[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

2. What happens if you use two sheets of dielectric and only move the top sheet? 

I'm not sure what you mean by this. Do you refer to the corrugated plastic plate?
Where do you want the plate to move to?

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

3. What happens if you use two separate sheets of dielectric, one for each can?

I don't think it will change the results. The volume of corrugated plastic plate is mainly consist of air.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

Just in case, for whatever reason, you can't open my latest video, here's the diagram to help you understand the situation.

This is the basic setup of the experiment. It tries to compare the difference in electrodynamic forces exerted by electronic current through the metal sheet in the left container and ionic current through the conductive liquid in the right container. This difference is measured as voltage reading between the metal stands below the containers.


This plot shows the raw measurement readings.


This plot shows the measurement readings adjusted by the empty calibration and actual alternating currents flow through the solutions.


By measuring the voltages at 0, 1, and back to 0 Ampere, we can be sure that the change in voltage are mostly caused by the current itself, instead of some other unknown factors.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

Practical electrostatics is much more difficult and prone to all sorts of errors than electrodynamics! 

That's why I installed the re-zeroing switch. Any electrostatic charge imbalance between two sides of the balance should be eliminated when they are connected.

[alancalverd]

But it builds up again when you open the switch (1:30). And it is always the same sign, So there's something else going on here.

I'm not sure what you mean by this. Do you refer to the corrugated plastic plate?
Where do you want the plate to move to?

At 5:13 you lift the plastic plate, thus potentially redistributing charge between the cans (your body capacitance is very large compared with the cans). If you used two sheets of plastic the charge disturbance would be less.

And the baffling question is why an alternating current should induce a unidirectional movement of static charge. 

[paul cotter]

On insulated conductive materials stray voltages of similar magnitude often arise and determining  their origin could be difficult but it is almost certainly some environmental artefact.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

And the baffling question is why an alternating current should induce a unidirectional movement of static charge.

The theoretical background I posted previously should be enough to answer your question.

Here is the visualization of the second experiment, which start from the first as described before. If the charged particle is stationary to the wire, no magnetic force is received.



Next, the wire is zoomed to show the electrons and metal atoms inside.



From the picture above, the electrons inside the wire move to the left with speed v, but particle q doesn't receive magnetic force.
Now if the wire is moved to the right with speed v, the speed of electrons becomes 0, while the speed of the metal atoms = v. It is shown that magnetic force F is produced downward.



The picture above is equivalent to the picture from previous post.



Here we can conclude that electron's movement is not responded by the particle, while atom's movement produces magnetic force to the particle. It seems that for a long time we had missed the difference between atoms and free electrons which cause electric current and produce magnetic force.
For the second experiment, we will study the effect of the movement of charged particles inside a conductor (or convector) toward the test particle. We will study the hypothesis that magnetic force is not only affected by the magnitude of electric charge that moves inside a conductor (or convector), but also affected by the mass of the particle.
Electric current in a copper wire is produced by the flow of electrons inside. The charge and mass of electrons are always the same, so we need some other particles as electric current producers to get reference. For that we will replace the conductor by a hose filled by electrolyte solution that contains ions, since ions are also electrically charged and have various masses. Some of electrolytic solutions that will be used are NaCl, H2SO4, HCl, CuSO4, FeCl3.

We can make a table showing the force experienced by the stationary test particle in various velocities of both positive and negative particles in the wire. I'll use standard Lorentz force to calculate the force, which states that
F = B.q.v
Where B is proportional to electric current in the wire, which depends on velocity difference between positive and negative particles in the wire.
v represents the velocity difference between the test particle and the wire. Since the test particle is stationary, it's merely determined by the velocity of positive particles in the wire.
It's assumed that all positive particles have uniform velocity. Negative particle has uniform velocity as well.

The first table below shows the value of electric current, which depends on the difference of velocity between positive and negative particle in the wire.
   v+   -4   -3   -2   -1   0    1    2    3    4
v-                              
-4       0    1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8
-3      -1    0    1    2    3    4    5    6    7
-2      -2   -1    0    1    2    3    4    5    6
-1      -3   -2   -1    0    1    2    3    4    5
 0      -4   -3   -2   -1    0    1    2    3    4
 1      -5   -4   -3   -2   -1    0    1    2    3
 2      -6   -5   -4   -3   -2   -1    0    1    2
 3      -7   -6   -5   -4   -3   -2   -1    0    1
 4      -8   -7   -6   -5   -4   -3   -2   -1    0

