[Thebox (OP)]

I keep hearing the Universe is expanding in comparison to like a balloon inflating, the evidence an apparent red shift observed of matter. We do not observe space red shifting we only observe light/matter interaction red shift, so how from that do you conclude the Universe is expanding when that makes no logical sense or is a any sort of rational thought?
I read this morning that it is now expanding faster than we first thought and soon and the Universe will become cold and the Universe will end, how on Earth doe's any one derive that ?

[puppypower]

In the lab, we can start with a block of mass, divide it into two, separate the two pieces, we can alter the local space-time near the mass. This is an example of lowering mass density leading local space-time to expand using the math of GR. This is mass leading space-time.

I have never heard of any demonstrated lab experiment where we start by expanding space-time first, then the mass follows, without using bigger mass, to move the smaller mass. This is supposed to happen, in the universe, via dark energy. However, we haven't shown dark energy in the lab either, so we can use this dark energy to do the first experiment.

It is not clear to me why we explain the expanding universe, with a space-time first approach, if we can't demonstrate this in the lab. I am not saying it can't be true. However, this is in violation of the scientific method. It is not like those in charge of the task are poor humble scientists, who don't have access to resources.

One way to maintain a version of the current theory; apparent space-time first, while having mass leading; paradox, is to use one new assumption. The forces of nature, such as EM and the strong and weak nuclear forces, give off energy when they lower potential. If gravity is a force, like the other three forces, then the lowering of gravitational potential; compaction, should give off some type of energy.

When an electron lowers potential via the EM force and gives off energy, this energy can be used to excite an electron in another atom. Relative to gravity, if the lowering of gravitational potential gives off energy, this energy output should be able to increase the gravitational potential elsewhere; expansion. Such an exothermic output from gravity, may be the source of dark energy.

One observation that strongly suggests there is an exothermic output from gravity, is connected to rotation. When a cloud of space gas and debris collapses to form a star or even a galaxy, there is rotation. It does not typically collapse only to center. Rotation creates centrifugal force, which causes the matter to want to fly outward, away from the center of gravity. This is not anti-gravity, per se, but it creates a force vector opposite the direction gravity, in the proper direction for the action-reaction one would expect from of an exothermic output based on gravity lowering potential.

The expansion of the universe, relative to the galaxies, would imply that galaxies are the most potent central centers for the exothermic output from gravity lowering potential.

This is my experimental prediction. Since we are in an accelerated expansion phase, then I predict that there are more stars and other gravity bound objects forming today, than in the past. This will accelerate the exothermic output. Someone else can do the compiling of data. I don't have the access.

[Thebox (OP)]

In the lab, we can start with a block of mass, divide it into two, separate the two pieces, we can alter the local space-time near the mass. This is an example of lowering mass density leading local space-time to expand using the math of GR. This is mass leading space-time.

I have never heard of any demonstrated lab experiment where we start by expanding space-time first, then the mass follows, without using bigger mass, to move the smaller mass. This is supposed to happen, in the universe, via dark energy. However, we haven't shown dark energy in the lab either, so we can use this dark energy to do the first experiment.

It is not clear to me why we explain the expanding universe, with a space-time first approach, if we can't demonstrate this in the lab. I am not saying it can't be true. However, this is in violation of the scientific method. It is not like those in charge of the task are poor humble scientists, who don't have access to resources.

One way to maintain a version of the current theory; apparent space-time first, while having mass leading; paradox, is to use one new assumption. The forces of nature, such as EM and the strong and weak nuclear forces, give off energy when they lower potential. If gravity is a force, like the other three forces, then the lowering of gravitational potential; compaction, should give off some type of energy.

When an electron lowers potential via the EM force and gives off energy, this energy can be used to excite an electron in another atom. Relative to gravity, if the lowering of gravitational potential gives off energy, this energy output should be able to increase the gravitational potential elsewhere; expansion. Such an exothermic output from gravity, may be the source of dark energy.

