[Wellwisher (OP)]

We live in a space-time universe, where space and time are tethered together like two people in a three legged race. The tether of the three legged race, places limits on the team, such as the team being only as fast as the slowest team member. Also both teammates need to reflect the movement of the other due to opposite side legs tethered.  In terms of space-time, these team limitations, define the laws of physics within space-time, such as the speed of light being as fast as that team can go.

As I pondered this, I asked myself the question, what would happen if we could cut the tether of space-time, so we get untethered space and time, where both time and space can now act as two independent variables? Like two untethered runners, both could now exceed the limits of the three legged race and each could act separately of the other.

For example, if I could move in space, independent of time, theoretically I could be omnipresent. Velocity V=d/(t=0)=infinite speed. In space-time, time and space are tethered so this is not possible, since there is a speed limit. Without the tether, independent time and independent space would have more capabilities.

The next question was, could I prove the existence of independent space and independent time? After putting this on the back burner, the proof came to me one day. It was connected to a reinterpretation of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.

Formulated by the German physicist and Nobel laureate Werner Heisenberg in 1927, the uncertainty principle states that we cannot know both the position and speed of a particle, such as a photon or electron, with perfect accuracy; the more we nail down the particle's position, the less we know about its speed and vice versa.

Another way to look at this is that space and time appear to be acting, with an inverse relationship, that is not exactly random. They always do the opposite of each other. What appears to be random was more about these are not behaving like one would expect of the three legged race of space-time. Rather they are acting like they were more independent, albeit, via an inverse relationship.

If space and time were two independent variables, there is so much more we can do with them. We can tether some of them together, to form  a new space-time universe. Or we can let them kiss for an instant, to form virtual particles, that disappear. If they kiss longer we get radio active decay.  Or we can even do various combinations, like two parts time and 1 part distance to get all the accelerations behind forces.

Conceptually, this would define a type of realm (not dimension) of infinite complexity and even infinite entropy. While infinite entropy would make this "realm" the potential behind the 2nd law within space-time.  Space-time becomes a subset. It is like an ice cube in a warm glass of d* t*, with the 2nd law moving space-time, back to where it came, via entropy and time*.

From this "realm", one can create a universe from nothing, in terms of space-time expectations. One can start without energy, matter or photons; void. Photons have wavelength and frequency tethered together like the three legged race of space-time. At d* t*, we would have wavelengths without frequency and frequency without wavelengths; untethered. This is not energy without the tether. However, if we could take some untethered d*t* and put on a tether, it would lower entropy toward zero, and release entropy based energy from the void; singularity of the BB.

[paul cotter]

Oh, dear!

[Wellwisher (OP)]

The basic premise of the theory is we live in space-time, which itself is immersed in independent space and independent time; d* t*. To help differentiate this more, I would like to discuss the difference between time connected to space-time; clock time, and independent time or t*.

I did this time analysis, in another topic connected to energy and time. It  helpful in the context of space-time and independent space and time; d* t*, distinctions. There are two versions of time that  operate together.


Time, as measured by clocks, actually expresses time as a function of space-time, which is a 2-D version of time, or time as a function of space.

For example, the unit of time; second, on an analog clock, is based on a hop of the second hand in space. Without the hop in space, we have no second. A digital clock changes the display, each second, but in the same space. If we leave no space, we will see no time change. The day is defined by the rotation of the earth in space and the position of the sun, at a place on the horizon, each day; east. This is not pure time, but needs changes in space to equate time.

A clock cycles like a wave. Clock repeat every 12 or 24 hours, like a sine wave; wavelength=space and frequency=time. These are all tethered expressions of space and time. Even the term light year, overlaps time with space, since light year is about distance in space, using space-time, time, or is it time-space, space.

An energy approach to time is consistent with the tethered conventions of space-time, time, which is the tradition of science and commerce. However, it is not 1-D or pure time, detached from space. Even an atomic clock is about a cyclic frequency/wavelength; space-time, time.

If you look at living things, they are born, mature, age and die. It follows a forward path that does not cycle like a clock. The clock, on the other hand, at the stroke of midnight, allows a new day to begin, sort of like the theory of reincarnation. The theory of Reincarnation appears to use 2-D space-time, time that cycles space-time, like a wave and energy; energy conservation. Energy cannot be created or destroyed by can change form; new carnation.

