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On the Formation of Magnetic fields around a current carrying wire.
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On the Formation of Magnetic fields around a current carrying wire.
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On the Formation of Magnetic fields around a current carrying wire.
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03/07/2018 09:42:13 »
Traditionally, the appearance of a magnetic field around a current carrying wire was explained by the presence of an electric field driving charged electrons through a conducting wire. The movement of the electron, with its associated ‘electric field’, dynamically created the magnetic fields as the electrons were accelerated along the wire at high speeds.
But recent studies of direct current flow have shown that ‘electrons’ energised by an electric field generator are not able to ‘accelerate’ along a conducting wire, but can only move about randomly within the lattice of atoms in the wire.
Their interactions with other charge carriers in the wire, cause them to travel at speeds as low as 23 micro metres per second. This is called their ‘drift’ speed.
The consequential demise of the concept of ‘electron based’ current flow, has led to the requirement for an alternative theory, but one which also explains the subsequent formation of the magnetic fields that appear around and along the length of the wired circuit.
The development of an alternative theory to explain the current flow in a wire and the formation of magnetic field rings, requires the introduction of new perceptions and changes to the accepted terminology, but these are necessary for its foundations.
The lattice structure of a current carrying wire, such as copper, can be viewed as being assembled from multiple individual slices taken perpendicularly across the wire, each being an atom thick.
Barring impurities and physical distortions of the wire, the symmetry of the lattice structure ensures that the atomic structure of each copper slice is virtually the same and this provides the basis for the formation of a magnetic field around every slice, all along the wire.
Within each slice there are many thousands of atoms and they are all bound together across the ‘slice’ by the ‘magnetic attraction’ that occurs between the ‘valence electrons’ of the individual atoms as they dynamically orbit their atomic nuclei.
An electron with a single magnetic field ring is said to be in its ‘base state’, but with two or more magnetic rings, the electron is said to be in an ‘energised state’ and this energised state occurs in practice with electrons resident upon the positive terminal of a generator.
The ‘magnetic field ring’ around an electron exists in two states at the same time. Viewed from one direction it can be seen to be rotating clockwise or in a ‘spin up’ state, whilst viewed from the opposite direction, it rotates anti-clockwise or in a ‘spin down’ state.
Two electrons with magnetic field rings that meet rotating in ‘opposite’ directions, attract each other, as the spin direction of their magnetic rings both rotate in the same direction along their joint ‘magnetic axis’.
But two electrons with their magnetic field rings ‘rotating’ in the ‘same’ direction deflect each other, as the spin direction of their magnetic rings meet rotating in opposite directions along their magnetic axis.
This attraction and deflection of the magnetic field rings around the electron, is the key to an explanation of the magnetic bonding of atoms and the formation of magnetic fields.
This phenomenon can be illustrated in a visible way by the behaviour of the ‘magnet field’ of a compass needle, interacting with the ‘magnetic field’ of the earth.
A compass, built to be free to rotate in any direction, is attracted to point vertically down to the earth at the north pole and can be ‘locked’ into this position. On being transferred to the south pole and ‘unlocked’, it will flip over through 180 degrees to point down to the earth at the south pole.
The compass needle makes this 180 degree ‘magnetic flip’ in order to bring its own magnetic field axis into line with the earth’s magnetic axis.
This is the same behaviour that two electrons in a ‘like’ magnetic spin state will undergo, when their magnetic fields are brought into contact with one another. The magnetic field ring of one electron will flip itself over through 180 degrees, such that it rotates in the opposite spin state, thereby bringing its spin direction into alignment with the other electron’s magnetic ring, along their joint magnetic axis.
This is the also the magnetic phenomenon that enables electrons located within their orbital energy bands around the nucleus to pair up with one another.