One observation that strongly suggests there is an exothermic output from gravity, is connected to rotation. When a cloud of space gas and debris collapses to form a star or even a galaxy, there is rotation. It does not typically collapse only to center. Rotation creates centrifugal force, which causes the matter to want to fly outward, away from the center of gravity. This is not anti-gravity, per se, but it creates a force vector opposite the direction gravity, in the proper direction for the action-reaction one would expect from of an exothermic output based on gravity lowering potential.

The expansion of the universe, relative to the galaxies, would imply that galaxies are the most potent central centers for the exothermic output from gravity lowering potential.

This is my experimental prediction. Since we are in an accelerated expansion phase, then I predict that there are more stars and other gravity bound objects forming today, than in the past. This will accelerate the exothermic output. Someone else can do the compiling of data. I don't have the access.

Well my issues with it are a lot less complex, my issue is that space itself is not made of anything, I can't see how nothing can expand and expanding into what exactly, oblivion?


We also do not actually observe space red shifting and we do not observe dark energy.


Are we sure that it is not the radius of light that is expanding between two point sources?

[RobC]

Perhaps a silly question but as space expands does this mean that the distance between the earth and the sun is increasing?

[Thebox (OP)]

Perhaps a silly question but as space expands does this mean that the distance between the earth and the sun is increasing?

The length of space between the Earth and the Sun is a variant because of orbital path, only if the orbit was a perfect circle would the length remain the same.

[puppypower]

Well my issues with it are a lot less complex, my issue is that space itself is not made of anything, I can't see how nothing can expand and expanding into what exactly, oblivion?

We also do not actually observe space red shifting and we do not observe dark energy.

Are we sure that it is not the radius of light that is expanding between two point sources?

Let me explain this with an analogy. Say you are on a rocket, ready to launch. After launch, you keep accelerating until finally you  approach the speed of light. According to special relativity, if you look out your window, you will see universal space-time appear to contract more and more. At the speed of light, the universe will appear to be contracted to a point.

Say you have finally reached your destination and you apply the breaks and begin to decelerate. If you look out your window, now it will appear like the universe is expanding. The bulk universe is not expanding. Rather the universe appears to be expanding relative to your rocket reference. The same universal space and time is there from launch, during acceleration toward C, and then also during deceleration. What changed was connected to another layer of superimposed space-time connected to special relativity, associated with only your rocket reference.

The following was my first original theory in cosmology back in 1987.

Say we start with the singularity of the BB. If this singularity began as pure energy, its reference would exist at the speed of light. This is because energy moves at C. Therefore the universe, no matter big or small, would appear like a point-instant, if we sat on any photon of energy; rocket reference. If we began to slow reference to below C; energy condenses into mass which cannot move at C, the universe would now appear to expand, from the POV of all the mass reference points. Mass cannot move at the speed of light so it can't see a point universe perception.

The net affect is a reference in reference affect. The current model assumes a single universal reference created by the BB, which leads to the question, how can space, which by definition is nothing, increase? With a reference in reference model nothing new ever has to be created.  It is all about the reveal of the primary, from the slow down reference of the secondary. 

This is much easier to prove in the lab because it is consistent with special relativity and the experiment used to prove SR; reference in reference; particle collider reference and particle reference.

I also had a second related theory;

Reference in reference has another application, at the micro-level. The second question I asked myself was, why do the sub particles of protons last so long, whereas if we collide protons and release these same sub particles, the life expectancy of the sub particles fall drastically? Both scenarios are made of the same sub-particles, yet the sub-particles last orders of magnitude longer, if they remain contained in the proton; billions of years if contained versus fraction of a second if released.

One simple answer was the sub particles in the proton have built in time dilation; reference in reference. They still last a fraction of a second in their reference, but due to reference in reference they will last billions of years in our reference. The bulk proton is in our reference and forms atoms and molecules, but inside the proton is a time dilated reference. In the inside reference, time and space are extremely contracted, as inferred by the life expectancy, allowing protons to interact all the way to infinity like this is nearby; gravity and EM. 

Say the inner reference of the proton was to slow, ever so slightly. Since the innards are no longer seeing the universe appear with the same amount of contraction. The means their distant impact via EM and gravity, will get weaker, due to the increase in perceived distances in their  reference. This fall off of force allows matter to clump; galaxies, in a more independent way throughout the universe. This also makes the universe appear to expand from the POV of the innards.