Pure or 1-D time, untethered to space, is much closer to the concept of entropy, than to 2-D time and energy; photons; particle/wave, and wavelength/frequency tethered together like space-time. The entropy of the universe has a vector; increases, whereas the sine wave of space-time, time, increases and decreases and allows reincarnation. It allows a new day, in 2-D time, for the same old you, in 1-D time, as you age toward retirement, never to reincarnate as a student again. These two expressions of time overlap; 1-D and 2-D, with 1-D closer to pure time. Entropy is not space dependent since the 2nd law applies everywhere in space, at the same time.

In terms of time travel, we cannot travel back into time; repeat the past. However, we could travel to the future, since that follows the vector of 1-D time. If you could time travel to the past, since no machine is 100% efficient, the machine will add entropy to you and the past, and therefore alter the past, into your new future. It is not the same past, anymore, since it has been changed, because there are no perpetual motion machines, to generate a pure past.

However, if we traveled to the future, we will also add entropy; machine inefficiency. Since the future is not yet set, it becomes our new future, which was also not yet set. So 1-D time goes forward, even if we wish to go backwards, like the reincarnation clock. The mid life crisis may impel the older man to buy a sporty convertible and get fancy tattoos. But this rebellion, does not make him 18 again; reincarnation clock. Rather 1-D time still goes to the future. However, with 2-D energy based in space-time, time, and energy conservation, the fountain of youth seems partially possible; return to the old stomping grounds in space-time, time.

1-D time would conceptually be more like time lines, that can go straight or even curve. They would have potential in time; time potential; t*, that defines action in time, until it ends. The twists and curves of life, can cause the time line to meander, using up the time potential faster or slower; burn the candle from both ends or live a healthy uneventful life.

A 1-D time line, could be like making popcorn, which is not reversible. We place the kernels of popcorn, in a pot,  over the heat, and when the last kernels pops, the timeline is done. The time line of popping, goes slow in the beginning, and then goes gang busters, and then it decays to zero. All the potential to pop, in time, is now expressed. This is the end of that time line; future stop, and it is not reversible. A new time line now appears, as we start to eat the popcorn. This too will end and is not reversible. We cannot un chew the popcorn. While the time line of eating might meander as we start slow, and then we binge eat, until we are picking the last kernels from all the duds; time potential and time line ends.

Say on the other hand, we have an apparatus that boils water and catches the steam, condenses the steam and then collects the liquid water. In this case, we have sort of recreated time=0, in the sense of a new timeline and time potential for the same water to reach the same final state of steam, via our same water boiling apparatus. This scenario is closer to a reversible time line, but it can never be perfect. This can be modeled with space-time, time, since it is like a sine wave or clock.

What we have done is lower the entropy of the water, since the steam defines higher entropy than the liquid water. Based on our device and the condensing the steam, we have added entropic potential or the potential for this water's history to repeat itself; 2nd law will act again, under these same lab boiling conditions. But like going back into time, our equipment will add entropy, and thereby alter the past to make it part of the future. However, if this future we still have an entropic potential; new time line, until all the water boils again.

Entropy is often discussed in closed systems where entropy will  increase to a maximum. The closed system has its own internal time line and time potential; entropy clock. It is closed to the universe to separate it from other 1-D time lines and their time potential. If it was open, heat can radiate in or out, and alter the entropic potential of the internal time line.

The contrast between 2-D space-time, time and 1-D entropy based time, was presented to show  distinctions between space-time, time and independent time, as well as show how the two interact;  energy and entropy changes, at the same time.

This is what Heisenberg saw. Space-time and independent space and time, were both acting at the same time in both 1-D and 2-D time. The time uncertainty between the two, based on a single concept of time, made things appear more random, than if we assume two vectors of times which this case is space-time and d* t*.

[Wellwisher (OP)]

One of the main premises of this theory is that space-time is immersed in independent space and time, since space-time is a special case or subset of d*t*. Space-time only involves adding a tether to an aspect of d*t*, which adds limits; three legged race, we call the laws of physics within space-time that are the same in all references.

On the other hand, independent space and time; d*t*, has endless other options; weaker or strong tethers, from tiny  to long durations, etc. This would define something closer to infinite complexity and therefore infinite entropy. This makes d*t* the source of the 2nd law in space-time. The entropy of the space-time universe has to increase, as the ice cube of space-time melts in the glass of d*t*.

Below is from another topic. However, it sets the stage for the next aspect of the model; entropy and how space-time and d*t* connect via entropy.

Where does the quantization of energy; electromagnetic radiation, come from?