Returning to the copper slices, each atom in the lattice structure of the slice, has four neighbouring atoms, located: above, below and one each side. For the orbiting valence electrons to attract each other, the spin direction of their magnetic field rings must always be in ‘alternate’ states of ‘spin up’ (clockwise} and ‘spin down’ (anti-clockwise) across each row and each column of the atoms in the slice.
This enables the valence electrons of neighbouring atoms to dynamically attract each other in a synchronised manner as they pass in close proximity during their respective orbits of their nuclei.
But it would not be possible to create the symmetrical atomic structure of the copper lattice without the presence of ‘symmetrical forces’ maintaining the atoms in place, both vertically and horizontally across the slice and this leads to the requirement that the orbits of the valence electrons of neighbouring atoms in the slice, all align themselves within the same plane across the slice.
This is the ‘copper equivalent' of carbon atoms located in an atom thick sheet of graphene.
If the orbits of the valence electrons in the copper slice were able to orbit in ‘any’ plane around their nucleus, then the individual atoms would be magnetically displaced out of their locations, breaking the lattice symmetry of the slice and the physical strength of the material.
The ‘orbital momentum’ of valence electrons around their nucleus, causes the valence electrons to ‘transiently’ attract one another as they pass.
Magnetic rings can exist in either a ‘static state’ as part of a magnetic field or in a ‘dynamic state’ as magnetic waves, where they depart the magnetic field, still rotating at the speed of light and travel through space or through a conducting medium such as a copper wire, tracing out their characteristic sinusoidal waveform. The name given to this discrete dynamic state, is the ‘photon’.
Experiments with alternating current flow, have demonstrated how a ‘static’ magnetic field ring located around a wire can undergo this change of state into its ‘dynamic’ magnetic wave form, a phenomenon that led to the appearance of radio waves and their use in communications.
Although magnetic field rings can have many different diameters, their structure is created by a particle of ‘kinetic energy’ that constantly rotates in a circle at the speed of light. The diameter of the magnetic ring determines its wavelength, but each wavelength has the same amount of kinetic energy carried by its magnetic particle.
The existence of a rotating particle of ‘kinetic energy’ explains why iron filings, which have been scattered upon a plane lying perpendicular to the current flow of a conducting wire, are subjected to a force that enables them to leave the location where they fell and line up along the magnetic field rings formed in this perpendicular plane around the current carrying wire.
The ‘mechanism’ driving the formation of an external magnetic field around each slice, is dependent upon the ‘energised’ electrons residing upon the positive terminal of a generating source, such as a battery, a dynamo or a solar panel.
The connection of a wired circuit between their positive and negative terminals, enables the energised electrons upon the positive terminal, to release their secondary magnetic field rings into the wired circuit as ‘dynamic’ magnetic field rings and then revert back to their base state again, before being ‘re-energised’ by the magnetic field rings created by the generator.
The kinetic energy inherent in the magnetic field rings is transported down the wire in the form of ‘magnetic waves’, with the number of magnetic waves that are dispatched into the wire determining the voltage that is being applied to the circuit.
The flow of the magnetic waves from the generator’s terminals are initially deflected by the magnetic fields of the atoms into the interstices that exist between the atoms of the copper lattice.
Here they can travel unimpeded down the wire in their dynamic state. But this is only the case, if the valence electrons are rotating in a different sector of their orbits around their nuclei.
Occasionally or probabilistically, the passage of magnetic waves down the wire will coincide with the arrival of two synchronously orbiting valence electrons at the junction between their two neighbouring copper atoms in the slice.
The outcome of this ‘magnetic interaction’ is that the magnetic ring of one of the two orbiting valence electrons, which has the same ‘spin state’ as the dynamic incoming magnetic wave, will cause these two magnetic rings to deflect one another, thereby breaking the transient magnetic bond that exists between the two orbiting valence electrons at this junction between their atoms.
The incident ‘magnetic wave’ from the generator is deflected away from its original path along the wire and into a perpendicular direction heading towards the outer surface of the wire through the horizontal or vertical pathways between the copper atoms in the slice.