[Thebox (OP)]

Well my issues with it are a lot less complex, my issue is that space itself is not made of anything, I can't see how nothing can expand and expanding into what exactly, oblivion?

We also do not actually observe space red shifting and we do not observe dark energy.

Are we sure that it is not the radius of light that is expanding between two point sources?

Let me explain this with an analogy. Say you are on a rocket, ready to launch. After launch, you keep accelerating until finally you  approach the speed of light. According to special relativity, if you look out your window, you will see universal space-time appear to contract more and more. At the speed of light, the universe will appear to be contracted to a point.

Say you have finally reached your destination and you apply the breaks and begin to decelerate. If you look out your window, now it will appear like the universe is expanding. The bulk universe is not expanding. Rather the universe appears to be expanding relative to your rocket reference. The same universal space and time is there from launch, during acceleration toward C, and then also during deceleration. What changed was connected to another layer of superimposed space-time connected to special relativity, associated with only your rocket reference.

The following was my first original theory in cosmology back in 1987.

Say we start with the singularity of the BB. If this singularity began as pure energy, its reference would exist at the speed of light. This is because energy moves at C. Therefore the universe, no matter big or small, would appear like a point-instant, if we sat on any photon of energy; rocket reference. If we began to slow reference to below C; energy condenses into mass which cannot move at C, the universe would now appear to expand, from the POV of all the mass reference points. Mass cannot move at the speed of light so it can't see a point universe perception.

The net affect is a reference in reference affect. The current model assumes a single universal reference created by the BB, which leads to the question, how can space, which by definition is nothing, increase? With a reference in reference model nothing new ever has to be created.  It is all about the reveal of the primary, from the slow down reference of the secondary. 

This is much easier to prove in the lab because it is consistent with special relativity and the experiment used to prove SR; reference in reference; particle collider reference and particle reference.

I also had a second related theory;

Reference in reference has another application, at the micro-level. The second question I asked myself was, why do the sub particles of protons last so long, whereas if we collide protons and release these same sub particles, the life expectancy of the sub particles fall drastically? Both scenarios are made of the same sub-particles, yet the sub-particles last orders of magnitude longer, if they remain contained in the proton; billions of years if contained versus fraction of a second if released.

One simple answer was the sub particles in the proton have built in time dilation; reference in reference. They still last a fraction of a second in their reference, but due to reference in reference they will last billions of years in our reference. The bulk proton is in our reference and forms atoms and molecules, but inside the proton is a time dilated reference. In the inside reference, time and space are extremely contracted, as inferred by the life expectancy, allowing protons to interact all the way to infinity like this is nearby; gravity and EM. 

Say the inner reference of the proton was to slow, ever so slightly. Since the innards are no longer seeing the universe appear with the same amount of contraction. The means their distant impact via EM and gravity, will get weaker, due to the increase in perceived distances in their  reference. This fall off of force allows matter to clump; galaxies, in a more independent way throughout the universe. This also makes the universe appear to expand from the POV of the innards.

Thank you Puppy for your conversation, it is hard to relate anything you said with the real world and universe.  For example looking out  of a rocket ship window that was travelling at the speed of light, you would see nothing unless you passed parallel a point source. This point source however will relatively pass you faster than you can see it, so it will look visual contracted to a 0 point source.  You would ''see'' it but not really  observe it has a register in your mind.
I also do not understand how you would see space to have contracted, with no points sources we can not observe space and the length we would observe is L₀  and blackness.


added - this is the view you see from the rocket ship window at any speed.


rship.jpg (5.25 kB . 572x522 - viewed 3301 times)

where 0, and n apply?

and L applies if there is a visual point source.

[RobC]

The length of space between the Earth and the Sun is a variant because of orbital path, only if the orbit was a perfect circle would the length remain the same.

I was asking if the distance between the earth and the sun was changing due to space expanding rather than the shape of the orbit.

[Thebox (OP)]

The length of space between the Earth and the Sun is a variant because of orbital path, only if the orbit was a perfect circle would the length remain the same.

