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General Science
A-Z of AVIONICS
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A-Z of AVIONICS
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Re: A-Z of AVIONICS
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Reply #640 on:
22/03/2007 00:20:24 »
P
URPLE
[ Invalid Attachment ]
Fragment of an actual Purple machine from the Japanese embassy in Berlin, obtained by the United States at the end of World War II.
In the history of cryptography, 97-shiki oobun Inji-ki ("System 97 Printing Machine for European Characters") or Angooki Taipu-B ("Type B Cipher Machine"), codenamed PURPLE by the United States, was a diplomatic cryptographic machine used by the Japanese Foreign Office just before and during World War II. The machine was an electromechanical stepping-switch device.
The information gained from decryptions was eventually code-named Magic within the US government.
The codename "PURPLE" referred to binders used by US cryptanalysts for material produced by various systems; there had been a RED machine used by the Japanese Foreign Office, and purple was the next available color. The Japanese also used CORAL and JADE stepping-switch systems. PURPLE was a successor to, and improvement on, both the RED machine and what the Americans called the "M machine" (used in some embassies and consulates by attachés).
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Re: A-Z of AVIONICS
«
Reply #641 on:
22/03/2007 03:09:11 »
QUINOLINE
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Quinoline
Chemical formula C9H7N
Molecular mass 129.16 g/mol
CAS number [91-22-5]
Density 1.093 g/ml
Melting point −15 °C
Boiling point 238 °C
SMILES C1(N=CC=C2)=C2C=CC=C1
Disclaimer and references
Quinoline, also known as 1-azanaphthalene, 1-benzazine, or benzo
pyridine, is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. It has the formula C9H7N and is a colourless hygroscopic liquid with a strong odour.
As it ages, if exposed to light, the liquid tends to become yellow and later brown. It is only slightly soluble in water but dissolves readily in many organic solvents.
Quinoline is an intermediate in metallurgical processes and in dye, polymer, and agrochemical production. It is also a preservative, disinfectant, and solvent.
It is toxic: short-term exposure to the vapour causes irritation of the nose, eyes, and throat as well as dizziness and nausea. Longer-term effects are uncertain, but quinoline has been linked to liver damage.
[edit] Isolation and synthesis
Quinoline is naturally found in coal tar and was first extracted from this source in 1834 by F. Runge. It can be prepared using various methods:
Combes quinoline synthesis using anilines and β-diketones.
Conrad-Limpach synthesis using anilines and β-ketoesters.
Doebner-Miller reaction using anilines and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
Friedländer synthesis using 2-aminobenzaldehyde and acetaldehyde.
Skraup synthesis using ferrous sulfate, glycerol, aniline, nitrobenzene, and sulfuric acid.
Povarov reaction using an aniline, a benzaldehyde and an activated alkene.
Camps quinoline synthesis utilizing an o-acylaminoacetophenone and hydroxide
Part two
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Re: A-Z of AVIONICS
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Reply #642 on:
22/03/2007 10:45:42 »
R
ockets assisted take off
http://www.richard-seaman.com/Aircraft/AirShows/ElCentro2004/Sampler/FatAlbertRato.jpg
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Reply #643 on:
22/03/2007 13:29:39 »
Viktor
S
chauberger
(30 June 1885–25 September 1958) was an Austrian forester/forest warden, naturalist, philosopher and inventor.
The inventor of what he called "implosion technology", Schauberger developed his own highly idiosyncratic theories based on fluidic vortices. Very little of Schauberger's work has received mainstream acceptance, and the bulk of his work would likely be classified as pseudo-science.
Early years
Viktor Schauberger was born in Holzschlag, Austria, to a long line of Austrian foresters. Creek and river flow fascinated him during his youth. He went on to develop a basic theory that contains a two fold movement principle for such phenonomena.
