[alancalverd]

Aren't they allowed to know some basic language, logic and math? Are those also taught in court?

Allowed, yes. Required, no. If you are entitled to vote, not a peer of the realm, certified insane, or serving a jail sentence, and are under 75, you may be called to jury service.

Nothing is taught in court unless both sides agree to an independent expert witness explaining textbook technicalities.

[alancalverd]

Each side can appeal the court decisions.'

but only to another court

Clients choose lawyers with consideration of their track records.

if they can afford to. The majority of defendants in police custody and the the lower courts are represented by the duty solicitor (or equivalent in other civilised jurisdictions).

[paul cotter]

This side of the pond things are a bit different despite being historically based on English law. My "boss" is a registered psychiatric nurse and she never gets called for jury service while I have been called several times.

[alancalverd]

I suspect she may have registered her place of work as her home address!

[paul cotter]

Not so. In the 39years we have been together( tomorrow being our 38th wedding anniversary ) we have had the same address. As far as I know the derogation also applies to doctors and several other occupations that I can't remember offhand. Anyway, I think i'll drop out of this thread, as it is a bit too philosophical for me!

[alancalverd]

39 years? Mazeltov!

[paul cotter]

Thank you Alan. I had to look that one up, thought it might be some medieval expletive!!

[Zer0]

Wishing Mr & Mrs Cotter a Very Happy Anniversary!

Hope your day is filled with Alot of JoY & the night with Alot of GiggleZ.

[paul cotter]

Thank you very much, Zer0, that's very kind of you. We went out for a couple of drinks and a nice meal.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

I think i'll drop out of this thread, as it is a bit too philosophical for me!

This kind of comment shows how broken our current system of philosophy is. It seems to fail our expectations on how philosophy should function. It should be the most basic tool for us as conscious entities to navigate the world, accumulate knowledge, and help in making decisions.

Many people seems to think that modern philosophy has lost most of its practicality, and getting more detached from reality. Our options are leaving it as it is, or try to reform it to make it more useful as how it was originally intended.

https://tafacorianthoughts.com/2022/03/14/what-is-philosophy/

Metaphysics is mainly concerned with explaining the nature of being (existence) and the world. Traditionally, it has two different study areas, including Cosmology and Ontology. Cosmology is focused on understanding the origin, evolution, and the eventual fate of the universe, which include laws that keep it in functioning order. On the other hand, Ontology investigates various types of things that exist and their relationship with each other. Long before the discovery of modern science, all the science-related questions were asked as a part of Metaphysics.

Epistemology is about the study of knowledge. What can we know? How can we know something (or someone)? Epistemology also asks questions such as, can knowledge ever be absolute, or is it only ever relative to a particular situation/event/person/fact? Is there a limit for humans to know certain things? What justifies truth claims? These are some of the essential questions Epistemology seeks answers for.

Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is often referred to as the study of morality. It seeks to address questions about how we should live our lives, how we define proper conduct, and what we mean by the good life. It?s a study that teaches us what the virtuous life is like and how we can put these virtues into practice. Ethics concerns itself with questions like, what is the good life? How should we act? What do we mean by virtue? What does ?right? even mean?

Aesthetics as a philosophical subject is wholly devoted to defining the different aspects of beauty and art. How do we find something beautiful? Is beauty always subjective or can it be objective too? Can everyone find a thing/process/event/person beautiful? Aesthetics also examines individual tastes and attempts to provide answers about these things in a scientific manner.

Logic is the branch of philosophy that studies reasoning. It teaches us how to differentiate between good and bad reasoning and how to construct valid arguments. It seeks answers to questions like, what is valid reasoning? How can you distinguish between a good argument and a bad argument? How can you spot fallacies or errors in an argument?

Political Philosophy studies political government, laws, liberty, justice, rights, authority, political states and systems, ethics, and more related concepts under a variety of analytic lenses. Political philosophy helps us to understand why we need governments, the role played by governments, and what are its constituents, amongst other things. It can also help guide public policy formation through the use of informative and creative thought experiments (e.g. Rawls?s Reflective Equilibrium).

[paul cotter]

Let me explain, Hamdani: Alancalverd will put out a contract on my life if I talk philosophy!!  I glanced through your post and found one glaring error: cosmology is a hard science and not a subject of metaphysics( can I call hard science orthophysics, I don't know )

[alancalverd]

Philosophy is the art of telling people that the everyday and obvious is really beyond their understanding. Whether the discipline is existentially ontocaustic or merely the conjugation of hypophrasis and certeology remains a matter of debate among philosophers, but writers such Goldstein (Ann Phil Oxon 48, 2023) question whether the difference is significant, whilst Bamberg (in "Ersatz Wissenschaft," Phaedon, 2019) argued for reclassifying the subject as gezornen den nicht-ich .

The status quo was summarised by Rene Maugere in his valedictory festschrift: "personne ne donne aucune crotte".

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

cosmology is a hard science

What makes it hard?

Cosmologists are often in error but seldom in doubt.
Lev Landau

If we think that a conclusion of a philosopher is wrong, we should be able to tell the reason why we think so. It usually involves showing that it or it's implications contradict things that we have more confidence of being true.

[alancalverd]

"Hard" sciences are those in which the experiments are repeatable (or in the case of cosmology, geology, and suchlike, observable) and the results generally consistent. Interpretation may be moot, but is justified by the accuracy of prediction.

This puts experimental psychology and cosmology into the realm of hard science, even though practitioners can offer contradictory theories to explain the same result, because one of the theories won't predict the next outcome. Quite different from economics or sociology where the inconsistent outcome is always due to "unforeseeable circumstances" and rarely better than a guess.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

"Hard" sciences are those in which the experiments are repeatable (or in the case of cosmology, geology, and suchlike, observable)

Economic and social activities are also observable. Observability doesn't seem to be a distinctive factor.
Hard and soft sciences may not be a dichotomy. Some science may be harder than the others.
I think softer sciences are more affected by subjective experiences and evaluations, such as emotions.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

This puts experimental psychology and cosmology into the realm of hard science, even though practitioners can offer contradictory theories to explain the same result, because one of the theories won't predict the next outcome. Quite different from economics or sociology where the inconsistent outcome is always due to "unforeseeable circumstances" and rarely better than a guess.

In any branch of science, some researchers can make better predictions than their peers.

US experts shocked by Coals sudden death spiral in the United States

It's a matter of who makes the less false assumptions.

[alancalverd]

"Hard" sciences are those in which the experiments are repeatable (or in the case of cosmology, geology, and suchlike, observable) and the results generally consistent.

You forgot the qualifying phrase!

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

"Hard" sciences are those in which the experiments are repeatable (or in the case of cosmology, geology, and suchlike, observable) and the results generally consistent.

You forgot the qualifying phrase!

How do you measure the generality?

[alancalverd]

A lot of science advances through the exploration of inconsistencies, so given the vast scope of geology and cosmology, we could measure the degree of consistency of observation by dividing the number of new explanatory papers or statements of "remaining mystery" by the size of the field being explored.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

Some fundamental principles in economy, like diminishing marginal utility, is almost as strong as conservation of momentum. They never seem to fail.
Soft sciences are often seen less consistent due to higher noise to signal ratio.  They come mostly from human subjectivity.