I was asking if the distance between the earth and the sun was changing due to space expanding rather than the shape of the orbit.

Then it would have to expand and contract because of the length of distance being a variant.  Also space would have be made of something such as an aether.  However we do not really observe space expanding or contracting and I am sure it something to do with the ambiguity of the statements that leaves confusion .   There is a certainty that light expands or contracts, I personally consider space-time must mean light?

[JoeBrown]

Cosmologists like the idea of expansion, kinda hard to get around that fact.  Lambda-CDM is the most accepted theory for the start of the universe.  It requires expansion at the beginning and every bit of observable evidenced goes to support that thesis.

Unfortunately, they use General Relativity to make sense of it all.  GR is incomplete.  It's author died before resolving differences between GR & QM.  He started to make strides in the right direction, but never had the luxury of technology we take for granted.  Nor did he have belief of validity for black holes...

Most ppl don't understand GR well enough to grasp what all it says.  More importantly they don't realize what it doesn't say.

GR states time is variable and speed is constant.  Via experiments, we know light doesn't travel at a fixed speed...  That's a serious flaw in GR, IMO.  We don't know what medium radio/light travels through in space.  We assume it's empty yet these "fields" exist in nothingness...  GR doesn't address that at all. 

GR only describes the path of COM (center of mass) points in space-time through fields of gravity, with gravity and time as variables and speed of light constant.  If photon speed is variable depending on it's medium of traverse and we cannot define the medium of space, we have incomplete understanding of the universe.

So when you hear Pop-Sy say the Universe is expanding...  Don't worry, they don't truly understand everything.  Dark Energy isn't explainable via GR, because GR is incomplete.

Personally I believe Dark Energy is pressure waves...  But that's my belief.  I term it Lambda shift.  Because it can probably go both ways, but we'll never live long enough to see it change much.

[Thebox (OP)]

Cosmologists like the idea of expansion, kinda hard to get around that fact.  Lambda-CDM is the most accepted theory for the start of the universe.  It requires expansion at the beginning and every bit of observable evidenced goes to support that thesis.

Unfortunately, they use General Relativity to make sense of it all.  GR is incomplete.  It's author died before resolving differences between GR & QM.  He started to make strides in the right direction, but never had the luxury of technology we take for granted.  Nor did he have belief of validity for black holes...

Most ppl don't understand GR well enough to grasp what all it says.  More importantly they don't realize what it doesn't say.

GR states time is variable and speed is constant.  Via experiments, we know light doesn't travel at a fixed speed...  That's a serious flaw in GR, IMO.  We don't know what medium radio/light travels through in space.  We assume it's empty yet these "fields" exist in nothingness...  GR doesn't address that at all. 

GR only describes the path of COM (center of mass) points in space-time through fields of gravity, with gravity and time as variables and speed of light constant.  If photon speed is variable depending on it's medium of traverse and we cannot define the medium of space, we have incomplete understanding of the universe.

So when you hear Pop-Sy say the Universe is expanding...  Don't worry, they don't truly understand everything.  Dark Energy isn't explainable via GR, because GR is incomplete.

Personally I believe Dark Energy is pressure waves...  But that's my belief.  I term it Lambda shift.  Because it can probably go both ways, but we'll never live long enough to see it change much.

Thank you Joe, I have looked up the theory, I had not heard of the  -

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model


Cold is rather contradictory to expansion in my opinion and cold being a direct and equal opposite to expansion, things that are hot expand, shouldn't the correct definition be
the lambda- HDM?

[JoeBrown]

CDM is all about how matter forms.  The CMBR (Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation) is supposed to be evidence of CDM forming massive atoms.  I've come to believe it does require cold to form atoms.  But I believe pressure is required.

Lambda-CDM doesn't say where pressure comes from, can't find an edge to the universe, so there's no exterior walls that we know of...  I've argued expansion requires existence of universe of multiverse qualities then been kicked off scienceforums . net for it...  LOL. 

Those folks there, like throwing Lambda-CDM foobaz in yo face when you say anything against expansion.  Then ask you to show an equation...  Grrr...  I'm working on an equation.  Think I know all that's needed, but my postulation goes against a lot of accepted belief...  So I'm probably not going to prove a thing.