In 1926, he undertook research at a timber flotation installation in Neuberg an der Mürz in Styria. In 1929, Schauberger submitted his first applications for patents in the fields of water engineering and turbine construction. He conducted research on how to artificially generate centripetal movement in various types of machines. He proposed a means of utilising hydroelectric power by a jet turbine. The log flumes used for timber flotation allegedly disregarded the Law of Archimedes, i.e. Schauberger was allegedly able to transport heavier-than-water objects, by creating a centripetal movement (making the timber spin around its own axis, by special guiding-vanes which caused the water to spiral)
World War II
During World War II, Schauberger developed his concepts of vortex dynamics under, he claimed, duress and, he claimed, at the behest of Germany's SS.[citation needed] In 1941 he was confined to a mental hospital in Mauer-Öhling under, he later claimed, continuous observation by the SS.[citation needed] He ran a laboratory at Mauthausen concentration camp with twenty to thirty scientists under his supervsion. He claimed that in Augsburg he worked with Messerschmidt on engine cooling systems, and corresponded with designer Heinkel about aircraft engines.[citation needed] In 1944, Schauberger developed his Repulsine machines at the little known SS-run Technical College of Engineering at Rosenhügel in Vienna.[citation needed] He produced several prototypes, but the Russian and American military confiscated his work at the end of the war.[citation needed] After the war, Schauberger worked on a concept involving perpetual motion leading to water-based power generation through vortex action, in a closed cycle.
Later years
In 1958, Schauberger returned to Austria, after negotiations with an American company.[citation needed] He died in Linz, Austria, on September 25.
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Re: A-Z of AVIONICS
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Reply #644 on:
22/03/2007 14:57:33 »
T
hermionic valve
http://smart90.com/ImagesNBS100/AmbrosFlemingPort300w.jpg
http://i10.ebayimg.com/04/i/04/59/a8/7d_1_b.JPG
Diodes and triodes
John Ambrose Fleming
had worked for Edison; in 1904, as scientific adviser to the Marconi company, he developed the "oscillation valve" or kenotron. Later known as the Fleming Valve and then the
diode
, it allowed electric current to
flow in only one direction
, enabling the rectification of alternating current. Its operation is described in greater detail in the previous section.
In 1907 Lee De Forest placed a bent wire serving as a screen, later known as the "grid" electrode, between the filament and plate electrode. As the voltage applied to the grid was varied from negative to positive, the number of electrons flowing from the filament to the plate would vary accordingly. Thus the grid was said to
electrostatically "control" the plate current
. The resulting
three-electrode device
was therefore an excellent and very sensitive
amplifier
of voltages.
more from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube
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Re: A-Z of AVIONICS
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Reply #645 on:
22/03/2007 17:44:11 »
U
ltra
Luminous Infrared Galaxies (ULIRG)
A type of galaxy which is very bright when observed at infrared wavelengths. They were discovered by the IRAS satellite. Astronomers are now investigating the cause of their enormous infrared luminosity.
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Reply #646 on:
22/03/2007 18:18:19 »
V
ortex (turbulence)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Airplane_vortex_edit.jpg/180px-Airplane_vortex_edit.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Los_Angeles_attack_sub_2.jpg/180px-Los_Angeles_attack_sub_2.jpg
http://www.math.waikato.ac.nz/~seano/research/pictures/wing-vortices.png
Turbulence
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In
fluid dynamics
, turbulence or turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic, stochastic property changes. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure and velocity in space and time. Flow that is not turbulent is called
laminar flow
. The (dimensionless) Reynolds number characterizes whether flow conditions lead to laminar or turbulent flow; e.g. for pipe flow, a Reynolds number above about 2300 will be turbulent.
Consider the flow of water over a simple smooth object, such as a sphere. At very low speeds the flow is laminar, i.e., the flow is smooth (though it may involve vortices on a large scale). As the speed increases, at some point the transition is made to turbulent ("chaotic") flow. In turbulent flow, unsteady vortices appear on many scales and interact with each other. Drag due to boundary layer skin friction increases. The structure and location of boundary layer separation often changes, sometimes resulting in a reduction of overall drag. Because laminar-turbulent transition is governed by Reynolds number, the same transition occurs if the size of the object is gradually increased, or the viscosity of the fluid is decreased, or if the density of the fluid is increased.
...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence
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Reply #647 on:
22/03/2007 18:23:51 »
W
irtanen
(comet)
Periodic comet which orbits the Sun once every 5.45 years. Discovered in 1948 at the Lick Observatory, California, by Carl A. Wirtanen. It is a so-called `Jupiter-type' comet, whose orbit is strongly influenced by that planet. Perihelion is at 159 million km (1.06 AU) from the Sun, i.e. just outside the orbit of the Earth. Aphelion is at a distance of about 768 million km (5.13 AU), near the orbit of Jupiter. Target of ESA's Rosetta mission, which will go into orbit around the nucleus and deploy a lander on its surface.
