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New Theories / On the ‘particle-wave’ property of magnetic field rings.
« on: 23/03/2018 14:07:13 »
There are many unexplained aspects of physics theory, ranging from a ‘grand unification theory’ to the universal imbalance between ‘matter and anti-matter’.
But even everyday phenomenon, such as the flow of a current of electrons along a wire, takes its place on the list.
We are all aware that touching the positive terminal of a battery, a dynamo or a Van de Graaff generator, even grasping the metal door handle of a car, can initiate a flow of kinetic energy into our nervous system, which is far from pleasant.
But what exactly is the source of this kinetic energy and how are electrons physically conducted along a wire and into the pathways of our nervous system?
The physics model, originally developed to explain the transfer of kinetic energy down a wire, was based upon the concept of an ‘electric charge’ being associated with the electron.
The ‘electric field’ generated by the ‘electric charge’ conformed to two physical axioms. The magnitude of the charge upon the electron was always ‘constant’ and the electric field it created, transported kinetic energy in a ‘straight-line’ continuum to infinity.
But with the development of ‘quantum mechanics’, which revealed the discrete nature of both the atom and the photon, the ‘continuity’ concept upon which the electric charge and its field were based, became untenable, in that it contravened two of the basic requirements of quantum physics.
Nothing can generate ‘perpetual energy’ and nothing can propagate a continuum of energy to ‘infinity’.
The concept of an ‘electric field’, created by the accumulation of charged electrons upon the terminal of a generator, finally fell out of favour, when measurements of the ‘drift speed’ of an ‘electron flow’ along a wire under a high voltage electric field, proved to be far too slow to explain the near light speed that a current of kinetic energy is transported along a wire.
But if ‘electric charge’ is not the source of kinetic energy and electrons do not flow down the wire at the speed we observe, then what is creating the current flow of kinetic energy?
The essence of an alternative theory which can explain the conduction of a current along a wire, must have two properties. Its generator must be able to release ‘kinetic energy quanta’ into the wire and then propagate them along the conducting wire at or near the speed of light.
But there are only three primary sources of kinetic energy to choose from: electric, magnetic and gravity.
The ‘gravitational field’ is ruled out, because the size of the proton, neutron and electron particles in the atom, which are the generators of a gravitational force acting between and within atoms, are so small, that even cumulatively, they cannot generate enough mass between them, which would create a flow of kinetic energy along a wire conductor in the form of ‘gravitational waves’.
The electrostatic concepts of an ‘electric charge’ and an ‘electric field continuum’, ruled them out of contention on the grounds of their nonconformance with the theory of quantum mechanics. Hence the only source of kinetic energy remaining, for the purpose of defining an ‘alternate theory’ of current flow along a wire, is magnetism.
The incorporation of electrostatics theory into our models of the atom and the photon is so entrenched, that its role seems to be irreplaceable. Its underlying concept of an ‘electric charge’, devised by Benjamin Franklin in the 18th century, is deeply embedded in our psyche, even if we do not know exactly what it is!
But magnetism is a surprisingly realistic source to replace the ‘electric charge’, as all fundamental particles are magnetic in their nature and a magnetic field has unique qualities that differentiate it from an electric field continuum.
Firstly, magnetic fields conform to quantum theory. The magnetic field around a current carrying wire or a bar magnet, is created by the individual magnetic field rings of the participating electrons within their atom. As a consequence, the size of the magnetic field is restricted to the number of participating electrons, even if there are a great number of them.
Secondly, the existence of magnetic field lines can be traced physically, at least upon a macro scale, simply by using a compass. The lines are seen to be separate entities, each following a circular trajectory, which confirms their finiteness.
Magnetic field rings can be diverted from their path by the presence of other magnetic fields, as can be demonstrated with two bar magnets. But their field lines always return to their generating source, be it protons, neutrons, electrons, quarks or their anti-particles.
Magnetic field lines are not absorbed by particles of matter and hence they have the ability to permeate through the array of copper atoms in a wire, indeed through all molecular matter, as we observe with the earth’s magnetic field.
