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Here is the visualization of the second experiment, which start from the first as described before. If the charged particle is stationary to the wire, no magnetic force is received.Next, the wire is zoomed to show the electrons and metal atoms inside.From the picture above, the electrons inside the wire move to the left with speed v, but particle q doesn’t receive magnetic force.Now if the wire is moved to the right with speed v, the speed of electrons becomes 0, while the speed of the metal atoms = v. It is shown that magnetic force F is produced downward.The picture above is equivalent to the picture from previous post.Here we can conclude that electron’s movement is not responded by the particle, while atom’s movement produces magnetic force to the particle. It seems that for a long time we had missed the difference between atoms and free electrons which cause electric current and produce magnetic force.For the second experiment, we will study the effect of the movement of charged particles inside a conductor (or convector) toward the test particle. We will study the hypothesis that magnetic force is not only affected by the magnitude of electric charge that moves inside a conductor (or convector), but also affected by the mass of the particle.Electric current in a copper wire is produced by the flow of electrons inside. The charge and mass of electrons are always the same, so we need some other particles as electric current producers to get reference. For that we will replace the conductor by a hose filled by electrolyte solution that contains ions, since ions are also electrically charged and have various masses. Some of electrolytic solutions that will be used are NaCl, H2SO4, HCl, CuSO4, FeCl3.
We can make a table showing the force experienced by the stationary test particle in various velocities of both positive and negative particles in the wire. I'll use standard Lorentz force to calculate the force, which states thatF = B.q.vWhere B is proportional to electric current in the wire, which depends on velocity difference between positive and negative particles in the wire.v represents the velocity difference between the test particle and the wire. Since the test particle is stationary, it's merely determined by the velocity of positive particles in the wire.It's assumed that all positive particles have uniform velocity. Negative particle has uniform velocity as well.The first table below shows the value of electric current, which depends on the difference of velocity between positive and negative particle in the wire. v+ -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4v- -4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-3 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-2 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6-1 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 1 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 2 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 4 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0The second table below shows the velocity of the wire relative to test particle. It's determined solely by velocity of positive particle. v+ -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4v- -4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4-3 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4-2 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4-1 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 1 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 2 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 3 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4The third table shows the force experienced by test particle, which is simply the multiplication of each cell in both tables above. v+ -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4v- -4 0 -3 -4 -3 0 5 12 21 32-3 4 0 -2 -2 0 4 10 18 28-2 8 3 0 -1 0 3 8 15 24-1 12 6 2 0 0 2 6 12 200 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 161 20 12 6 2 0 0 2 6 122 24 15 8 3 0 -1 0 3 83 28 18 10 4 0 -2 -2 0 44 32 21 12 5 0 -3 -4 -3 0
To patent your invention, you need to follow these general steps. The process may vary depending on your country, but these are the typical stages:1. Determine PatentabilityEnsure your invention is novel, non-obvious, and useful.Conduct a prior art search to check if similar inventions exist. You can search online patent databases like:Google PatentsWIPO?s PATENTSCOPEYour country?s patent office database (e.g., USPTO, EPO, IPO).---2. Prepare a Detailed DescriptionCreate a comprehensive description of your invention, including:TitlePurposeHow it worksTechnical drawings or diagramsInclude claims that define the scope of your invention.---3. File a Patent ApplicationDecide whether to file:A provisional patent application (PPA) (for temporary protection, gives you a year to file a full patent).A non-provisional patent application (full patent).Submit your application to the patent office in your country:USPTO (United States)EPO (European Union)IPO (India)WIPO (for international patents via the PCT system).---4. Work with a Patent Attorney (Optional)Patent law can be complex, so consulting a patent attorney can help ensure your application is strong and meets all legal requirements.---5. Examination ProcessThe patent office will review your application and may ask for clarifications or modifications.Be prepared for correspondence and potential rejections. You may need to amend claims or provide additional information.---6. Pay FeesPay the required filing, examination, and maintenance fees. Fee structures vary by country and the type of patent.---7. Receive Patent ApprovalOnce approved, your patent is granted, and you have exclusive rights to your invention for a specified time (usually 20 years from the filing date).---Additional Tips:Protect your invention with non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) if discussing it with others before filing.Consider the costs, as the process can be expensive (filing fees, attorney fees, etc.).Use international patent systems (e.g., PCT) if you want protection in multiple countries.Would you like help with any specific step or advice on patent offices?
