lie ahead, even up to 45 minutes ahead.  It can give 99 percent confidence intervals, and alert the pilot to when the fututre will be outside the bounds of safe parameters! This can be a very useful tool in aircraft to adapt and alter their flight control and path to minimize turbulence and adjust it in an optimal manner so as to minimize its effects. It won't be perfect, it never will, but it might be the best tool we have so far for adapting to and minimizing flight turbulence in real time!  This really could save lives and make flights more comfortable and safe for pilots and passengers!  This can be used to provide a forecast to Pilots, or be used by an AutoPilot in a feedback loop!  The Miitary, SpaceX , Blue Origin and Virgin Space and Boeing might be interested!  It can also be used to guarantee lift off and landing within certain time and distance constraints and wind forces!
Density Functional Stock Forecasting tool can be used to achieve smelting temperatures in Metallurgy with a min energy!
This mathematical technique of combining Fourier extrapolation using Modified Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) and Density Functional Bayesian Markov Monte Carlo Path Integration can compute statistical confidence limits into the future for a parameter such as Temperature in the core with a thermocouple! This allows a Smelter in Metallurgy to determine in real time whether they are sufficiently stoking the furnace and will achieve smelting temperature with the minimum input of energy and the minimum time to achieve it. The confidence limits and real time feedback together will halp do this safely!  It can also help them ensure the smelting temperature and cooling temperature follow certain curves for metal properties, and it can help them achieve or maintain optimal  temparature trajectories in time for ideal metal properties!
Density Functional Stock Forecasting tool can be used to assess Nuclear Reactor runaway reactions into the future!
This mathematical technique of combining Fourier extrapolation using Modified Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) and Density Functional Bayesian Markov Monte Carlo Path Integration can compute statistical confidence limits into the future for a parameter such as Temperature in the core,  which is the primary variable.  it has to be kept within limits and also coolant flow into the reactor can also be measured in time and controlled!  This tool could help prevent a meltdown and keep operating conditions stable over the long term!  It can also be used for load assessments!  The Nuclear Safety Commission will be interested!
Density Functional Stock Forecasting tool can be used to predict and ensure financial success of an Insurance Programme and can help with finacial catastrophe management....!
If you need to forecast future payouts from an insurance programme, this tool will be essential based on past data and it determines the unperpinnings necessary to forecast extreme events.  The basic principles involved can help with catastrophe financial management! It can help forecast interest rates but the true future probability distribution hasn't happened yet and nobody knows it but with this tool we will and can estimate up to the present day in real time!
And can help guarantee financial success of the programme and can help with Financial Adaptation to Climate Change Events!
Density Functional Stock Forecasting can be used with polling to help ensure a poll prediction that is more valid and temporal...
If you take several polls over time of a group of interest that is keyed into the population,  you can forecast the volatility statistics and the timing right up to the election, and the information can be critical for investments or political changes about to happen in society and help a political party to judge the merits of making a positive or negative statement or statements about some critical issue of interest to the population.... this sounds a bit like too much manipulation of the public, but lets face it, thats what they try to do right up until the last minute!

18

New Theories / Can density functional stock forecasting be used t control turbulence in planes?

« on: 04/01/2017 11:34:04 »

Density Functional Stock Forecasting tool can be used to predict and control Turbulence in Airplanes....!

https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/08/technology/airlines-take-the-bump-out-of-turbulence.html?_r=0

http://fearofflyingschool.com/airplane-turbulence

http://library.wolfram.com/infocenter/MathSource/9086/

https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/56352-density-functional-american-option-pricing-with-bayesian-markov-monte-carlo-path-int-with-kelly-crit

https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/56446-density-functional-bayesian-markov-monte-carlo-valuation-of-price-volume-action-with-kelly-criteron


If you measure the altitude and speed in the x direction ( forwards and backwards) speed in the y direction(up and down) and speed in the z direction(sideways) and acceleration in x,y,z and engine thrust of an aircraft, these 8 dimensions measured microsecond by microsecond, can be forecast together with the Accumulation (Price-Volume Integrated Action algorithm) to forecast turbulence in an airplane, and predict what altitude and speed lie ahead, even up to 45 minutes ahead.  It can give 99 percent confidence intervals, and alert the pilot to when the fututre will be outside the bounds of safe parameters! This can be a very useful tool in aircraft to adapt and alter their flight control and path to minimize turbulence and adjust it in an optimal manner so as to minimize its effects. It won't be perfect, it never will, but it might be the best tool we have so far for adapting to and minimizing flight turbulence in real time!  This really could save lives and make flights more comfortable and safe for pilots and passengers!  This can be used to provide a forecast to Pilots, or be used by an AutoPilot in a feedback loop!  The Miitary, SpaceX , Blue Origin and Virgin Space and Boeing might be interested!

19

New Theories / How do planes save fuel by travelling an elliptical orbit?

« on: 02/01/2017 11:35:30 »

How do space shuttles save fuel by flying on elliptical orbit where the engines and wings fight only drag and not weight!

