[Spring Theory]

Sufficient to say that it is generally accepted that the electron (or its wave function) has a velocity around the proton in a hydrogen atom.

Not since 1925. How old are you? 

When describing what temperature is, it is easier to think of a single hydrogen atom.

Beware! The journey to disaster begins with a single step in the wrong direction. Temperature is an ensemble statistic and is not defined for a single atom or particle. You'll add confusion by attempting to "describe" a mathematical function that has a clear definition. Two steps in the wrong direction.....

The farther the distance, the lower the potential energy.

That's the inverse of the conventional description of potential, and rather surprising coming from a spring theorist.

Actually you're right - the farther the distance the higher the electric charge potential energy. My bad.

I'm right on the other points though. How would you explain magnetic moments without a velocity?

[Spring Theory]

everyone should learn this powerful concept.

It certainly seems to improve self-confidence.

You hit the nail on the head BC...good one.

[Bored chemist]

I'm right on the other points though.

No
You are not.
You are using an idea that died a hundred years ago.

How would you explain magnetic moments without a velocity?

Good question; but the wrong one.
The right question is "how can magnetic moments be produced by velocity when, for an electron, teh velocity required would exceed the speed of light?".
The answer is "well- it can't be the velocity then.

And there is, as I pointed out, still the problem with the uncertainty principle.
Do the maths.
Calculate the uncertainty of the velocity of an electron which is confines within the radius of a hydrogen atom.

[Spring Theory]

I'm right on the other points though.

No
You are not.
You are using an idea that died a hundred years ago.

How would you explain magnetic moments without a velocity?

Good question; but the wrong one.
The right question is "how can magnetic moments be produced by velocity when, for an electron, teh velocity required would exceed the speed of light?".
The answer is "well- it can't be the velocity then.

And there is, as I pointed out, still the problem with the uncertainty principle.
Do the maths.
Calculate the uncertainty of the velocity of an electron which is confines within the radius of a hydrogen atom.

You're referring to intrinsic spin.

Definition of "intrinsic spin": Let's give it a name that sounds smart but we really don't know what is going on here. Spin but not really spin.

How unsatisfying is that.

Charge with a velocity in a loop creates magnetic moments, not a pretend spin.

[Bored chemist]

Do the maths.
Calculate the uncertainty of the velocity of an electron which is confines within the radius of a hydrogen atom.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

The right question is "how can magnetic moments be produced by velocity when, for an electron, teh velocity required would exceed the speed of light?".
The answer is "well- it can't be the velocity then.

What's the required velocity to produce the measured magnetic moment?

[Bored chemist]

The right question is "how can magnetic moments be produced by velocity when, for an electron, teh velocity required would exceed the speed of light?".
The answer is "well- it can't be the velocity then.

What's the required velocity to produce the measured magnetic moment?

https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/faster-than-light-subatomic-spin.661870/

[alancalverd]

How would you explain magnetic moments without a velocity?

Assuming you are talking about nuclear and electron magnetic moments, they are associated with spin, not velocity.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_cutting

Laser cutting is a technology that uses a laser to vaporize materials, resulting in a cut edge.

The object being cut by laser can reach temperature much higher than the gain medium of the laser itself. So we usually say that this energy transfer is not a thermal radiation, which raise the question, what is?

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

Here are some videos about negative temperature.

[Bored chemist]

So we usually say that this energy transfer is not a thermal radiation, which raise the question, what is?

Radiation.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

So we usually say that this energy transfer is not a thermal radiation, which raise the question, what is?

Radiation.

Non-thermal radiation.
What sets them apart?

[Bored chemist]

So we usually say that this energy transfer is not a thermal radiation, which raise the question, what is?

Radiation.

Non-thermal radiation.
What sets them apart?

The spectrum.

[alancalverd]

Thermal radiation is the continuum spectrum of electromagnetic radiation emanating from the random movement of electrons in a hot body. Laser radiation is a narrow spectrum arising from coordinated quantum transitions.

[Spring Theory]

This is a point of debate and speculation (proper for this directory).  I would consider the hydrogen atom at its ground state as absolute zero.  The next step lower would be to knock the electron off the hydrogen atom, but you're adding energy to the system.

Is temperature a quantized value?

Actually, yes.  It could be quantized as the number of photons (and absorbed photons) in a volume of space.

[Bored chemist]

This is a point of debate and speculation (proper for this directory).  I would consider the hydrogen atom at its ground state as absolute zero.  The next step lower would be to knock the electron off the hydrogen atom, but you're adding energy to the system.

Is temperature a quantized value?

Actually, yes.  It could be quantized as the number of photons (and absorbed photons) in a volume of space.

How "big" are the photons?

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

Thermal radiation is the continuum spectrum of electromagnetic radiation emanating from the random movement of electrons in a hot body. Laser radiation is a narrow spectrum arising from coordinated quantum transitions.

We can filter out some wavelengths from a black body radiation.


We can combine lasers with different wavelengths into single light ray.

How much spectra can be removed from a continuous spectrum until it stops being a thermal radiation?
How much spectra can be added to a narrow laser spectrum until it starts being a thermal radiation?

[Spring Theory]

This is a point of debate and speculation (proper for this directory).  I would consider the hydrogen atom at its ground state as absolute zero.  The next step lower would be to knock the electron off the hydrogen atom, but you're adding energy to the system.

Is temperature a quantized value?

Actually, yes.  It could be quantized as the number of photons (and absorbed photons) in a volume of space.

How "big" are the photons?

Big enough to fit in a volume of space.

[Bored chemist]

This is a point of debate and speculation (proper for this directory).  I would consider the hydrogen atom at its ground state as absolute zero.  The next step lower would be to knock the electron off the hydrogen atom, but you're adding energy to the system.

Is temperature a quantized value?

Actually, yes.  It could be quantized as the number of photons (and absorbed photons) in a volume of space.

How "big" are the photons?

Big enough to fit in a volume of space.

Did you not understand the quote marks?
If you have 2 eV of energy, do you consider it to be 1 visible photon, 2 IR ones or a whole lot of RF ones?

Incidentally, photons don't fill space.

[Bored chemist]

We can filter out some wavelengths from a black body radiation.

And  what is left isn't strictly "thermal", but it's close enough that we can ignore the difference.

How much spectra can be added to a narrow laser spectrum until it starts being a thermal radiation?

Strictly, all of them.
However, it is reasonable to talk about "colour temperature" of sources that are not thermal.

The other thing that matters is, of course, the relative intensities.
If you have more blue light than red, the colour temperature can be very odd.