[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

We get a nice full wave when the imaginary part is exactly 2*pi

https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=plot+re%28log%28zeta%28x%2B+2+pi+i%29+%2F%28Zeta%281-x%2B+2+pi+i%29%29%29%29from+0+to+1

This curve is very similar to a cubic equation 1/1887.68 * (2x-1)(1-(2x-1)^2).
Here's the plot of both curves in the same graph (the cubic equation is multiplied by i).

https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=plot+re%28log%28%28zeta%28x%2B2+pi+i%29%29+%2F+%28Zeta%281-x%2B2+pi+i%29%29%29%29+%2B+i%2F1887.68+%282x-1%29%281-%282x-1%29%5E2%29+from+0+to+1

Although when zoomed in, there is still visible difference.
https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=plot+re%28log%28%28zeta%28x%2B2+pi+i%29%29+%2F+%28Zeta%281-x%2B2+pi+i%29%29%29%29+%2Bi%2F1887.68+%282x-1%29%281-%282x-1%29%5E2%29+from+0.784+to+0.793

It seems that my previous effort to approach S function starting with cubic function was a mistake. I should have started with the linear function first, which was skipped previously. In that case, the cubic curve I found in the plot was too  attractive.

https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=plot+re%28log%28%28zeta%28x%2B2.0021169954+pi+i%29%29+%2F+%28Zeta%281-x%2B2.0021169954+pi+i%29%29%29%29+%2B%281%2F236.31+%28x-0.5%29%5E3%29+%2Bi%2F30400%28x%29%28x-0.5%29%5E3%28x-1%29from+-0+to+1
When the S function at inflection point is "corrected" using a cubic equation, there's still a quintic equation "residue".

https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=plot+re%28log%28%28zeta%28x%2B2.0021169954+pi+i%29%29+%2F+%28Zeta%281-x%2B2.0021169954+pi+i%29%29%29%29+%2B%281%2F236.31+%28x-0.5%29%5E3%29+-1%2F30400%28x%29%28x-0.5%29%5E3%28x-1%29from+-0.01+to+1.01
Even when both corrections are applied, there's still some residue.

This is where linear approximation is done first

At high imaginary part, the real part of S function is very close to a straight line with a negative slope.

https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=plot+re+%28log%28zeta%280.5%2B+d%2B9999i%29%2Fzeta+%280.5-+d%2B9999i%29%29%29++%2Bi+%28-d+log%289999%2F2%2Fpi%29+%29from+-1+to+1
This is where they are overlaid on the same plot.

https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=plot+re+%28log%28zeta%280.5%2B+d%2B9999i%29%2Fzeta+%280.5-+d%2B9999i%29%29%29++-%28-d+log%289999%2F2%2Fpi%29+%29from+-1+to+1
And this is where the difference between them is plotted.

https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=plot+re+%28log%28zeta%280.5%2B+d%2B9i%29%2Fzeta+%280.5-+d%2B9i%29%29%29++-%28-d+log%289%2F2%2Fpi%29+%29from+-1+to+1
This is where the imaginary part is lower.
https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=plot+re+%28log%28zeta%280.5%2B+d%2B4i%29%2Fzeta+%280.5-+d%2B4i%29%29%29++-%28-d+log%284%2F2%2Fpi%29+%29from+-1+to+1
It still applies when the imaginary part is lower than 2 pi.

The shape of the curve doesn't seem to change even when a non-trivial zero is involved.
https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=plot+re+%28log%28zeta%280.5%2B+d%2B14.134725142i%29%2Fzeta+%280.5-+d%2B14.134725142i%29%29%29++-%28-d+log%2814.134725142%2F%282+pi%29%29+%29from+-1+to+1

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

Why 4d geometry makes me sad

The artwork at the end is by Kurt Bruns

Thanks to Daniel Kim for sharing the first two puzzles with me. He mentioned the earliest reference he knows for the tile puzzles is David and Tomei's AMM article titled "The problem of Calissons."

The idea to include the tetrahedron volume example was based on a conversation with Po Shen Lo about these puzzles, during which he mentioned the case of one dimension lower.

I received the cone correction to the proof of Monge's theorem from Akos Zahorsky via email. Also, the Bulgarian team leader Velian Velikov brought up the same argument, and just shot me a message saying "I came across it in a book I found online titled 'Mathematical Puzzles' by Peter Winkler. There, it is attributed to Nathan Bowler"

I referenced quaternions at the end, and if you're curious to learn more, here are a few options.