But there still remains a ‘key capability’ required of magnetism, which is to determine if an ‘individual magnetic ring’ has the ability to carry kinetic energy around its circular orbit and do so at the ‘speed of light’.
We know from experiments with iron filings and current flow in a wire, that the magnetic field rings created around the wire, each carry a ‘quantum of kinetic energy’, which enables the rings to physically move iron filings onto their pathway. The application of ‘magnetic induction’, acts to change the filings into tiny magnets, which draws them together onto their nearest pathway.
We also know, that whilst the current flow is in one direction around a wired circuit, the external magnetic field rings all rotate in the same clockwise direction. If the direction of flow of the current through the wired circuit is reversed, then the rotation of the magnetic field rings also reverses from clockwise to anti-clockwise.
This alternating rotation phenomenon of the magnetic field rings is explained by the ability of the electron’s magnetic field ring to change between its spin-up (clockwise) rotational state and its spin-down (anti-clockwise) rotational state, under the influence of the ‘alternating’ flow of kinetic energy through the wire.
From experiments with ‘current flow reversal’, we also know that if the current flow is alternated at a critical speed, then the ‘outer magnetic ring’ of the collapsing external magnetic field is propelled away as a ‘photon’, having been forcefully repelled by the growth of the new magnetic field rings, rotating in the opposite direction. The circular diameter or wavelength of the photon, lies in the ’radio-wave’ segment of the Spectrum of Light.
Increasing the speed of the alternating current reversal, gives rise to the emission of photons of smaller diameters, with a wavelength that lies within or nearer to the microwave region of the Spectrum of Light.
Maxwell’s model of the photon is structured upon the concept of an electric field alternating with a magnetic field, whilst moving at the speed of light. But shorn of its electric field component, the photon takes on the form of a magnetic field ring, with its particle of kinetic energy tracing out a sinusoidal wave, as it moves through space at the speed of light. The diameter of the outer magnetic field ring matches the diameter or wavelength of the released photon.
The magnetic ring from the field located around the wire and the magnetic ring of the despatched photon, are the same physical entity, except that the magnetic ring rotates within its field around a fixed point in space, whereas the photon has the velocity to move dynamically through space.
If the Spectrum of Light were to be laid out on a horizontal surface as a series of nested rings according to their wavelength, which ranges from gamma rays to radio waves, then you are looking at a structure that mirrors the magnetic field around a current carrying wire.
This gives rise to the premise that a magnetic field ring has a ‘particle-wave’ structure that is identical to the ‘particle-wave’ structure of the photon. Both sets of rings are created by the ‘same’ particle of kinetic energy rotating at the speed of light around their circular pathways.
As an outcome, magnetic field rings, like photons, conform to Planck’s formula: E=hf.
The generator whether a battery, a dynamo, a solar panel or a van de Graaff machine, expends kinetic energy quanta during its operation and as energy can neither be created nor destroyed, the kinetic energy quanta expended by the generator are transferred to the atoms located upon its terminal.
As there isn’t an electric charge to take into account, the kinetic energy quanta are magnetic field rings, which locate themselves around the outer electrons of the atoms, giving these electrons an extended magnetic field.
The extended magnetic field puts the outer electrons of the atoms into an ‘energised’ state upon the terminal of the generator and this is the source of energy, which replaces the concept of an ‘electric charge’.
The connection of a wired circuit between the generator’s terminals, creates an interface between the wire and the terminal. This enables the ‘energised’ electrons upon the generator’s terminal, to despatch their accumulated magnetic rings into the copper wire in the dynamic form of ‘magnetic waves’.
There is no physical movement of electrons between atoms in a conducting material. The transfer of kinetic energy is enacted by the movement of magnetic waves.
The ‘magnetic waves’ travel down the wire at the speed of light with the circulating motion of their kinetic energy particle tracing out a sinusoidal waveform, which demonstrates their particle-wave property.
The pain that you feel if you take hold of a live wire, happens because the wavelength of a magnetic ring around the energised electron, lies within the infra-red frequency range in the Spectrum of Light. The voltage or intensity of the magnetic waves emanating from a live wire, determines the level of pain that you feel, just like touching a hot stove.
