[paul cotter]

One was a sine wave with upper and lower sidebands while all the others were sine waves accompanied by Bessel functions/expansions(don't ask me to elaborate on the latter I can't)

[mxplxxx (OP)]

I rarely measured the energy of single photons directly

Hey Alan. As discussed in this post, it is not possible to directly measure the energy of a single photon.Which menas we cannot absolutely validate the e=hf equation.

[mxplxxx (OP)]

In Reality, the central system in an Amino Acid is a Carbon Ion.

Not the reality that the rest of us live in.

Really?

https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=41&q=centre+of+amino+acid+carbon+ion&cvid=58be56b36bfe4f4b813e0182990481ef&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqBggAEEUYOzIGCAAQRRg7MgYIARBFGDkyBggCEAAYQDIGCAMQABhAMgYIBBAAGEAyBggFEAAYQDIGCAYQABhAMgYIBxAAGEAyBggIEAAYQNIBCDkwOTZqMGoxqAIAsAIA&FORM=ANNTA1&PC=NMTS

[paul cotter]

NO. At physiologic ph the amino or carboxyl terminal may be ionised but not the carbon. Carbanions and carbocations are species that occur in organic chemistry under the influences of strong acids or bases. Strong electron withdrawing groups can lead to spontaneous occurrence of carbanions but no such groups are present in aminoacids/proteins.

[mxplxxx (OP)]

This type of structure gives rise to systems that are shell-based.

In 4dAbtractions, electrons are a type of 4dSystem (like all other systems) - 4dElectrons. Bonding is done via References which are a type of quantum entanglement mechanism in Reality.

So, for a 4dElectron to bond to System X, a reference to System X is added to the 4dElectron. Events generated by System X can then be processed by the 4dElectron. Subsequently, 4d Electron Shells can then be processed as Abstraction Hierarchies. It is tempting to think something similar is happening in Reality😊 (i.e. an electron bonds by becoming entangled with the entity it is bonding to).

btw A 4dEvent is the equivalent of a photon in physics.

[mxplxxx (OP)]

NO. At physiologic ph the amino or carboxyl terminal may be ionised but not the carbon. Carbanions and carbocations are species that occur in organic chemistry under the influences of strong acids or bases. Strong electron withdrawing groups can lead to spontaneous occurrence of carbanions but no such groups are present in aminoacids/proteins.

The way I read it, the centre of an Amino Acid is a Carbon Atom, and the centre of a Carbon Atom is a Carbon Ion.

[paul cotter]

An amino acid is an irregular structure and as such has no "centre". Carbon ions do exist but not in amino acids. I again suggest that you learn some basic chemistry/physics. As the abstract abstractions seem to have raised their ugly heads again, i'm out. 

[mxplxxx (OP)]

An amino acid is an irregular structure and as such has no "centre". Carbon ions do exist but not in amino acids. I again suggest that you learn some basic chemistry/physics. As the abstract abstractions seem to have raised their ugly heads again, i'm out. 

Quitter😊

From
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Kentucky/CHE_103%3A_Chemistry_for_Allied_Health_(Soult)/13%3A_Amino_Acids_and_Proteins/13.01%3A_Amino_Acids

"The amine and carboxyl groups of an amino acid are both covalently bonded to a central carbon atom. That carbon atom is also bonded to a hydrogen atom and an  R group. It is this R group which varies from one amino acid to another and is called the amino acid side chain."

If you have a Carbon Atom, you also have a central Carbon Ion.

[mxplxxx (OP)]

An amino acid is an irregular structure and as such has no "centre"

In its 2D form in 4dAbstractions, an Amino Acid has a central Carbon Atom/System. I think it extremely likely that  Reality has a 2D version of itself (we may go there when we transition from the 3D version😊)

[alancalverd]

covalently bonded to a central carbon atom.

If you had stayed awake at school, you would have learned the difference between covalent and ionic bonding.

We do use carbon ions in some experimental radiotherapy procedures, but they don't turn up very often (if at all) in biochemistry.

[mxplxxx (OP)]

We do use carbon ions in some experimental radiotherapy procedures, but they don't turn up very often (if at all) in biochemistry.

Doesn't a carbon atom contain a positive nucleus and isn't a positive nucleus an ion?

[Bored chemist]

As discussed in this post, it is not possible to directly measure the energy of a single photon.

What is so special about doing it "directly?
We can, in fact, measure the energies of photons.

Doesn't a carbon atom contain a positive nucleus and isn't a positive nucleus an ion?