Also, one of the coolest projects I've ever done was a collaboration with Ben Eater to make interactive videos based on that topic:
https://eater.net/quaternions

Timestamps
0:00 - Intro
0:32 - Twirling tiles
6:45 - Tarski Plank Problem
10:24 - Monge?s Theorem
17:26 - 3D Volume, 4D answer
18:51 - The hypercube stack
25:52 - The sadness of higher dimensions

Unfortunately, visualizing Zeta function is best suited in 4 dimensions: 2 for complex input and 2 for complex output.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

Riemann Hypothesis 4 : Implications of Anomalous Zeros

The video describes implications of anomalous zeros on Y and S functions, and try to build an argumentation against their existence. #riemannhypothesis

I'd like to hear your opinions on what should be included in my next video.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

Here is my next video on Riemann's Hypothesis, which introduces V function.

This video introduces V function, which is a combination between the difference and ratio of zeta function and its analytic continuation.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

Here's the summary of the argumentation in the video above.
The formula of zeta function and its analytic continuation are completely transparent.
There is no anomalous zero with real part >1, according to converging infinite sum formula of Zeta function.
Analytic continuation of zeta function through functional equation implies that there is no anomalous zero with real part <0.
Numerical check found no anomalous zero with positive imaginary part <1 million.
The shapes of V function which have no irregularity, even when non-trivial zero is involved.
The regularity of V function is assumed to include the points where the anomalous zeros of zeta function reside.
The existence of anomalous zeros of zeta function will have profound implications on the shape of V function. There's only two possibilities:
1. The shape of V function still follows regular pattern.
2. The shape of V function becomes irregular at that point of imaginary part.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

The existence of anomalous zeros of zeta function will have profound implications on the shape of V function. There's only two possibilities:
1. The shape of V function still follows regular pattern.
2. The shape of V function becomes irregular at that point of imaginary part.

In first case, the shape of the real part of Y function and S function become a flat horizontal line. It's at negative infinity in Y function, and it's at 0 in S function. This is impossible, considering the formula for zeta function.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

Y, S, and V functions can also be formed using Dirichlet Eta function instead of Riemann Zeta function.

https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=plot+log%28dirichlet+eta%280.5%2Bd%2B999i%29+-dirichlet+eta%280.5-d%2B999i%29%29+from+-1+to+1

https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=plot+log%28dirichlet+eta%280.5%2Bd%2B999i%29+%2Fdirichlet+eta%280.5-d%2B999i%29%29+from+-1+to+1

https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=plot+log%28%28dirichlet+eta%280.5%2Be+d%2B99i%29-dirichlet+eta%280.5-e+d%2B99i%29%29+%2F+%28dirichlet+eta%280.5%2Bd%2B99i%29-dirichlet+eta%280.5-d%2B99i%29%29%29+from+-1+to+1

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

I asked ChatGPT the question in the title of this thread.

The Riemann Hypothesis (RH) is considered one of the most challenging problems in mathematics due to its deep connections to multiple areas of mathematics and the intricate nature of the objects it involves. Here are the main reasons for its difficulty:

1. Complex Analysis and the Zeta Function

The RH revolves around the Riemann zeta function, a complex-valued function defined in terms of an infinite series and product. The critical strip, where the hypothesis applies, is in the complex plane, requiring sophisticated tools from complex analysis.

The zeros of the zeta function on the critical line  are deeply tied to its analytic properties, and proving their distribution demands control over complex functions in high dimensions.


2. Connection to Prime Numbers

The RH implies precise results about the distribution of prime numbers. Proving it would mean controlling errors in approximations to prime number counts, which involve non-trivial estimates of zeta function values.

The relationship between primes and the zeros of the zeta function is encoded in the explicit formula of number theory, a complex and delicate structure to analyze.


3. Infinite Nature of the Problem

The RH applies to an infinite number of zeros of the zeta function. While computational verifications have confirmed the RH for billions of zeros, proving it for all zeros requires understanding infinite, global properties of the zeta function.


4. Lack of Geometric or Structural Framework

Many mathematical problems are solved by identifying underlying structures or symmetries. While there are deep connections between the zeta function and random matrices, modular forms, and quantum physics, a unifying framework that directly addresses RH has not been found.


5. Interdisciplinary Complexity

RH connects to various branches of mathematics, including number theory, analysis, algebraic geometry, and even probability and physics (e.g., random matrix theory). Any proof is likely to require insights from multiple disciplines.


6. No Known Counterexamples or Contradictions

No counterexamples exist to suggest RH is false, but proving it true demands addressing all potential counterarguments. This absence of contradictions adds to the challenge since the proof must be constructive and exhaustive.