Hey Folks! In this video we will be going over what is Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) as well as how it works. This is an introduction to Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and is designed for people who are familiar with electrochemistry but are new to AC voltammetry techniques such as EIS. Timestamps00:00 - Intro01:29 - What is Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy?03:36 - Fourier Transform and what Impedance is05:17 - The Bode Plot05:46 - The Nyquist Plot07:08 - Analogy for understanding EIS08:24 - Why use EIS?10:07 - How EIS data is used (modeling an electrochemical system)
What do I have to do to patent my invention?
Then decide whether you are going to make any money from it.
The more people working on this problem, the more likely it will be solved sooner rather than later.
Quote from: hamdani yusuf on 22/12/2024 12:13:00The more people working on this problem, the more likely it will be solved sooner rather than later.Please remind me - what is the problem?
Nowadays most people explain daily electromagnetic phenomena using Maxwell’s theory, which was a summary and development of the thoughts of 19th century scientists like Gauss, Faraday, and Ampere. When it was realized that Maxwell’s theory is not compatible with Newton’s mechanics, Einstein chose to modify Newton’s mechanics to comply with Maxwell’s equations, hence established the SR theory. As time goes by, thermodynamics led Max Planck to start quantum theory which was later developed to explain microscopic world. But on macroscopic scale, its result is similar to Maxwell’s theory.I guess that the incompatibility can be resolved by modifying or even replacing Maxwell’s theory, instead of Newton’s mechanics. One thing that I concern the most is about the origin of magnetic force. Maxwell’s theory implies that magnetism comes from moving electric charge. Magnetic field was introduced to explain how magnetic force works. The field was based on magnetic lines of force which were introduced by Faraday.Basically, Maxwell’s theory explains magnetic force in two steps. First, moving electric charges produce magnetic fields around their trajectory, according to right hand rule. Then the field will do a magnetic force to any electric charge which moves relative to it. Therefore, this theory seems to have difficulties when explaining point to point interaction, especially regarding asymmetry between action and reaction. This kind of interaction is the very thing that should be explained by any fundamental physics theories like Newton’s gravity and Coulomb’s static electricity, since point is the simplest geometric element, and any other geometric forms are built from it.As an alternative, Edward Purcell tried to explain electromagnetic force relativistically, here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_electromagnetism#The_origin_of_magnetic_forces. There was shown that electric current in the wire is produced by the stream of positively charged particles, while common knowledge says that it is produced by the flow of electron which is negatively charged. If we see closer, it will be seen that positive and negative charges in the wire act asymmetrically.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_magnet_and_conductor_problem#BackgroundElectromagnetic fields are not directly observable. The existence of classical electromagnetic fields can be inferred from the motion of charged particles, whose trajectories are observable. Electromagnetic fields do explain the observed motions of classical charged particles.A strong requirement in physics is that all observers of the motion of a particle agree on the trajectory of the particle. For instance, if one observer notes that a particle collides with the center of a bullseye, then all observers must reach the same conclusion. This requirement places constraints on the nature of electromagnetic fields and on their transformation from one reference frame to another. It also places constraints on the manner in which fields affect the acceleration and, hence, the trajectories of charged particles.Perhaps the simplest example, and one that Einstein referenced in his 1905 paper introducing special relativity, is the problem of a conductor moving in the field of a magnet. In the frame of the magnet, a conductor experiences a magnetic force. In the frame of a conductor moving relative to the magnet, the conductor experiences a force due to an electric field. The magnetic field in the magnet frame and the electric field in the conductor frame must generate consistent results in the conductor. At the time of Einstein in 1905, the field equations as represented by Maxwell's equations were properly consistent. Newton's law of motion, however, had to be modified to provide consistent particle trajectories.[7]
There was shown that electric current in the wire is produced by the stream of positively charged particles,
Quote from: hamdani yusuf on 01/01/2025 20:42:57There was shown that electric current in the wire is produced by the stream of positively charged particles,"Conventional " current, in classical electromagnetism, flows from positive to negative. This gets the signs correct in Fleming, Ampere, Corkscrew and other Rules.