Did you know that for an elliptical orbit with the sun at one focus (sqrt (a^2-b^2),0) in the 2D plane of the orb it and with x^2/a^2+y^2/b^2=1,
then, if c =sqrt(a^2-b^2) is the focus of the ellipse, then the eccentricity is c/a=epsilon
also
r^2=(e+f*cos(theta))^2+(g*sin(theta)+h^2)
this means that at theta=pi/2,  we must have,  b^4/a^2=(g+h)^2 or b^2/a=g+h
the second equation comes when, sin(theta)=b/a,  then (g*(b/a)+h)=b
and g=b*(2b/a-1) and h= b*(1-b/a)

also rmin^2 = (e+f)^2+h^2 =(a-c)^2
and rmax^2=(e-f)^2+h^2=(a+c)^2

then e+f = Sqrt( (a-c)^2-h^2)
and  e-f = Sqrt((a+c)^2-h^2)

g=b(2b/a-1) and h=b(1-b/a)
then e = 1/2*Sqrt((a-c)^2-h^2) + 1/2*Sqrt((a+c)^2-h^2)
and  f = 1/2*(Sqrt((a-c)^2-h^2) - 1/2*Sqrt((a+c)^2-h^2)

and e>0 and f<0
and
r^2 = (e+f*cos(theta))^2+(g*sin(theta)+h)^2

from the Gravitational force being equal to the centripetal force for an elliptical or circular orbit
GMe*Ms/r^2 = Me*v^2/r
or
G*Ms = v^2*r

this means
v^2= G*Ms/Sqrt( e+f*cos(theta))^2 + (c*sin(theta)+d)^2)
for theta from 0 to 2*PI
v is the speed in km/sec, Me is the mass of the EArth in kg and the equation is independent of it, and Ms is the mass of the Sun
and G is the Newtonian Gravitational constant
the vis - viva equation: v^2=G(2/r-1/a) is NOT true!  if you substitute it into GMeMs/r^2=Me*v^2/r you will get an equation that is clearly not true AND
has incorrect UNITS.
Every ellipse has a different eccentricity c/a, a different angle of major axis compared to the others in a solar coordinate system
and a different angle of inclination of the plane in which the 2D orbit evolves..... and these need to be measured by observation.
a is independent of b, and c/a is the eccentricity of the ellipse.  Either the semi-major axis and the eccentricity need to be measured
or a and b need to be measured from observations!

How low can you Orbit?
http://www.universetoday.com/85322/what-is-low-earth-orbit/



If planes fly on an elliptical orbit with 'b' as the radius of the Great Circle  ie. radius of Earth and a =  distance from the centre of the
earth to altitude above the earths surface
then the mass of the plane is effectively reduced and the fuel needing to be spent is to combat friction with air (drag) and a proportion of the weight from the lift of the wings..
 and to combat weather, in practice, altitude adjustments are necessary if the air is too thin for the engines to function or for
turbulence ahead or for weather
also adjustments near the origin and destination are necessary for landing.The orbital speed at 30000 feet is about 28277 km/hour , unachievalbe at 30000 feet with conventional aircraft that go about 850 km/hour or 530 miles/hour, lower than the speed of sound!This means a force of m*v^2/(6371000 metres + 30000 feet/3.28084 feet/metre) is alleviated from the weight of the plane where m is the mass of the plane.  the true force needed to lift the plane is therefore Gm Me/r*2 - mv^2/r.  regardless of what path it flies,  this is the savings it will achieve due to centripetal force!  A space shuttle , once it obtains orbital speed,  needs no thrust to maintain its altitude if their is no drag!  Usually there is a very small drag, so the engines must be used occasionally!
wings help achieve lift against weight and gravity at low speeds and high speeds, but once orbital velocity is achieved,  wings are no longer necessary
except for turning and gliding, they are needed for safety.
thats why the space shuttle has such small wings! Stunt planes can fly updisde down because of their angle of attack and the lift of the wings even when upside down due to the angle of attack! 

20

The Environment / Can we save marine life with Ocean engineering?

« on: 28/12/2016 13:50:01 »

How NASA’s space laser might help save the world : Monitoring Polar Phytoplankton Levels!
 
http://www.news.com.au/technology/science/how-nasas-space-laser-might-help-save-the-world/news-story/54da1605bf4835687bdb0cd694b38a1d

GeoEngineering won't save Marine Life!

http://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/science-news/geoengineering-wont-save-marine-life

Breakthrough solar cell, captures CO2 and sunlight and produces burnable fuel, SynGas.

https://news.uic.edu/breakthrough-solar-cell-captures-co2-and-sunlight-produces-burnable-fuel

If 25 Billion Tonnes of CO2 is removed from the atmosphere, it still won't save the marine life.

Roughly one third of all emitted CO2 ends up dissolved in the ocean!  We need to actively remove CO2 from the Ocean to save the marine life.

We need either distillation plants or Reverse Osmosis plants (as we need drinking water worldwide aswell!) that separate out the salts, magnesium carbonate(magnesite) and calcium carbonate (aragonite and calcite) and all the other salts, preferebly in areas where they can access the  deep ocean currents preferably near the surface that are laden with CO2 at higher pressures and lower temperatures.  We need to separate out the carbonates from the other salts. and create either rock (basalt) with the CO2 in it or put the calcium and magnesium back into the ocean.  The Co2 can be turned into SynGas (a mixture of CO and H2 , a burnable fuel)  by using a tungsten catalyst to change CO2 into CO and O2.  The O2 can be put back into the atmosphere.  H2O can be electrolyzed  with energy from sunlight (see above) with potassium salt to create H2 and O2.  The O2 can be put back into the atmosphere, and the H2 can be mixed with the CO to create SynGas which can be burned in gas turbines to create electricity.  The waste gases from the turbines, H2O and CO2 , can be recycled back into SynGas for no net CO2 emissions.  Or can be released into the atmosphere for a CO2 neutral source of electricity.
If we release the CO2 back into the atmosphere, for every tonne of CO2 removed from the ocean, only 1/3 would go back into the ocean!
  This needs to be done world wide!  We also have to capture all the CO2 at Coal and Methane power plants and reengineer the gas turbines to run on SynGas and recycle the waste gases back into a fuel to improve fuel mileage and achieve net zero CO2 emissions!

Can we save the oceans from Ocean Acidity Climate Shock?!

http://www.thenakedscientists.com/forum/index.php?topic=60132.msg484012#msg484012