7. Historical Resistance to Simplification

Numerous attempts over more than a century have failed, despite significant progress in related areas. The difficulty has withstood all known techniques, highlighting its depth and the need for groundbreaking new ideas.


These factors combined make the Riemann Hypothesis one of the hardest and most intriguing problems in mathematics, justifying its status as a Millennium Prize Problem with a reward of $1 million for a proof.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

The same question for Gemini.

The Riemann Hypothesis, a seemingly simple statement about the distribution of prime numbers, has stumped mathematicians for over a century due to its inherent complexity. Here are some key reasons why it's so hard to prove:
 * The Riemann Zeta Function:
   * Definition: At its core lies the Riemann zeta function, a complex function with intricate properties.
   * Zeros: The hypothesis focuses on the "non-trivial" zeros of this function, which are infinitely many and scattered across the complex plane.
   * Pattern Recognition: While many zeros seem to lie on a specific line (the "critical line"), proving this pattern holds for all zeros is incredibly challenging.
 * Connections to Prime Numbers:
   * Distribution: The distribution of prime numbers is notoriously unpredictable. The Riemann Hypothesis offers profound insights into their patterns.
   * Indirect Evidence: While strong evidence supports the hypothesis, proving it directly through prime number analysis has proven elusive.
 * Mathematical Tools:
   * Limited Techniques: Existing mathematical tools often fall short when dealing with the complexities of the zeta function and the intricate relationships between prime numbers.
   * New Approaches: Novel mathematical techniques might be necessary to tackle this long-standing problem.
 * Scope of the Problem:
   * Infinite Zeros: The hypothesis deals with an infinite set of zeros, making it impossible to verify individually.
   * General Proof: A proof must demonstrate a universal truth about these infinitely many zeros, requiring a deep understanding of their underlying structure.
In essence, the Riemann Hypothesis is a bridge between number theory and complex analysis, two branches of mathematics with their own unique challenges. Its difficulty arises from the interplay of these fields, the elusive nature of prime numbers, and the limitations of current mathematical tools.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

And the answer from Meta AI is.

The Riemann Hypothesis (RH) remains unsolved for over 150 years due to its complexity and deep connections to various mathematical disciplines. Here are key challenges:

Mathematical Obstacles
1. *Lack of elementary proof*: Despite considerable effort, no elementary proof (avoiding advanced calculus and analysis) has been found.
2. *Non-elementary nature*: RH involves complex analysis, requiring sophisticated techniques.
3. *Transcendental numbers*: The critical line (1/2 + it) involves transcendental numbers, making algebraic manipulations difficult.

Analytic Obstacles
1. *Zeta function's complexity*: The Riemann zeta function (ζ(s)) has intricate properties, making it hard to analyze.
2. *Critical line*: Proving the critical line hypothesis (Re(s) = 1/2) is notoriously difficult.
3. *Zero distribution*: Understanding the distribution of ζ(s) zeros is crucial but challenging.

Number Theoretic Obstacles
1. *Prime number distribution*: RH implies precise estimates of prime number distributions, which remain elusive.
2. *Modular forms*: Connections to modular forms and elliptic curves add complexity.
3. *Algebraic number theory*: RH's implications for algebraic number theory and class field theory.

Computational Obstacles
1. *Numerical verification*: Computational verification of RH for large numbers is challenging due to computational complexity.
2. *Zero-free regions*: Identifying zero-free regions of ζ(s) requires advanced computational methods.

Conceptual Obstacles
1. *Lack of geometric intuition*: Unlike other famous problems, RH lacks intuitive geometric interpretations.
2. *Depth of mathematical connections*: RH touches many areas (number theory, analysis, algebraic geometry), making it hard to grasp.
3. *Non-intuitive critical line*: The critical line's significance and properties remain counterintuitive.

Current Research Directions
1. *Modular forms and elliptic curves*: Exploring connections to number theory and algebraic geometry.
2. *Computational number theory*: Developing efficient algorithms for verifying RH.
3. *Geometric and analytic approaches*: Investigating alternative proofs using geometric and analytic techniques.
4. *Random matrix theory*: Studying connections to random matrix theory.

References
1. Michael Atiyah's "The Riemann Hypothesis" (2000)
2. Bernhard Riemann's original paper (1859)
3. "The Riemann Hypothesis" by Peter Borwein et al. (2008)
4. "Riemann Hypothesis" by Wikipedia

Would you like more information on specific aspects or recent developments?

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

The Essentials of Problem Solving

An introduction to the psychology of problem solving. Featured problems: the towers of Hanoi, the Chinese ring puzzle, the Wason 4-card selection task, the candle problem, Roman matchstick problems, and toothpick shape problems.

