[talanum1 (OP)]

What numbers are assigned for the colors of a quark?

[Bored chemist]

In what way  are colours numbers?
You could do this sort of thing.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-bit_color
but I don't see why you would want to.

[talanum1 (OP)]

One would need to quantify it in order to let Noether;s theorem apply to it.

[evan_au]

You could start here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark#Table_of_properties

The quantum properties of quarks include:
- Charge: ±1/3, ±2/3. But they hang around in groups, so we only observe integer charges (-1, 0, +1)
- Angular momentum: ½
- Baryon number: 1/3. But they hang around in groups, so we only observe integer numbers (0, 1)
- There are a few other numbers, like "Strangeness", a property unique to the "Strange Quark". This gives it an unexpectedly long life for its mass, and has led to speculation about "quark stars" being like a superdense neutron star.

See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_star

[yor_on]

I don't have a direct link to the story behind why they named it 'colors'.

But           " As mentioned and shown in Figure 1, quarks carry another quantum number, which we call color. Of course, it is not the color we sense with visible light, but its properties are analogous to those of three primary and three secondary colors. Specifically, a quark can have one of three color values we call red (R), green (G), and blue (B) in analogy to those primary visible colors. Antiquarks have three values we call antired or cyan (¯R), antigreen or magenta (¯G), and antiblue or yellow (¯B) in analogy to those secondary visible colors. The reason for these names is that when certain visual colors are combined, the eye sees white.

The analogy of the colors combining to white is used to explain why baryons are made of three quarks, why mesons are a quark and an antiquark, and why we cannot isolate a single quark. The force between the quarks is such that their combined colors produce white. This is illustrated in Figure 5. A baryon must have one of each primary color or RGB, which produces white. A meson must have a primary color and its anticolor, also producing white. "

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/33-5-quarks-is-that-all-there-is/

Does it pretty well.  I used to have a more 'original' and rather fun link to how they came up with it but it's unfortunately gone.