If you compare quantized energy levels, to the hypothetical energy levels that would be expected using continuous mathematical functions, quantized places a narrower limit on what is possible. Not all states are possible in the quantum world.

From a practical POV, quantum saves time. In other words, if we needed a given value to appear, so we can go from step 1 to step 2, by placing quantum restrictions; gaps, we will reach the needed final state sooner, throwing dice, compared to if all all states were continuous and possible. Quantum gaps allow the universe to evolve faster; saves time or speeds up evolution.

The affect is similar to loading dice. If we place loads in a set of dice, the odds will increase for certain outcomes. Other outcomes become less likely, since they are in the gaps between the quanta. This makes a purely random universe much more predicable and deterministic; betting odds improve.

The idea of quantum gaps saving time, and even making the universe more predictable, equates the source of quanta/quantum gaps to entropy, since entropy is the basis for time; both 1-D time and entropy increase to the future, while also saving time; time potential.

If we assume our space-time universe is like an ice cube in a glass of warm d*t* and sets an entropic potential, that we see as the 2nd law in space-time, since there is a final goal and outcome; melt back into d*t*, the paths are not purely random. This is reflected in the quantum world where gaps help speed up the inevitable; interaction of space-time and d*t* via changes in entropy within space-time. This connects the two via the quantum state and entropy.

Einstein claim that the laws of physics are same in all references, is a reflection of t* that is independent of space; d*  or occurs in time, in all spaces and not just a preferred d* within space-time, time.

[Wellwisher (OP)]

What I will like to do now is to explain the two sided coin or paradoxical nature of entropy, that is useful to applied science. This model is about endless applications within space-time, via d*t*; mediated by entropy. This paradoxical version of entropy makes applications easier. 

Entropy is a thermodynamic quantity representing the unavailability of a system's thermal energy for conversion into mechanical work, often interpreted as the degree of disorder or randomness in the system.

.In thermodynamics, state variables, also known as state functions, are properties of a system that describe its current state and are independent of the path taken to reach that state. Examples include temperature, pressure, volume, entropy, and internal energy. These variables are used to define and characterize the thermodynamic state of a system.

On the one hand entropy is associated with the unavailability of energy within randomness, while as a state function, entropy is not random, but is deterministic and predictable, regardless how it got there, even by randomness. Entropy is both indeterminate and determinate like quantum states and gaps.

The easiest state variable, to help see this paradox, is temperature. Temperature is connected to the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules in a system, often modeled with random/statistical assumptions. Although based on randomness, we can still maintain a constant temperature; 25C, state. Most entropy applications tend to use one side of the coin. But like the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, there is also a state or deterministic side that adds order. 

Conceptually, since entropy is associated with the energy that is unavailable to do work, this energy, within entropy, appears to be busy, acting like a glue, to help define the definitive state of the entropy. If this unavailable energy, was made available, it would do work and alter the state; entropy increase or decrease. But as long as it remains unavailable, and cannot do work, the state remains definitive; glued down via the inner randomness.

As a loose analogy, say I owned a large dog, named Knuckles, who has a protective K-9 disposition with some guard training. When I have summer parties, my dog, who roams within my fenced in yard, likes to interact with the guests. However, he can be very loud and intimidating, making the entire party feel on edge.

To get the party back on track; state of everyone being more relaxed,  I give him a nice big bone. Knuckles loves his bone, and now all his aggression, is focused on eating the bone, near the party. The bone makes this aggressive energy, unavailable to do the work of intimidation. Instead it is being expressed via the bone, allowing the party to reach a state of peace.

In quantum states, there is more unavailable energy in allowable states; bigger bone, so each state can remain constant. In the quantum gaps, the dog's bone is done, and now what was unavailable to do work, is made available, to create chaos in the gaps; party is uneasy.

As a more specific example, consider the hydrogen proton. The proton has mass and charge, which combined, contain X amount of energy value. However the proton is a very stable state, that rarely (if at all) decays to release all that energy equivalent. Most of the time, the proton's full energy value is unavailable energy to do work. Instead, only a fraction of its energy is available energy, in the form of gravitational and EM force and work.

The proton define a very high entropy state, with this state chewing a huge bone, to maintain this state in time, and prevent the complete conversion to back to available energy; proton decay. The limited available energy, in this state, can do work, via gravity and EM, but this is more limited than its total energy value; sum of available and unavailable energy. 