[diagram=175_0]
THIS IS THE ACTUAL COMET !!
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Re: A-Z of AVIONICS
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Reply #648 on:
22/03/2007 20:54:14 »
X
eroderma pigmentosum
http://www.emedicine.com/neuro/images/282Image_4.jpg
http://www.emedicine.com/derm/images/444460mh005.jpg.JPG
Pathophysiology
: Cleaver's seminal work in 1968 elucidated the pathophysiology of XP by demonstrating
defective DNA repair
. Further studies of this defect led to significant progress in the understanding of nucleotide excision repair (NER) mechanisms under normal and pathologic conditions.
UV radiation induces cross-linking (dimerization) between thymine nucleotides
.
After exposure to UV light, normal cultured cells identify and excise the UV-induced thymine dimers and insert undamaged nucleotides after DNA synthesis and ligation. This repair process, known as unscheduled DNA synthesis, is deficient in XP. Cell complementation analysis of cultured cells from patients with XP demonstrated that XP was genetically heterogeneous for the ability to repair UV-induced thymine dimers.
Fibroblasts from different patients with XP were fused, and DNA repair after UV exposure was assayed. Correction of DNA repair deficiency in the fused cells indicates that each cell line has a unique abnormality of DNA repair. This finding led to identification of 7 specific complementation groups (A through G).
The genes that are responsible for defective NER in each XP complementary group are highly conserved; homologous genes have been discovered in several species ranging from yeast to mammals.
Two overlapping pathways for NER have been proposed: the rapid transcription-coupled repair directed at the transcribed strand and slower global genome repair, which also includes the nontranscribed strand. Most XP complementary groups are defective in both pathways. The complementary group C (XP-C) is a notable exception in which only global genome repair is defective.
The XP variant complementation group (XP-V) has normal unscheduled DNA synthesis after UV exposure. However, the ability to repair DNA is reduced after adding caffeine to cultured cells. This defect is caused by mutations in the (pol)eta polymerase, which initiates translesion synthesis of UV-damaged DNA in an error-free manner.
XP is a multisystem disorder; sun-exposed skin and eyes (ie, eyelids, conjunctivae) are the most affected tissues. Cutaneous photosensitivity and early development of skin cancer is caused by defective DNA repair.
CNS involvement is due to premature neuronal death.
Necrosis in tissues that are not exposed to UV light suggests that these cells in patients with XP are unable to repair DNA damage from other mutagens (eg, reactive oxygen species, other free radicals). Neurodegeneration probably results from accumulating mutations due to cells' inability to repair DNA damage. Increased oxidative damage in neurons due to abnormal function of free radical scavengers, such as superoxide dismutase, has been suggested.
The presence of neurologic abnormalities correlates with the degree of NER repair defect; patients with the greatest impairment of DNA repair are more prone to develop neurodegeneration.
Pathologic studies showed diffuse neuronal loss without other histologic hallmarks. Selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons has been reported in some patients who were affected neurologically. Diffuse axonal loss was seen in the peripheral nerves in patients with clinical evidence of polyneuropathy.
Frequency
:
In the US: XP-C and XP-D are the most common complementary forms, representing 30% and 20% of all XP cases, respectively. XP-A is rare.
Internationally
: The worldwide frequency of XP is estimated at
1 case in 250,000
population. Frequencies of complementary groups vary significantly in different populations. XP-A accounts for as many as 40% of all cases in Japan. Other complementary groups, with the exception of XP-V (in which all patients have only dermatologic manifestations), are rare. For example, only 3 cases of the XP-B type have been reported.
Mortality/Morbidity
:
Skin cancer
represents the major morbidity in XP.
The median age of the first cutaneous cancer in XP (most commonly basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma) is
8 years
. In striking contrast, the mean age for squamous cell carcinoma in the general population is 58 years.
The incidence of malignant melanoma in patients with XP who are younger than 20 years is
2000-fold higher
than in an age-matched US population.
Skin tumors are typically multiple
, and patients with as many as 100 tumors have been reported. This may result in disfigurement in severely affected subjects.
