[puppypower (OP)]

I would like to look at the DNA/water partnership. The DNA contains a double helix of water bonded to the DNA within the major and minor grooves of the double helix. The result is the DNA, due to its large size, is the most hydrated material in the cell. One can throw the DNA into a centrifuge and it will retain significant chemically bound water; part of its active structure.

Relative to the water-oil affect, the high level of hydration of the DNA, implies that the DNA is an evolutionary driven equilibrium material that is positioned closer to the water side (compared to the oil side). Water is simple and conservative and can't change much, while the organics are pliable into infinite variation. The closeness of the DNA to the water (compared to oil side), was driven by the second law; increase in total system entropy. This is the inanimate affect asserting itself on the water-oil analogy.

If we start with fully packed DNA; condensed chromosomes, this configuration will minimize water contact beyond the internal water of the double helix. The DNA, in general, shifts the local aqueous equilibrium toward the covalent side, exposure.

As we unpack the DNA and expose more of the DNA to water, we add more covalent hydrogen bonding to the water. This is enzyme driven in response to an induced equilibrium as environmental input adds polar impact to water (oil side). The water need more covalent hydrogen bonding to balance this out. This means more exposure of the DNA; unpacking.

The RNA, by being more polar than DNA, helps to add additional covalent hydrogen bonding to the water.  While going from DNA to RNA to protein (perfect folds) amplifies the covalent hydrogen bonding of water. This makes food input more inviting.
 

[puppypower (OP)]

Water and Osmosis:

Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.

Osmosis is a colligative property. A colligative property is only dependent on the concentration of solute (in water), but is not dependent on the specific solute particles. For example, although sodium and potassium cations are kosmotropic and chaotropic, respectively, equal concentrations of each will generate the same osmotic pressure. We can substitute these with Calcium and Chloride ions of the same concentration, and will get the same pressure.

Osmosis is driven by  entropy with the water spontaneously moving, through the membrane, in the direction of increasing entropy to mingle with the solute particles. Since potassium ions create more hydrogen bonding disorder in water than sodium ions, yet the same concentration of both cations have the same entropy potential, osmosis is a water-solute system property. This is different from the hydrogen bonding binary within water. If we apply a pressure to the A side of the diagram; reverse osmosis, we can cause the water to move in the reverse direction through the membrane and lower its entropy back to pure water. Osmosis and reverse osmosis allows for reversible entropy in the water. 

Osmosis is a classic example of the uniqueness of liquid state physics. If you look at the diagram above, at steady state, water is freely moving back and forth across the semi-permeable membrane, even though there is a hydrostatic force vector going from A to B, connected to the osmotic pressure. In liquid state physics the macro; pressure, and micro; water diffusion, can appear to work independent of each other.

Since the osmotic pressure is created by entropy, and since pressure is force/area, osmotic pressure is technically generated by an entropic force; entropy based force. I like to think of the entropic force as the fifth force of nature. The entropic force is not formally recognized as a fifth force of nature, but entropic force is how the micro and macro, at osmotic steady state, are connected. If we only assume four forces, these appear disconnected.

This fifth force of nature has been traditionally called the life force, since osmosis is widely used by life. It allows reversible liquid state entropy to be generated with any force including mechanical. When water expands and contracts via hydrogen bonding transitions, the volume changes can generate mechanical forces that can be translated into entropic force, which can then be used to reverse and regulate system entropy.

 

[puppypower (OP)]

If we look at any cell, since the organics structures of the cell are immersed and surrounded by water, the hydrogen bonding water at the surface of the organics, will reflect the surface of the organic. This creates a situation like me (organic) and my water shadow. The value of this is since different materials and organelles will have different aqueous shadows, the organics can induce local, regional and global potentials in the water that can create gradients in the water.

The water will attempt to create a local, regional and global equilibrium, but since the organics are sturdy, different and often anchored in place, these gradients will linger. One work around by the water is to make use of smaller diffusing ions, products and reactants to balance out the potential. If we have too much covalent hydrogen bonding on one surface, the water will draw in moieties that induce more polar hydrogen bonding to balance this zone. But since enzymes will catalyze a reaction, the shadow changes. The need may be a continuous flux of reactants to that zone. 

On the other hand, say water shadow gradients are established, and the organics use ATP energy to actively transport a protein into a hot zone to make that zone even hotter. This is useful in that it can make a protein work harder because ti will be assisted by a much hotter water shadow.

In general, the main shadow gradient is from the DNA to the cell membrane. The DNA is the most hydrated molecule in the cell, while also being the largest. The DNA favors covalent hydrogen bonding in the water shadow. The lipid membrane is more like oil, with water able to freely diffuse due to extensive higher entropy polar hydrogen bonding.

The bulk directions of cellular material movement reflects this main gradient. The DNA will make and then expel RNA, since RNA will cause the covalent hydrogen bonding to enhance. This has to leave the nucleus. While the membrane will attract  but have to shed reduced food materials inward to avoid too much polar hydrogen bonding in the membrane, while also attempting to lower the covalent potential deeper in the cell. There are other materials in the middle that connected the gradient and alter the starting materials, which then will detour to help other aspects of the gradients, etc.