[Thebox (OP)]

CDM is all about how matter forms.  The CMBR (Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation) is supposed to be evidence of CDM forming massive atoms.  I've come to believe it does require cold to form atoms.  But I believe pressure is required.

Lambda-CDM doesn't say where pressure comes from, can't find an edge to the universe, so there's no exterior walls that we know of...  I've argued expansion requires existence of universe of multiverse qualities then been kicked off scienceforums . net for it...  LOL. 

Those folks there, like throwing Lambda-CDM foobaz in yo face when you say anything against expansion.  Then ask you to show an equation...  Grrr...  I'm working on an equation.  Think I know all that's needed, but my postulation goes against a lot of accepted belief...  So I'm probably not going to prove a thing.

I also have been on scienceforums.net several times where I got banned several times .   They indeed are some sort of ''religion'' over on that site.  However this site let's us discus things to a degree.  I have had one post I posted twice over a period of time on this site, both times removed , the reasons to me are quite clear but let's not get into that. 
I personally do not agree with a multi-verse quality although I do agree that the single entity Universe beyond our visual scope extends to n and contains other galaxies. 
I also believe relative to any individual observer, even so much as  the smallest particle, the visual universe depends on light and visual area contraction over distance, however this gets chucked in new theories every time I try to discuss it.
I now see an din compliance with my own theory from your explanation that lambda-CDM is negative?, I think Jeff has it nailed over in New theories,

positive suggests expansion always in my mind?

[Thebox (OP)]

Sorry it just came to me, the red shift is evidence that the visual universe is expanding ?

[RobC]

We are told that the universe is not a collection of galaxies sitting in space, all moving away from a central point. Instead, a more appropriate analogy is to think of the universe as a giant blob of dough with raisins spread throughout it (the raisins represent galaxies; the dough represents space). When the dough is placed in an oven, it begins to expand, or, more accurately, to stretch, keeping the same proportions as it had before but with all the distances between galaxies getting bigger as time goes on.

My query is, if this is the case, why are certain galaxies colliding?

[JoeBrown]

Sorry it just came to me, the red shift is evidence that the visual universe is expanding ?

That was the first thought Sir Edwin Hubble put forth.  He knew about doppler shift and calculated that most galaxies are headed away from us, like we got the plague or something else...  Cosmologists and Lambda-CDM models have taken into account for Einstein shift with more accurate measurements for distances. 

Hubble didn't know about Einstein shift, AFAIK.  Einstein had predicted (einstein/)gravity-shift but it was verified during his lifetime.  He may have told Hubble about it, but there's no record indicating such conversation had occurred.  Seems Einstein didn't think about gravity shift either, because he choose to add the Lambda constant (his termed blunder) to General Relativity to account for the doppler effect they perceived at the time.

After taking into account doppler effects to plot comoving galaxies and einstein shift for differing weight of galaxies & stars, there's still a little shift that's unaccounted for, which is termed Dark Energy.

So yeah, it's like redshift, because that's the direction the shift is headed.  Doppler & Gravity shift are essentially the same, only difference is observers relative perspective.

So there's a third or more shift, Einstein didn't predict, based on cosmological measurements.  Dark Energy is the term used because we don't know what's causing it.  It appears stronger closer to home than in the distant past.  Which makes it even more perplexing.  Its like the Universe is gaining momentum of some sort.

[JoeBrown]

My query is if this is the case why are certain galaxies colliding?

It does seem odd that it would be possible if everything is expanding, how do some collide.  Cosmologists have picked Dark Matter (unseen mass) as the culprit for pulling galaxies together.  If you see the superstructure of the universe, its like filaments of galaxies being drawn together in a web like structure.

They theorize that there's enough dark mass left over from the big bang in regions where galaxies collect &/or collide that it keeps pulling more in.

Personally, I find it a bit frustrating.  There's a lot we don't know about space and gravity in specific.  While those theories are reasonable, based on what we do understand...  They use General Relativity as a basis for understanding the Universe.  General Relativity isn't complete.  It's the best standing description of gravity, to date, but Einstein knew it wasn't complete and unfortunately he passed before completing a grand unified theory.