The ‘magnetic wave’ maintains its dynamic state moving sinusoidally at the speed of light and breaks through the surface of the wire, appearing externally to the wire as ‘infra-red’ radiation.
This deflection of the generator’s magnetic waves from their path along the wired circuit, accounts for the loss of kinetic energy or voltage input by the generator and is a measure of the wire’s ‘resistance’ to current flow.
The counteracting deflection of the magnetic field ring of the orbiting ‘valence electron’, has the same destination, heading tangentially away from its orbit in a perpendicular direction towards the outer surface of the wire, again travelling through the horizontal or vertical interstices of the atoms in the slice.
But unlike the ‘dynamic’ magnetic waves from the generator, the dislodged magnetic ring of the valence electron retains its ‘static’ ring state that it had around its valence electron. Upon reaching the surface of the wire, it is unable to ‘dynamically’ radiate away from the wire as a photon, but instead, translates its rotating motion into a circular pathway around the outer slice of the wire, still travelling at the speed of light through the medium that surrounds the wire.
Subsequent collisions between the generator’s current of magnetic waves and the pairs of valence electrons in the atomic slice of the wire, result in the same interaction, but when their magnetic field rings reach the surface of the wire, they find that a magnetic field ring has already been established there, rotating around the wire in the plane of the slice.
The property of magnetic field rings to avoid crossing pathways by deflecting one another, causes the new magnetic ring to deflect the established field ring into a larger diameter pathway around the wire and then takes its place.
The magnetic field rings all rotate in the same plane and in the same direction around their slice of the wire, thereby attracting each other and holding the newly formed magnetic field in place within its perpendicular plane around the slice.
Although the magnetic link between the two valence electrons has been broken, the ‘unaffected’ valence electron with its single magnetic field ring is still able to continue its orbit around the nucleus, linking to the remaining three neighbouring valence electrons and maintaining the integrity of the copper wire.
But the valence electron which has lost its magnetic ring has become a demagnetised particle and is no longer able to interact with the input magnetic waves from the generator or with its neighbouring valence electrons.
This loss of attraction allows the demagnetised valence electron to move into a wider orbit around its nucleus, although it still lies within the plane of its slice.
The loss of magnetic links between valence electrons within a slice, makes the wire more pliable and the consequential movement of the demagnetised valence electrons into wider orbits around their nuclei within each slice of the wire, leads to the observed expansion of the wire’s external diameter.
However, if the input of current from the generator were to be of such a magnitude that all the valence electrons within a slice lost their magnetic rings to the external magnetic field, then the ‘slice’ will cease to have any magnetic bonds and the wire will break apart across that slice of the wire.
Switching the generator off, leads to the loss of the supply of magnetic waves into the circuit and the magnetic field rings around each slice collapse back into the wire, returning to their home valence electron in an orderly manner, with the inner magnetic ring returning first and the outer magnetic ring returning last.
The return of the magnetic field rings to their orbiting valence electrons, re-establishes the magnetic linkages between them and with it, the mechanical stability of the wire.
The key perceptions used in this alternative theory to explain the formation of magnetic rings around a current carrying wire can be summarised as: the repetitive nature of copper atomic slices, the ‘particle’ nature of kinetic energy circulating around its magnetic ring at the speed of light, the ‘magnetic’ bonding between orbiting valence electrons and the ability of magnetic field rings to interchange between their static and dynamic states.
But all four of these perceptions arise from the experimental observations that are briefly alluded to in the text.
Despite being complex to explain, this ‘alternative theory’ for the formation of magnetic fields around a current carrying wire, does have the ability to comprehensively account for all ‘seven concurrent phenomena’ that occur with direct current flow down a wire.
Namely: the movement of ‘kinetic energy’ along the wired circuit, the resistance of the wire, the appearance of infra-red radiation, the increased pliability of the wire, the expansion of the wire, a break in the wire and finally, the formation of magnetic fields around the wire.
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