[smart]

Water is also essential for the relative permittivity of consciousness. The vibrational spectrum of liquid water inside microtubules is the causal agency of synaptic activity. Thus, I believe the coherent delocalization of atomic water channels in biological systems is necessary for synaptic quantum tunnelling during neuronal exocytosis.

http://www.thenakedscientists.com/forum/index.php?topic=66137.0

[puppypower (OP)]

The partnership of water and organics in life is connected to hydrogen bonding, especially in water. Anything dissolved in water or in surface contact with water, will impact the hydrogen bonding of bulk water. The degree of residual hydrating power in the water, after things are added, is called activity which is defines as 1.0 for pure water. As we add things to the water, the activity of the water will decrease. This change in activity of the water, both locally (local material) and globally (summation), allows the water to control and coordinate enzyme shapes and kinetics. 

Protein hydration is very important for their three-dimensional structure, dynamic ensemble of conformations [2249] and activity [472, 1093, 1345, 2005]. Indeed, proteins lack biological activity in the absence of sufficient hydrating water (usually at least a monolayer covering; > 1.5 mols H2O mol-1 aminoacid residue). The aqueous structuring around proteins is affected out to at least 1 - 1.5 nm from its surface or 2 - 3 nm between neighboring proteins, as shown by terahertz spectroscopy [1368, 2102], e with even small proteins (e.g. bovine serum albumin, 66,463 Da) affecting the whole of its unstirred (Nernst) layer of about 20,000 neighboring water molecules [2102].

In solution, proteins possess a conformational flexibility, which encompasses a wide range of hydration states, not seen in the crystal a or in non-aqueous environments. Equilibrium between these states will depend on the activity of the water within its microenvironment; that is, the freedom that the water has to hydrate the protein [434]. Thus, protein conformations demanding greater hydration are favored by more (re-)active water (for example, high density water containing many weak bent and/or broken hydrogen bonds) and 'drier' conformations are relatively favored by lower activity water (for example, low-density water containing many strong intra-molecular aqueous hydrogen bonds).

A differentiated cell has unique materials of given amounts, and therefore will define a certain global activity in the water, which can be tweaked though input from the environment. This sets the active global activity, which will then define the protein conformations, so they all coordinate. This also applies to genes, since these are also hydrated and can assume different conformations based on the degree of hydration. Water is sort of the CEO that sets the activity policies of the cell, so the entire organization of the cell is able to coordinate its effort.

One of the tricks of the cell, is the organics of the cell, by being of different materials, have levels of local hydration. For example, the DNA is the most hydrated molecule of life. The local activity of the water is not only defined by the bulk water; summation of everything in the water, but also by the impact of the local organic materials. The result is the water activity of the cell has a bulk value, that then impacts localized activity.

As an analogy, say we had a pool of warm water at constant temperature; 35C. To this I will add twelves floating sealed bottles of water at at different temperatures; 0C-100C. The bulk water is the same for all, but near each bottle, there is a local temperature connected to the average of the bulk and temperature of each bottle. If we could fix this so all the bottles and bulk water stays constant, a thermal convection gradient set up.

It is not coincidence that mRNA moves from the DNA to the ribosomes. It follows the activity gradient. In early evolution, this was based on activity convection. This was later speeded up via active transport. Active transport is more efficient in dealing with the activity gradients. What has been added are more materials to reflect and deal with the activity gradient.

The reason why most cells of in human body have nerve tissue nearby, is to help control the surface water activity of all the cells through ionic fluxes. The activity of water can be altered with anything that is dissolved in the water.This means even ionic changes at one surface, can means changes in how the organic behave deeper in the cell.

Relative to our tank of warm water with 12 bottles floating; I can surround this tank with a bath of warm oil being heated through radiational heating, from a fire that is 10 meters away. On the other side I can have solid CO2 ice. It does not matter where the heat is coming from. It does not have to be water or plastic since heat by any source defines the activity. This will alter the bottle gradient. Now there is new convection being set up.

Movement of signals in water is super fast, since it can be transmitted as energy signals through the binary switches of the hydrogen bonds. No hydrogen bonds ever has to break. This is really slick since the activity; hydration, gradients can stay very tight, while information is being moved around the cell. Water can also use quantum tunneling, if need be, to transmit information and activity changes, across barriers. Membranes pose little problem, but can be used for some time delay features.




 

[smart]

The partnership of water and organics in life is connected to hydrogen bonding, especially in water. Anything dissolved in water or in surface contact with water, will impact the hydrogen bonding of bulk water. The degree of residual hydrating power in the water, after things are added, is called activity which is defines as 1.0 for pure water. As we add things to the water, the activity of the water will decrease. This change in activity of the water, both locally (local material) and globally (summation), allows the water to control and coordinate enzyme shapes and kinetics.

Is quantum delocalization of protons in hydrogen bond network contributing to synaptic quantum tunnelling?

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25503367

Movement of signals in water is super fast, since it can be transmitted as energy signals through the binary switches of the hydrogen bonds. No hydrogen bonds ever has to break. This is really slick since the activity; hydration, gradients can stay very tight, while information is being moved around the cell. Water can also use quantum tunneling, if need be, to transmit information and activity changes, across barriers. Membranes pose little problem, but can be used for some time delay features.

How synaptic quantum tunnelling transmit energy across membranes? Is synaptic exocytosis a feature of quantum coherence? Atomic water channels in microtubules nanotubes are required for synaptic exocytosis. Does the release of serotonin/dopamine enhance quantum delocalization of protons?

Superpemittivity of synaptic quantum tunnelling

Is conscious states modulation facilitated by atomic water channel activity in microtubules? Nanoconfined water activity in hydrogen bond network may generate supramolecular influence on consciousness. Is cannabinoids reacting with nanoconfined water to facilitate protons delocalization?