The future entropic state of the proton, as it increases entropy, would make even more energy unavailable, thereby altering the proton's gravity and EM characteristics; weaker. At infinite entropy of d* t*, all its energy will be made unavailable to do work, in space-time. It would appear to disappear into a void; peaceful ending as its time line finishes.

To release all that unavailable energy into an explosion, would lower entropy. While increasing entropy to the logical conclusion, will makes all its interactive energy unavailable; void state within space-time with no more available output energy. Instead it slides into the infinite complexity of the d*t* state; for final absorption.

[Wellwisher (OP)]

What I would now like to do is show just how flexible this model is, by applying it  to the human brain. Consciousness, in this model occur between space-time; the material brain, and independent space and independent time; d*t*, mediated by entropy increases. This model makes consciousness more than just material space-time. There are also 1-D times lines from d*t*. 

For example, our longing lasting neural memory, would be a stable entropic state. These persists based on entropic states, using unavailable energy; big bone, tied up in randomness. While long and short term memory each has a different time line t*.

In terms of applied consciousness, we can imagine both fact and fiction. Fact would be connected to space-time or tangible and provable physical reality. Fiction, on the other hand, is not limited to just the tangible and provable reality of the three legged race of space-time; historical fiction.  Fiction also reflects additional options, such as within d*t*, that may, or may not, be part of the more limited three legged race of space-time.

If we were only material based; space-time, wouldn't we be more programmed to remain only in space-time, with fiction not making any sense. Fiction is not exactly touch with reality; the three legged race of space-time. Yet modern consciousness can go both ways; outside space-time.

Science fiction, for example, often hints of what might be, in the future; warp speed, but is not yet solidified and witnessed within space-time; verified by machines and the fives senses. We may assume life on other planets but this is fiction until we find some. However, all  innovation starts out this way. It is fiction at the beginning, since there is no tangible expression in space-time. The future is seen, but the path; time line, to that future, still needs to be followed, within the limits of space-time, time, until the two time lines merge.

What physical aspect; in space-time, makes this possible for the brain; able to process d*t*, can be inferred by simply following the money. The money or the currency of the brain is connected to its metabolic energy. Where does the brain spend most of its energy currency? Neurons expend 90% of their metabolic energy pumping and exchanging ions; sodium and potassium.

What these ion pumps are doing is segregating and concentrating these two ions, on opposite side of the membrane. This prime directive; 90% effort, and a very energy intensive process, is lowering the ionic entropy and setting a reversible entropic potential; t=0. This entropic potential is released upon neuron firing, as the ions mix again. Then the neurons are back to work, un-mixing the ions, back into order; lowers the entropy of mixing adding entropic potential gain; new t=0. 

As an analogy for this action, say we have a glass of water and place a salt and a sugar tablet at the bottom. Over time, the two tablets will dissolve, and then spread out to form a uniform solution. The entropy of mixing; increases entropy, wishes each solute particle to maximize space in the water, thereby enhancing system randomness; unavailable energy. The job of the ion pumps is to gather these mixed ions, and reform two pure tablets again. This reversal of mixing would never occur, naturally and spontaneously, since the 2nd law would keep them spread out and mixed.

The neuron, however, is willing to spent a lot of energy, lower ionic entropy and recreating a time=0;  again, allowing the entropy to increase; spread out and mix. But as soon as that occurs, the neuron is back to work making more pure salt and sugar tablets; resetting the entropic potential. The net effect is an amplification of the entropic potential; team of all neurons, is more than the sum of the parts.

If you look at the physical brain, the thalamus, in the core of the brain, is the most complex part of the brain. It is like the central switching station, that receives input from all over the brain and body; nervous system.. It then processes this data in 4-D, and sends output streams, here and there, based on the situational needs to the brain and body.

The entropic potential, from the sum of all neuron firing, goes to the thalamus; main target, and creates this state of maximum material complexity and utility. The entropic potential, also overflows the thalamus, to enhance its processing utility; software, and then sends the coordinated output streams, back to the brain and body. This extra entropic potential excess makes the brain and body more coordinated and complex. This is like a continuous loop of entropic learning potential into evolving states of consciousness. 

Most neural science, tends to fixate on energy and action potential. This does occur, but that is more of a step down, in entropic potential. There is still more entropic potential that moves along even further, after the firing; thalamus and back.

In the weeds:

Sodium and Potassium ions, used by the brain, were selected via natural selection and evolution because of their unique impact on water. Water is critical to life and these ions enhance the utility of the water, as needed for life and consciousness. Sodium ions in water are kosmotropic meaning they create more order in water than pure water creates for itself. While potassium ions, are opposite; chaotropic, meaning they create more disorder in water than pure water creates for itself.