A truly unified theory would help explain a lot of what we don't understand, unfortunately, not too many ppl grasp GR and what it actually describes.   Quantum Mechanics describes a lot of stuff that GR doesn't address.  A unified theory of everything would make a lot of things easier to understand.  But...  Such a theory isn't easy to develop.

I think I have a clue, but...  There's a lot of stuff I've theorized that goes against a lot of presently accepted science...  My not being a "physicist" really doesn't qualify me for asserting things are different than others believe. 

I cannot back up my assertion that Black Hole formation causes pressure change in the Universe, with math...  This pressure change is the likely cause of unpredicted shift.  That's frustrating to me.  If found some math that would lead toward evidence, but its not my own.  A grand unified theory will likely be necessary for me to complete my assertion.  Argh...  Don't know if I'm up for the task.

If you're familiar with Mandelbrot fractals...  A unified theory should produce the superstructure of galaxies like Mandelbrot's  a fractal universe.

[evan_au]

Perhaps a silly question but as space expands does this mean that the distance between the earth and the sun is increasing?

No.

The expansion attributed to Dark Energy is visible on very large scales, such as for galaxies at least 10 billion light-years away.
At this point in the history of the universe, it does not affect the size of individual galaxies (or the spacing of stars and planets within the galaxy). It would have minimal impact on our local cluster of galaxies, which are bound together gravitationally.
See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model#Overview

There are a number of values in this Lambda-CDM model which are currently set to some default values; one of them is "w=-1".
Current best estimates are that w=-0.96; however, if it were more negative (like w=-1.5), the universe would eventually experience a "Big Rip", which would eventually tear apart galaxies, solar systems, planets and atoms (in about 22 billion years, by which time the Sun and Earth will be long gone). 

It is thought that the Sun will puff off some of its mass as solar wind over the next 5 billion years, meaning that Earth's orbit will expand outwards, perhaps to where Mars is now. But this is not enough to prevent Earth from being baked to a crisp as the Sun burns all its hydrogen fuel, and expands into a red giant star.

why are certain galaxies colliding?

Each galaxy has its own random motion within our local cluster of galaxies. In a cluster of galaxies, if some galaxies are moving apart, that means some are likely to be moving towards each other.

It is thought that some globular clusters and stellar streams may be the remains of dwarf galaxies which have been previously swallowed and disrupted by our galaxy.

The gravity of galaxies means that as they approach more closely, they are attracted more strongly towards each other.

[PmbPhy]

The universe is not expanding into nothing. You appear to keep thinking something similar to the idea that the big bang is like a nuclear or chemical atomic explosion occurring in empty space. It's nothing of the sort. In fact that's a common misconception. The big bang is nothing like any explosion that you're aware of. It's an explosion of space itself.

See Misconceptions About The Big Bang, Scientific American, March 2005
www.mso.anu.edu.au/~charley/papers/LineweaverDavisSciAm.pdf

[Thebox (OP)]

The universe is not expanding into nothing. You appear to keep thinking something similar to the idea that the big bang is like a nuclear or chemical atomic explosion occurring in empty space. It's nothing of the sort. In fact that's a common misconception. The big bang is nothing like any explosion that you're aware of. It's an explosion of space itself.

See Misconceptions About The Big Bang, Scientific American, March 2005
www.mso.anu.edu.au/~charley/papers/LineweaverDavisSciAm.pdf

Clearly contradictory dogma, space itself is made of nothing, nothing can not expand, you are clearly stuck in your strict ways and naive to what you have learnt over time. You accept contradiction and Dogma, I do not accept contradiction and dogma.   Space itself is not expanding, there was no explosion of space of the whole of space .  Objects pass through space and space passes through objects, the balloon analogy is terrible, even outside of the balloon is space. 

What do you suggest the balloons surface is expanding into?  It not a solid for sure, it is more space, your ideas are contradictory and border line insane, I suggest you all go see a doctor, this is absurd, the big bang is hypothetical absurd dogma.   Theories are not fact, fact is fact and the truth is you have no facts other than your dogma.


P.s Before the big  nothing existed is complete Dogma.