[Bored chemist]

What would the gravitational force formula look like if the gravity of the earth did not exceed - 10,000,000 km, and the moon - 100,000 km?

It would be dark.
If the Earth's gravity didn't extend by  at least far enough to reach the Sun, about  149.60 million km, the Earth would have flown off into space.

Do you understand that the law of gravity has been checked quite carefully?

[Bored chemist]

If the gravity of the Earth reached the Sun, then the temperature of the Earth would be much higher.

Why?

[Bored chemist]

And not a word that the gravity of the planets is infinite.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation

Would you like to choose a different format in which to announce the fact that you do not understand the word "universal"?

[evan_au]

What theory or experiment proves that the gravity of the planets is infinite?

There is a vital word missing from this sentence - is it talking about:
- The range of gravity? (as some sentences imply)
- Or the force of gravity? (as some other sentences imply)

The short answer is that:
- The range of gravity is infinite, as pointed out by BC (some would say this is because the hypothetical graviton has zero rest mass)
- The only way the force of gravity could be infinite is if two massive objects were separated by zero distance. The only place this can occur is during the merger of two black holes, where all the mass of the black hole is located at a hypothetical singularity of zero size. During the merger of two black holes, these two singularities would approach each other to that distance. But we can never observe this, because the final phase of a black hole merger takes place behind the inscrutable barrier of the event horizon.

What would the gravitational force formula look like if the gravity of the earth did not exceed - 10,000,000 km

It would violate another of Newton's famous equations; this one says "every action has an equal and opposite reaction".
The Sun's gravity clearly does reach the Earth (150 million km), since we are in orbit around the Sun: The Sun exerts a gravitational force on the Earth.
- But if the Earth's gravity did not reach the Sun, the Sun's force on the Earth would not equal the Earth's force on the Sun, violating Newton's law of action and reaction.
- But we know that the Earth's gravity does reach the Sun, because when astronomers detect exoplanets using the "red-shift wobble" technique, they also detect the Earth's effect on the Sun
- The Earth and the Sun both orbit around their "barycenter" (which is much closer to the center of the Sun than it is to the center of the Earth!).
- You can see this directly from Newton's gravitational formula (call m the mass of the Earth, and M the mass of the Sun): F = G ∙ M ∙ m / R²  = G ∙ m ∙ M / R², ie the force of the Sun on the Earth is equal to the force of the Earth on the Sun.

See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_spectroscopy

Earth's gravity does not reach Venus, proof of this is Venus's circular orbit.
The reason for the formation of the ellipse of the planets is beyond the cognitive capabilities of modern science.

Actually, the regular changes in a planets eccentricity (and other orbital parameters) were worked out by Milankovitch during the first world war - without the benefit of computers!
- Each planet tugs on every other planet, continually modifying each others orbits
- The current near-circular orbit of Venus is just a passing phase.
See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87#Planet's_insolation

[Kryptid]

If the gravity of the Earth reached the Sun, then the temperature of the Earth would be much higher.

If it didn't reach the Sun, then it wouldn't be attracted to the Sun. The Sun's gravity can't affect the Earth without the Earth's gravity also affecting the Sun. That would violate Newton's third law, as it would allow the Sun to exert a force on the Earth without an equal and opposite force being exerted back on the Sun.

Earth's gravity does not reach Venus, proof of this is Venus's circular orbit.

I don't know if you've noticed this, but Venus' orbit is not perfectly circular.