In most analyses of electromagnetism, the mass of the moving electric charges that produces the magnetic field is ignored, and assumed to be zero.
The speed of the electrons in a typical copper wire is actually about 10 billion times slower than the speed of the signal
It's also pretty irrelevant as the drift velocity of the charge carriers is very low
QuoteThe speed of the electrons in a typical copper wire is actually about 10 billion times slower than the speed of the signal- say 0.2 mm/second. Much the same in an electrolyte - you can sometimes see the depletion layer slowly growing if one of the ions is colored.
The electrons are back! This is the first of three videos discussing electricity - what is it, how does it work, how do we use it? This first installment talks about the speed of electricity and electrical signals in wires. Next up is Ohm's law, and what resistance really does in circuits, and third, I'll be taking another look at the experiment featured on Veritasium last year, building on the first two videos to explore the mechanism that couples the two long wires with a little more scrutiny. Enjoy!Corrections and FAQ answers:1) "When are the others coming out?" I planned to release all three of these videos on adjacent weeks, but the other two aren't done yet, and I wanted to release this one sooner to give the algorithm a kick in support of my last video from just a few days ago about FIRST Robotics - go check it out! 2) Pre-emptive clarification about the overly-philosophical ending: Sine waves are not the only orthogonal basis set that can be used to construct any function, so you could argue that any similar construction is arbitrary and math-only, and would STILL be indistinguishable from reality. That said, sine waves are really pretty (and can actually be used to solve equations that demonstrate propagation).3) Microwaves! I've had a bunch of people ask about the "resonant frequency" of the water molecules (or any dielectric). This is exactly how your microwave works, and at this frequency (2.4 GHz I believe), the energy transfer from the field to the water molecule is most efficient.4) What's the difference between this and coax, and velocity factor? In coax, the entire field is contained between the core and sheath, so the cable designer has COMPLETE control over the speed of propagation in the cable by choosing the dielectric insulation that the field has to pass through. This experiment I've set up is REALLY terrible at making sure the field has to interact with the water. There's probably a lot of "field leakage" I'm not dealing with. coax is amazing in it's ability to be controlled and uniform.5) The frequency of flipping a switch: in the absolute most hand-wavey way possible if we assume that the ~40 nanosecond rise time for the signal (switch flip) is actually 1/4 of a sine wave (as in cut out of a wave, i said hand-wavey), then the relevant frequency would be ~6 MHz. In reality this is probably within an order-of-magnitude, but many additional frequencies are needed to reconstruct the exact shape of that rise, and I don't have a great intuition for which ones carry the most energy.6) I did perform a "zero length" measurement to confirm that the scope channels were synchronized and the "send" and "receive" signals rise at the same time. I don't remember the offsets I measured right now, but they were much smaller than other errors in the system, like measuring the length of the wire!7) I didn't realize at first that the pipe was at a bit of a slant, so the end the camera was looking at was only part full when the wire at the other end was already submerged. I don't even want to think about the weird physics problem of having water ADJACENT to a wire and trying to predict anything, so I only talked about the "empty" and "full" configurations.
Why does WATER change the speed of electricity?
Does drift velocity have any effect on Lorentz' force?What if the drift velocity is increased significantly, like using superconductor with small cross sectional area?
Quote from: hamdani yusuf on 03/01/2025 03:58:55Does drift velocity have any effect on Lorentz' force?What if the drift velocity is increased significantly, like using superconductor with small cross sectional area?Since the Lorentz force depends on the charge moving, it is reasonable to assume that the faster it moves, the greater the force. F = q(E + v x B).
For the individual charge carrier, yes. But if the total current remains the same in different conductor scenarios the B field will be unchanged.