Keratitis, together with squamous cell tumors of the conjunctiva and corneoconjunctival junction, is a major source of
ophthalmologic morbidity.
Other malignancies also occur at increased frequency in patients with XP. The frequency of inner organ neoplasms, including malignant brain tumors, is estimated to be increased 20-fold compared to subjects without XP.
Mental retardation
(or dementia in subjects with adult-onset neurologic deterioration),
hearing loss, spasticity, ataxia, and polyneuropathy
are the most common morbidity factors in the subset of patients who have with neurologic impairment.
As many as 50% of patients with XP-D manifest neurologic deterioration. Neurologic involvement is rare in patients with XP-C, the most common complementary group in the United States.
Seizures
are common and epilepsy may be present in almost 25% of all patients.
Neurologic symptoms are progressive and may result in severe disability.
Many patients become bedridden and incontinent. Some have significant cachexia in the terminal stages despite adequate caloric intake.
Urinary tract infection, sepsis, and aspiration pneumonia are potential complications.
Patients with early onset of neurologic symptoms tend to have more profoundly defective DNA repair, making them more susceptible to skin and inner organ tumors.
Kraemer et al constructed the Kaplan-Meier survival curve for patients with XP. The following were estimated:
90% probability of surviving to age 13 years
80% probability of surviving to 28 years
70% probability surviving to 40 years
Overall, life expectancy of patients with XP reduced by 30 year
s
Various comorbid cancers usually cause death.
Race
: All ethnic groups are affected similarly.
Sex
: Both sexes are affected equally.
Age
: Only 5% of patients manifest the first symptoms after age 14 years.
The median age of symptom onset is approximately 2 years.
...
from:
http://www.emedicine.com/neuro/topic399.htm
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Re: A-Z of AVIONICS
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Reply #649 on:
22/03/2007 22:50:46 »
Y
awn
[ Invalid Attachment ]
A dog yawning
A yawn (synonyms chasma, oscitation from the Latin verb oscitare, to open the mouth wide[1]) is a reflex of deep inhalation and exhalation associated with being tired, with a need to sleep, or from lack of stimulation. Pandiculation is the term for the act of stretching and yawning. Yawning is a powerful non-verbal message with several possible meanings, depending on the circumstances. It is also claimed to help increase the state of alertness of a person. The exact causes of yawning are still unknown.
Origin of the word
The word "yawn" has evolved from the Middle English word yanen, an alteration of yonen or yenen, which in turn comes from the Old English geonian.
[ Invalid Attachment ]
A Yawning cat !
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Re: A-Z of AVIONICS
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Reply #650 on:
22/03/2007 23:21:35 »
Z
afferano (Saffron)
http://www.agraria.org/coltivazionierbacee/aromatiche/zafferano.jpg
http://www.pix8.net/pro/pic/64822252c/422980.jpg
Saffron (IPA: [ˈsæf.ɹən] / [ˈsæf.ɹɑn]) is a
spice derived from the flower of the saffron crocus (Crocus sativus), a species of crocus in the family Iridaceae
. The flower has three stigmas, which are the distal ends of the plant's carpels. Together with its style, the stalk connecting the stigmas to the rest of the plant, these components are often dried and used in cooking as a seasoning and colouring agent. Saffron, which has for decades been the world's most expensive spice by weight,[1][2] is native to Southwest Asia.[2][3] It was first cultivated in the vicinity of Greece.[4]
Saffron is characterised by a
bitter taste and an iodoform- or hay-like fragrance
; these are caused by the chemicals picrocrocin and safranal.[5][6] It also contains a carotenoid dye, crocin, that gives food a rich golden-yellow hue. These traits make saffron a much-sought ingredient in many foods worldwide. Saffron also has medicinal applications.
The word saffron originated from the 12th-century Old French term safran, which derives from the Latin word safranum.
Safranum
is also related to the
Italian zafferano
and Spanish azafrán.[7] Safranum comes from the Arabic word aṣfar (أَصْفَر), which means "yellow," via the paronymous zaʻfarān (زَعْفَرَان), the name of the spice in Arabic.
from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffron
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Re: A-Z of AVIONICS
«
Reply #651 on:
23/03/2007 00:00:41 »
Mary
A
nderson
Patent drawing
Mary Anderson's
windshield wiper
Prior to the manufacture of Henry Ford's Model A, Mary Anderson was granted her first patent for a window cleaning device in November of 1903. Her invention could clean snow, rain, or sleet from a windshield by using a handle inside the car. Her goal was to improve driver vision during stormy weather - Mary Anderson invented the windshield wiper.