In terms of the action potential, this is caused by potassium ions slipping through the membrane to the outside. They are trying to mix; increase entropy to lower the concentration gradient. This enhances the positive charge on the outside and leaves behind negative charge on the inside. We get the action potential.

The reason potassium ions can skinny through the membrane; to express the entropy of mixing, is the disorder in water, caused by potassium, will break down the extended water cage around the potassium ions, so potassium can skinny through the membrane, to extend their volume of mixing. While the sodium, by making more order in water, has a bigger water cage, that keeps it out. The chaotropic and kosmotropic treat the water, slightly, but enough, each way.

The ion pumping results in each ion having a different impact on water. The water has different properties; states, on opposite sides of the membrane. Water can do two separate things, as a function of these two ions. The ordered water on the outside; sodium, is useful for attracting food. The order looks like surface tension which food also does. The food is fooled. The inside of the cell, which has more potassium and more disorder in water, defines a zone of higher water entropy. All that energy, into the ion pumps is also causing the inside of the cell to enhance the second law within the water, which impacts the organic structures.

Before neurons fire, inside the neuron is at maximum water entropy; potassium. When the neurons fire and the ions reverse and mix; sodium in, suddenly more order appears inside the neuron water  which has a different impact on the organic structures. As the ions pumps restore the entropic potential and the inside become higher in water entropy, the dog gets a bone; paradox of order and disorder, determinism and indeterminism.

Deeper weeds

These two particular ions, expand the range of the hydrogen bonding within water. They add more order or more chaos, segregated, but also blended. There are three base information streams; water, ions, and organics, with entropic states involving all three.

Water is held together by hydrogen bonding, with each water molecule able to form up to four hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds show both polar and some partial covalent character. The hydrogen bond is like a binary switch, with a small energy hill between these two switch states.

Sodium and potassium ions  flip these hydrogen bond switches the opposite way. A hydrogen bonds is still a hydrogen bond, at either switch setting, thereby maintaining secondary bonding structural integrity. What changes is how local hydrogen bond parameters become different at each switch setting; memory with muscle. The polar setting causes the water to contract and increase entropy. While the covalent setting causes water to expand and decrease entropy, which can then set a very local entropic potential.

When you mix water and oil, the surface tension of the water reflects lowered entropy and higher order; covalent setting. The 2nd law wants the water to increase entropy; more polar setting, which means lower surface tension. This causes the oil and water to separate to minimize the surface contact area.

In the case of water and protein, the oily parts of the protein add surface tension to water. The local water flips switch settings, like water army ants on a protein ice cream cone.  The protein is packed away, in stages to hide the most reduced; oily aspects, in the core, to minimize the impact so the water can maximums the 2nd law; hydrophilic protein surface has more polar settings.

However, this packing of the protein, although useful to water; entropy increases, lower the entropy of the protein, since it was much more complex, all spread out. The water, by obeying the 2nd law, to the tee, creates the maximum entropic potential in the protein; catalytic potential.. The impact of potassium, which is to create more disorder in water; even higher entropy, makes water packs protein even tighter and cleaner, and enhances the entropic or catalytic potential, further.

An interesting observation was observed by removing the membranes of cells. Even without the ion pumps, the cells still accumulated potassium ions. This appears to reflect an induced equilibrium between water, protein and potassium; an equilibrium set. What this implies is the evolution of ion pumping pushed evolution. The enhancements in potassium, pushed the water to higher entropy, which impacts proteins; entropic state and sets. Life itself is also connected to d*t*.

[Wellwisher (OP)]

What I would like to do, now, is backtrack and interpret observations about the electron, in light of the model. An electron is considered an elementary particle, which is a particle that cannot be broken down any further. However, it also exhibits what appears to be two distinct properties of negative charge and mass. This creates the paradox of one thing having what appears to be two distinct properties that cannot be separated.

One way to explain this is these two properties are not mutually exclusive, like we differentiate them to be.  Rather they are two expressions of the same thing. This suggests the electron is held together by a type of unified force between its negative charge and its mass, making both of these interchangeable, thereby adding up as one thing.

An analogy is a magnet. A magnet has a north and a south pole, yet magnetic monopoles do not exist by themselves. They only appear as a set, emanating from a single magnet. One pole implies the other, yet neither are ever found all alone. However, as a team, they create a sense of direction for the magnetic field; entropic state determinism.