But even everyday phenomenon, such as the flow of a current of electrons along a wire, takes its place on the list.
We are all aware that touching the positive terminal of a battery, a dynamo or a Van de Graaff generator, even grasping the metal door handle of a car, can initiate a flow of kinetic energy into our nervous system, which is far from pleasant.
But what exactly is the source of this kinetic energy and how are electrons physically conducted along a wire and into the pathways of our nervous system?
The physics model, originally developed to explain the transfer of kinetic energy down a wire, was based upon the concept of an ‘electric charge’ being associated with the electron.
The ‘electric field’ generated by the ‘electric charge’ conformed to two physical axioms. The magnitude of the charge upon the electron was always ‘constant’ and the electric field it created, transported kinetic energy in a ‘straight-line’ continuum to infinity.
But with the development of ‘quantum mechanics’, which revealed the discrete nature of both the atom and the photon, the ‘continuity’ concept upon which the electric charge and its field were based, became untenable, in that it contravened two of the basic requirements of quantum physics.
Nothing can generate ‘perpetual energy’ and nothing can propagate a continuum of energy to ‘infinity’.
The concept of an ‘electric field’, created by the accumulation of charged electrons upon the terminal of a generator, finally fell out of favour, when measurements of the ‘drift speed’ of an ‘electron flow’ along a wire under a high voltage electric field, proved to be far too slow to explain the near light speed that a current of kinetic energy is transported along a wire.
But if ‘electric charge’ is not the source of kinetic energy and electrons do not flow down the wire at the speed we observe, then what is creating the current flow of kinetic energy?
The essence of an alternative theory which can explain the conduction of a current along a wire, must have two properties. Its generator must be able to release ‘kinetic energy quanta’ into the wire and then propagate them along the conducting wire at or near the speed of light.
But there are only three primary sources of kinetic energy to choose from: electric, magnetic and gravity.
The ‘gravitational field’ is ruled out, because the size of the proton, neutron and electron particles in the atom, which are the generators of a gravitational force acting between and within atoms, are so small, that even cumulatively, they cannot generate enough mass between them, which would create a flow of kinetic energy along a wire conductor in the form of ‘gravitational waves’.
The electrostatic concepts of an ‘electric charge’ and an ‘electric field continuum’, ruled them out of contention on the grounds of their nonconformance with the theory of quantum mechanics. Hence the only source of kinetic energy remaining, for the purpose of defining an ‘alternate theory’ of current flow along a wire, is magnetism.
The incorporation of electrostatics theory into our models of the atom and the photon is so entrenched, that its role seems to be irreplaceable. Its underlying concept of an ‘electric charge’, devised by Benjamin Franklin in the 18th century, is deeply embedded in our psyche, even if we do not know exactly what it is!
But magnetism is a surprisingly realistic source to replace the ‘electric charge’, as all fundamental particles are magnetic in their nature and a magnetic field has unique qualities that differentiate it from an electric field continuum.
Firstly, magnetic fields conform to quantum theory. The magnetic field around a current carrying wire or a bar magnet, is created by the individual magnetic field rings of the participating electrons within their atom. As a consequence, the size of the magnetic field is restricted to the number of participating electrons, even if there are a great number of them.
Secondly, the existence of magnetic field lines can be traced physically, at least upon a macro scale, simply by using a compass. The lines are seen to be separate entities, each following a circular trajectory, which confirms their finiteness.
Magnetic field rings can be diverted from their path by the presence of other magnetic fields, as can be demonstrated with two bar magnets. But their field lines always return to their generating source, be it protons, neutrons, electrons, quarks or their anti-particles.
Magnetic field lines are not absorbed by particles of matter and hence they have the ability to permeate through the array of copper atoms in a wire, indeed through all molecular matter, as we observe with the earth’s magnetic field.
But there still remains a ‘key capability’ required of magnetism, which is to determine if an ‘individual magnetic ring’ has the ability to carry kinetic energy around its circular orbit and do so at the ‘speed of light’.