During a trip to New York City, Mary Anderson noticed that streetcar drivers had to open the windows of their cars when it rained in order to see, as a solution she invented a swinging arm device with a rubber blade that was operated by the driver from within the vehicle via a lever. The windsheld wipers became standard equipment on all American cars by 1916.
The automobile gave women ample opportunity for invention. In 1923, of the 345 inventions listed under "Transportation" in the Women's Bureau Bulletin No.28, about half were related to automobiles and another 25 concerned traffic signals and turn indicators. Among these inventions -- a carburetor, a clutch mechanism, an electric engine starter, and a starting mechanism.
During the 1930s, Helen Blair Bartlett developed new insulations for spark plugs. A geologist by training, her knowledge of petrology and mineralogy was critical in the development of innovative uses of alumina ceramics.
Another woman inventor named Charlotte Bridgwood invented the first automatic windshield wiper. Charlotte Bridgwood, president of the Bridgwood Manufacturing Company of New York, patented her electric roller-based windshield wiper called the "Storm Windshield Cleaner" in 1917. However, her product was not a commercial success.
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Re: A-Z of AVIONICS
«
Reply #652 on:
23/03/2007 04:35:39 »
B
iotit
Biotite is a common phyllosilicate mineral within the mica group, with the approximate chemical formula K(Mg, Fe)3AlSi3O10(F, OH)2. More generally, it refers to the dark mica series, primarily a solid-solution series between the iron-endmember annite, and the magnesium-endmember phlogopite; more aluminous endmembers include siderophyllite. (WIKp)
It is the most common type of mica found in granites intruded plutonic rocks) and rhyolites (1*) worldwide and one of the three minerals that form these rock. The other two are feldspars (many different types) and quartz.
*1 (granitic magma chambers that have been some how opened to the surface so the crystals are smaller from more rapid cooling)
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Reply #653 on:
23/03/2007 09:53:22 »
C
alodendrum capense (
C
ape
C
hestnut)
http://www.fitzroygardens.com/images/calodendrum.jpg
http://www.fitzroygardens.com/images/calodendrum%20flower.jpg
http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/1999/__data/page/1985/calodendrum_37.gif
Calodendron capense – Cape Chestnut (Rutaceae)
Attractive tree with a dense, compact and rounded, symmetrical crown, 10-12 mt high native to
South Africa
. Prefers warmer conditions, frost tender when young, growth slow. Summer flowering, flesh pink in large terminal sprays, covering almost the entire crown.
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Reply #654 on:
23/03/2007 10:05:54 »
D
isposable
D
iapers
-
(D
onovan
, Marion )
(or as disposable diapers are known in Britain the disposable nappy )
Marion Donovan was a young mother in the post-war baby boom era. She came from a family of inventors and inherited the inventing 'gene'.
The Boater
Unhappy with leaky, cloth diapers that had to be washed, she first invented the 'Boater', a plastic covering for cloth diapers. Marion Donovan made her first Boater using a shower curtain.
Disposable Diapers
A year later she carried her ideas further. Using disposable absorbent material and combining it with her Boater design, Marion Donovan created the first convenient disposable diaper.
Business For Herself
Manufacturers thought her product would be too expansive to produce. Marion Donovan, left unable to sell or license her diaper patent, went into business for herself. A few years later, she was able to sell her company for $1 million.
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Reply #655 on:
23/03/2007 10:29:32 »
E
levons = Elevator + Ailerons
http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/McGrawHill/Encyclopedia/images/CE228600FG0010.gif
http://www.concordesst.com/graphics/controls2.gif
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/c/cc/250px-Elevon.f117.arp.750pix.jpg
http://www.concordesst.com/02/pictures/019t.jpg
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Reply #656 on:
23/03/2007 14:31:22 »
F
erris Wheel
- George W.
F
erris
The first ferris wheel was designed by George W. Ferris, a bridge-builder from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Ferris began his career in the railroad industry and then pursued an interest in bridge building. He understood the growing need for structural steel, Ferris founded G.W.G. Ferris & Co. in Pittsburgh, a firm that tested and inspected metals for railroads and bridge builders.