Yes and no respectively.
An ion has a net charge; a carbon atom doesn't.

In its 2D form in 4dAbstractions, an Amino Acid has a central Carbon Atom/

A molecule of phenylalanine has 9 carbon atoms.
Which one are you pretending is "central"?

[mxplxxx (OP)]

https://arwill50.blogspot.com/2011/03/phenylalanine.html

[alancalverd]

You might  loosely describe one atom as central to the carboxylamine group but it isn't central in any way to the entire phenylalanine molecule. Is London central to England, or is it Birmingham?  Or Southampton, maybe? And like those cities, the said carbon atom is not an ion.

[alancalverd]

Doesn't a carbon atom contain a positive nucleus and isn't a positive nucleus an ion?

In the same way that a live animal is a skeleton.

[Bored chemist]

https://arwill50.blogspot.com/2011/03/phenylalanine.html

In what way is that "central"?

[mxplxxx (OP)]

In 4dAbstractions, a 4dAminoAcid is shell-based. This makes it easy to visual a Carbon Ion reference as being the centre of all 4dAminoAcids. See https://1drv.ms/b/s!AkkAzGDByUeBp9BqQHR8mpUzWfHVhw?e=oUnfsj . All 4dAminoAcid systems are references.

The only differenece between 4dAminoAcids is the type of SideChain (R) reference.

This makes a 4dAminoAcide so, so easy to program. Maybe Reality does something similar.

In 4dAbstractions a 4dAminoAcid comes in 2D and 3D versions. I have not programmed the 3D version yet.

[alancalverd]

https://arwill50.blogspot.com/2011/03/phenylalanine.html

In what way is that "central"?

Because the word appears on the diagram, and everything you find on the internet is true.

[mxplxxx (OP)]

Note that almost all of the universe is empty space. Thus it makes more sense to compute in 2d and display in 3d.

Afaik, self driving Cars like Tesla see the world through several 2D cameras, which is then converted into 3D virtual world. It's just like how human drivers work.

Interesting.

A 4dApp would likely have no trouble driving a Tesla car. The 4d's of 4dabstractions are:

Driver (4d/time)
Display(3d/space)
Data(2d/thought)
 and
 Datastore(1d/memory)

Via function calls (imperative, top-down),  a Driver (4d) System interacts with a Display (3d) System, a Display (3d) System interacts with a Data (2d) System, and a Data (2d) System interacts with a Datastore (1d) System.

Via raising events (reactive, bottom-up), a Datastore (1d) System interacts with a Data (2d) System, a Data (2d) System interacts with a Display (3d) System, and a Display (3d) System interacts with a  Driver (4d) System.

In this scheme of things, a Driver System only interacts with 3d Systems. Which makes for easy programming when designing a Person simulation (which inherits a Driver System) where the Person is not aware of the workings of  Data (thought) or Datastore (memory) Systems.

The Punter System in 4dRacing is a type of (inherits) Driver System.

As 4dAbstractions has always maintained, more and more evidence is coming that the Universe is a simulation. See https://www.msn.com/en-au/news/other/top-physicist-publishes-evidence-that-we-re-living-in-a-computer-simulation/ar-AA1nnIRL?ocid=msedgntp&pc=NMTS&cvid=6fbf841abad04738f27d4df2d8697943&ei=19

A universe is a likely a sphere with a sphere at its centre. And this central sphere is also a sphere with a sphere at its centre and this sphere is also a sphere with a sphere at ITS centre and so on and so on ad infinitely small particles. This exacly parallels the System/Star relationship in 4dAbstractions. This relation naturally forms shells. This allows Universes/Systems to be composed of shell-based Abstraction Hierarcies. The linear string of 4dStars bears more than a passing relationship to the strngs of Amino Acids in proteins.

Which makes sense, given we, as people, deal in abstractions. Which makes it likely that a brain processes abstraction hierarchies of references to Real objects.

Also, within the universe/App, movement exists as spin only. ie. shells spin whch moves the systems contained in the shells and the systems spin which moves the contents of the systems.

btw: A System/Universe getes more and more abstract as it gets closerr and closer to its centre. At dead centre it is fully abstract and, possibly, ready to go bang As it gets farther and farther away from its centre, it gets more and more concrete until it becomes fully concrete - i.e. god? This is how/why systems/universes form abstraction hierarchies - naturally.

[alancalverd]

more and more evidence is coming that the Universe is a simulation

Incomplete sentence. A simulation of what, pray?