We know from experiments with iron filings and current flow in a wire, that the magnetic field rings created around the wire, each carry a ‘quantum of kinetic energy’, which enables the rings to physically move iron filings onto their pathway. The application of ‘magnetic induction’, acts to change the filings into tiny magnets, which draws them together onto their nearest pathway.
We also know, that whilst the current flow is in one direction around a wired circuit, the external magnetic field rings all rotate in the same clockwise direction. If the direction of flow of the current through the wired circuit is reversed, then the rotation of the magnetic field rings also reverses from clockwise to anti-clockwise.
This alternating rotation phenomenon of the magnetic field rings is explained by the ability of the electron’s magnetic field ring to change between its spin-up (clockwise) rotational state and its spin-down (anti-clockwise) rotational state, under the influence of the ‘alternating’ flow of kinetic energy through the wire.
From experiments with ‘current flow reversal’, we also know that if the current flow is alternated at a critical speed, then the ‘outer magnetic ring’ of the collapsing external magnetic field is propelled away as a ‘photon’, having been forcefully repelled by the growth of the new magnetic field rings, rotating in the opposite direction. The circular diameter or wavelength of the photon, lies in the ’radio-wave’ segment of the Spectrum of Light.
Increasing the speed of the alternating current reversal, gives rise to the emission of photons of smaller diameters, with a wavelength that lies within or nearer to the microwave region of the Spectrum of Light.
Maxwell’s model of the photon is structured upon the concept of an electric field alternating with a magnetic field, whilst moving at the speed of light. But shorn of its electric field component, the photon takes on the form of a magnetic field ring, with its particle of kinetic energy tracing out a sinusoidal wave, as it moves through space at the speed of light. The diameter of the outer magnetic field ring matches the diameter or wavelength of the released photon.
The magnetic ring from the field located around the wire and the magnetic ring of the despatched photon, are the same physical entity, except that the magnetic ring rotates within its field around a fixed point in space, whereas the photon has the velocity to move dynamically through space.
If the Spectrum of Light were to be laid out on a horizontal surface as a series of nested rings according to their wavelength, which ranges from gamma rays to radio waves, then you are looking at a structure that mirrors the magnetic field around a current carrying wire.
This gives rise to the premise that a magnetic field ring has a ‘particle-wave’ structure that is identical to the ‘particle-wave’ structure of the photon. Both sets of rings are created by the ‘same’ particle of kinetic energy rotating at the speed of light around their circular pathways.
As an outcome, magnetic field rings, like photons, conform to Planck’s formula: E=hf.
The generator whether a battery, a dynamo, a solar panel or a van de Graaff machine, expends kinetic energy quanta during its operation and as energy can neither be created nor destroyed, the kinetic energy quanta expended by the generator are transferred to the atoms located upon its terminal.
As there isn’t an electric charge to take into account, the kinetic energy quanta are magnetic field rings, which locate themselves around the outer electrons of the atoms, giving these electrons an extended magnetic field.
The extended magnetic field puts the outer electrons of the atoms into an ‘energised’ state upon the terminal of the generator and this is the source of energy, which replaces the concept of an ‘electric charge’.
The connection of a wired circuit between the generator’s terminals, creates an interface between the wire and the terminal. This enables the ‘energised’ electrons upon the generator’s terminal, to despatch their accumulated magnetic rings into the copper wire in the dynamic form of ‘magnetic waves’.
There is no physical movement of electrons between atoms in a conducting material. The transfer of kinetic energy is enacted by the movement of magnetic waves.
The ‘magnetic waves’ travel down the wire at the speed of light with the circulating motion of their kinetic energy particle tracing out a sinusoidal waveform, which demonstrates their particle-wave property.
The pain that you feel if you take hold of a live wire, happens because the wavelength of a magnetic ring around the energised electron, lies within the infra-red frequency range in the Spectrum of Light. The voltage or intensity of the magnetic waves emanating from a live wire, determines the level of pain that you feel, just like touching a hot stove.
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