He built the Ferris Wheel for the 1893 World's Fair, which was held in Chicago to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Columbus's landing in America. The Chicago Fair's organizers wanted something that would rival the Eiffel Tower. Gustave Eiffel had built the tower for the Paris World's Fair of 1889, which honored the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution.
Finding a suitable design proved difficult: Architect Daniel H. Burnham, who was in charge of selecting the project for the Chicago World's Fair, complained at an engineer's banquet in 1891 about having found nothing that "met the expectations of the people". Among the audience was George Washington Gale Ferris Jr., owner of a firm that tested iron and steel. He had an inspiration and scribbled the design for the Ferris Wheel on a napkin during the dinner.
It was considered an engineering wonder: two 140-foot steel towers supported the wheel; they were connected by a 45-foot axle, the largest single piece of forged steel ever made up until that time. The wheel section had a diameter of 250 feet and a circumference of 825 feet. Two 1000-horsepower reversible engines powered the ride. Thirty-six wooden cars held up to sixty riders each. The ride cost fifty cents and made $726,805.50 during the World's Fair. The original Ferris Wheel was destroyed in 1906, but there are other ferris wheels at theme parks and carnivals everywhere.
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Re: A-Z of AVIONICS
«
Reply #657 on:
23/03/2007 21:21:55 »
G
alena detector
http://www.radiopistoia.com/057.jpg
This is a particular of a galena crystal used as radio rivelator in the first receivers called "
galena radios
". Those receivers works
without supply
; The RF (Radio Frequency) signal itself drove the piezo headphones.
more "old devices" in:
http://www.radiopistoia.com/compo_.htm
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Last Edit: 25/03/2007 23:09:27 by iko
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neilep
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Re: A-Z of AVIONICS
«
Reply #658 on:
23/03/2007 22:01:36 »
H
ills
H
oist
A Hills Hoist is an inexpensive rotary clothes line developed and marketed by Australian, Lance
H
ill in 1945. However, Lance Hill finally patented his rotary clothes line on March 22, 1956.
Hills Hoist
The Hills Hoist is a rotary clothes line fitted with a hoist operated by a crown and pinion winding mechanism which allows the frame to be raised and lowered. It was developed and marketed by Lance Hill in 1945 after he returned from the war.
Lance Hill invented the Hill's Hoist because his wife asked him if he could think of something better than the old clothes line and prop that she had.
1955 Model
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Last Edit: 23/03/2007 22:04:45 by neilep
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Re: A-Z of AVIONICS
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Reply #659 on:
23/03/2007 23:43:34 »
I
nfantile scurvy (Barlow's disease)
http://www.faqs.org/nutrition/images/nwaz_02_img0214.jpg
This X-ray of an infant afflicted by scurvy shows some of the skeletal effects of the disease, including bowed legs, stunted bone growth, and swollen joints. Infants who are fed only cow's milk are at risk of developing scurvy, since cow's milk is not an adequate source of vitamin C. [Photograph by Lester V. Bergman. Corbis Images. Reproduced by permission.]
Scurvy is a condition characterized by
hemorrhages
around the hair follicles of the arms and legs, generalized
weakness, anemia, and gum disease
(gingivitis) resulting from a lack of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in the diet. Early epidemics of scurvy occurred during the Renaissance (1600–1800s) among explorers and seafaring men. In 1746, James Lind, a British naval surgeon, established that eating lemons and oranges cured the disease.
Vitamin C is destroyed by heat, and thus not present in pasteurized and commercially processed foods. Children and teenagers who consume too many processed foods and few fresh fruits and vegetables may be getting inadequate amounts of vitamin C. (In 1914, an increased incidence of scurvy among infants was attributed to consumption of heated (pasteurized) milk and vitamin C–deficient commercially processed foods.) Though rare, scurvy is now frequently observed among
elderly persons, alcoholics, and malnourished adults
. In addition, smokers have higher requirements for vitamin C, and are therefore more at risk.
Kiran B. Misra
from: http://www.faqs.org/nutrition/Pre-Sma/Scurvy.html
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Last Edit: 25/03/2007 23:10:11 by iko
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