00:00 A quick note
00:47 The problem state space and the towers of Hanoi
4:45 Problems of representation and the Chinese ring puzzle
6:42 Context and variations of the Wason 4-card selection task
9:42 Introduction to insight problems: the candle problem
11:05 Differences between insight and incremental problems
12:15 Barriers to insight: Roman matchstick problems
17:30 Insight problems: too big of a distinction?
19:08 Well-structured and ill-structured problems
21:11 Representation and argument
23:34 Becoming a better problem solver: toothpick problems
26:45 Domain-specific knowledge and strategy change
30:55 What transfers across problem-solving domains?

IMO, the biggest factor in solving the Riemann hypothesis is about barriers to insight.
The problem is well structured. There's some problems of representation, especially in the past, where computer aided visualization wasn't a thing. Although the state space is infinite, it must not be the main difficulty here, since other problems involving infinity have been solved before.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

Here is my next video on Riemann's Hypothesis, which introduces V function.

This video introduces V function, which is a combination between the difference and ratio of zeta function and its analytic continuation.

In this video I used b as the multiplier of d in the numerator of the formula for V function.

Anomalous zero will cause the denominator equals zero while D is not zero. What will happen to the numerator?
Since we know that there's no non-trivial zero outside of the critical strip, the numerator won't be zero. Otherwise, large enough b will cause  no-trivial zero of Zeta function outside of the critical strip.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_sphere

In mathematics, the Riemann sphere, named after Bernhard Riemann, [1] is a model of the extended complex plane (also called the closed complex plane): the complex plane plus one point at infinity. This extended plane represents the extended complex numbers, that is, the complex numbers plus a value ∞ for infinity. With the Riemann model, the point ∞ is near to very large numbers, just as the point 0  is near to very small numbers.

The extended complex numbers are useful in complex analysis because they allow for division by zero in some circumstances, in a way that makes expressions such as 1/0 = ∞ well-behaved. For example, any rational function on the complex plane can be extended to a holomorphic function on the Riemann sphere, with the poles of the rational function mapping to infinity. More generally, any meromorphic function can be thought of as a holomorphic function whose codomain is the Riemann sphere.

Inspired by Riemann's sphere, the extended domain of Zeta function through analytic continuation using functional equation can be remapped to a similar sphere, which I call Zeta sphere.

The dotted black curve shows the location of trivial zeros. While dotted yellow curve shows the location of non-trivial zeros

I reread my older post, and found that this diagram needs more elaboration.

In Riemann's sphere,
- The blue circle represents the real axis of complex number plane.
- The green circle represents the imaginary axis of complex number plane.
- The red circle represents the unitary circle of complex number plane. Every point in this circle is equidistant from zero.

In Zeta sphere,
- The blue circle represents the real axis of complex number plane.
- The green circle represents the critical line of Zeta function.
- The red circle represents the "unitary circle" of Zeta function.
The values in intersection points between green and red circles were determined from investigation on S function.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

Out of nowhere, I found out that log of sine function of imaginary number looks like Y function.
https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=plot+log%28sin%28x+i%29%29+


While V function looks like a cosine version.
https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=plot+log%28e+cos%28x+i%29%29+

Although when examined more thoroughly, they are different.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

This is an example of what the effect of anomalous zeros to S function could look like .
https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=plot+log++%28%28s+e-7.36886%2Be%5E-s%29+%2F%28-s+e-7.36886%2Be%5Es%29+%29+

And Y function
https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=plot+log++%28%28s+e-7.36886%2Be%5E-s%29+-%28-s+e-7.36886%2Be%5Es%29+%29+from+-9+to+9

While the individual function would look like this
https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=plot+log++%28%28s+e-7.36886%2Be%5E-s%29+%29+

https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=plot++++%28%28s+e-7.36886%2Be%5E-s%29+%29+

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

The V function would look like this.
https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=plot+log%28%28%282s+e-7.36886%2Be%5E-%282s%29%29+-%28-2s+e-7.36886%2Be%5E%282s%29%29+%29+%2F+%28%28s+e-7.36886%2Be%5E-s%29+-%28-s+e-7.36886%2Be%5Es%29+%29+%29+from+-20+to+20

And for small value of b.
https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=plot+log+%28%28%280.2s+e-7.36886%2Be%5E-%280.2s%29%29+-%28-0.2s+e-7.36886%2Be%5E%280.2s%29%29+%29+%2F+%28%28s+e-7.36886%2Be%5E-s%29+-%28-s+e-7.36886%2Be%5Es%29+%29+%29+from+-20+to+20