Since any stable entropic state, including an electron, is made possible by unavailable energy within inner randomness; big bone, this aspect of randomness conceptually adds up to an aspect of a unified force, where the line between mass and negative charge blur, since neither can be found in isolation, since the electron is an elementary particle and these are not separate, but act as one.

One other main characteristic of the electron is, it does not like to sit and relax. It designed to be in motion; velocity and momentum. This need for speed is also an important part of its entropic state characteristic; its available energy. The electron is not just a type of magnetic style binary, but more like a trinity or one thing, with three poles, that exist together but not separated.

Based on the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, we cannot make an electron stop. If we could make it stop, we could nail down an exact position, causing the speed and momentum to become totally uncertain. It appears the electron's available energy contains d*t*. If we could stop t* or time, then d* gets huge; omnipresent or uncertain speed.

Let us go the other way closer toward the speed of light. To help bring this need for speed into the model, there is area of chemistry called relativistic quantum chemistry.

  from Wiki;The term relativistic effects was developed in light of the history of quantum mechanics. Initially, quantum mechanics was developed without considering the theory of relativity.[2] Relativistic effects are those discrepancies between values calculated by models that consider relativity and those that do not.[3] Relativistic effects are important for heavier elements with high atomic numbers, such as lanthanides and actinides.[4]

Relativistic effects in chemistry can be considered to be perturbations, or small corrections, to the non-relativistic theory of chemistry, which is developed from the solutions of the Schr?dinger equation. These corrections affect the electrons differently depending on the electron speed compared with the speed of light. Relativistic effects are more prominent in heavy elements because only in these elements do electrons attain sufficient speeds for the elements to have properties that differ from what non-relativistic chemistry predicts.[5]

The most common application is the unique color of gold. Gold is a large enough atom where its  outer electrons move at relativistic speeds, sufficient to cause Special Relativity effects to occur. One such effect will time shift all reflected light, gold. Most other metals are silver.

This Special Relativity effect; SR, is similar to the twin paradox where gold's speedy outer electrons, are aging slower; relativistic mass increase. This also makes gold very resistant to most chemical attack from smaller atoms, since the two twins are aging at different rates and cannot easily coordinate in time; align electrons.

If we add this to the unified nature of the mass and charge in this elementary particle, we get something like fat electrons, where the internal proportions between mass and charge, shifts to more to the mass side. 

The SR explanation, is since the moving twin is aging slower, with higher total mass; rest and relativistic mass, his slower aging EM force appears to become at fraction of what it should be, compared to what it would be, if it aged at the same rate as the stationary twin.

This is easier to visualize with time potential and time lines. The stationary twin ages faster, with his time potential; biological lifetime, being expressed quicker; relative scale. The moving twin ages slower, so the same time potential; exact biological twin, lasts longer. With the law of physics are the same in all references, the time potential is the same regardless of reference, it is the time lines that has two different lengths.

From the POV of the slow reference; longer time line, the EM force appears to change  proportions inverse with the mass, as the unified force; d*t*, swings like a pendulum altering the ratios of mass and charge as a function of t* and space-time, time.

Note:. My theory is the slower aging in the twin paradox is connected to energy conservation. Only the moving twin has all the energy of propulsion, and therefore has a real effect; age slower. This is not a relative reference, but an energy conservation effect.

The confusion that is often added stems from the acceleration of the rocket, to reach the needed speeds and kinetic energy. The problem with this acceleration approach is acceleration is d/t/t and as we approach the speed light time and distance relativity is out of proportion to velocity. Nor does SR have any way to adjust for this.

The simple work around is use the principle of work/energy, which is force times distance. All we need to now is the propulsion force and the distance applied; here to there, to get the needed W=kinetic energy; energy conservation.


Energy or work = force x d

Energy =  ma x d

Energy= md/t/t x d= MV2

The work approach reduces dimensionally to Einsteins E=MC2 but with V<C. This appears to reflects the kinetic energy to relativistic mass conversion in SR; energy conservation. 

In General Relativity; GR, rest mass allow the bending or curving of space-time. While in SR, rest mass does not change. Rather the moving mass or the relativistic mass appears and allow local space-time to change. The energy is conserved within the kinetic energy, to relativistic mass conversion, and this has the energy/mass capacitance to bend time around the moving rest mass. 

[Kryptid]

Ban evasion is against the rules, puppypower.

[paul cotter]

I don't understand how someone can create so much gibberish. I could not do it even if well remunerated.