The second table below shows the velocity of the wire relative to test particle. It's determined solely by velocity of positive particle.
   v+   -4   -3   -2   -1   0   1   2   3   4
v-                              
-4      -4   -3   -2   -1   0   1   2   3   4
-3      -4   -3   -2   -1   0   1   2   3   4
-2      -4   -3   -2   -1   0   1   2   3   4
-1      -4   -3   -2   -1   0   1   2   3   4
 0      -4   -3   -2   -1   0   1   2   3   4
 1      -4   -3   -2   -1   0   1   2   3   4
 2      -4   -3   -2   -1   0   1   2   3   4
 3      -4   -3   -2   -1   0   1   2   3   4
 4      -4   -3   -2   -1   0   1   2   3   4

The third table shows the force experienced by test particle, which is simply the multiplication of each cell in both tables above.
   v+   -4   -3   -2   -1    0    1    2     3     4
v-                              
-4       0    -3   -4   -3    0    5   12   21   32
-3       4     0   -2   -2    0    4   10   18   28
-2       8     3    0   -1    0    3     8   15   24
-1      12    6    2    0    0    2     6   12   20
0       16    9    4    1    0    1     4     9   16
1       20   12   6    2    0    0     2     6   12
2       24   15   8    3    0   -1     0    3     8
3       28   18   10   4   0   -2    -2    0     4
4       32   21   12   5   0   -3    -4   -3     0

Here it is.

This video provide theoretical background for designing an electrodynamic balance, intended to study the origin of magnetic force, and its relationship with electricity and gravity.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

On insulated conductive materials stray voltages of similar magnitude often arise and determining  their origin could be difficult but it is almost certainly some environmental artefact.

How can they be reliably controlled by the alternating electric current?

[paul cotter]

As airborne charge can easily build up on isolated conductive material, a vacuum chamber would be needed with Teflon stands. Water will be a problem with a vacuum and the two containers will need to be sealed. There may be other possible sources of "contamination" but that's all I can think of at the moment.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

As airborne charge can easily build up on isolated conductive material, a vacuum chamber would be needed with Teflon stands. Water will be a problem with a vacuum and the two containers will need to be sealed. There may be other possible sources of "contamination" but that's all I can think of at the moment.

If that's the case, shouldn't the voltage be independent from the alternating electric current?

[alancalverd]

a vacuum chamber would be needed with Teflon stands.

Beware - Teflon has a high resistivity but is tribolelectric and piezoelectric! Virgin soft polyelthylene (not Ziegler high density polyalkane) is, in my experience, the best insulator for electrostatics experiments.

[paul cotter]

Okay Alan, I can go with polyethylene. How about polypropylene, commonly used in capacitors for demanding pulse applications(tv line output- anyone remember what a crt is!).

[alancalverd]

Maybe not!

"Ferroelectret Polypropylene Foam-Based Piezoelectric Energy Harvester for Different Seismic Mass Conditions" Actuators, May 2023.

Polypropylene sheet is dimensionally more stable than polyethylene, so good for capacitors, but I wouldn't trust the bulk material  not to interfere with femtocoulombs.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

The theoretical background I posted previously should be enough to answer your question.

As you can see, the theoretical background of my design for electrodynamic balance is just a logical consequences of Lorentz force, Biot-Savart law, and distribution of electric charges in a current carrying wire. It's quite remarkable that this simple inference has been overlooked by physics community for more than a century.

[alancalverd]

We will study the hypothesis that magnetic force is not only affected by the magnitude of electric charge that moves inside a conductor (or convector), but also affected by the mass of the particle.

A very simple experiment that will disabuse you of this conclusion would be to measure the magnetic field produced by a given current  around wires of materials with different Hall coefficients. I think you will find that the nature of the charge carrier is irrelevant. 

[paul cotter]

If the mass of the charge carrier was a parameter in calculating the force due to a magnetic field it would have shown up long ago in countless experiments.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

If the mass of the charge carrier was a parameter in calculating the force due to a magnetic field it would have shown up long ago in countless experiments.

That's why I think it's remarkable. How can it be hidden for so long?

[paul cotter]

It is way more likely that you dealing with artefacts from environmental effects rather than science has missed something as fundamental as this.

[hamdani yusuf (OP)]

It is way more likely that you dealing with artefacts from environmental effects rather than science has missed something as fundamental as this.

My experiment is simple enough to be replicated by anyone else. Let's see how many of you can get the same results as mine.
Do you find any problem with my theoretical background?

[paul cotter]

When dealing with low millivolt readings one has to be very careful to eliminate all extraneous influences and doing this is by no means simple. Even two different metals with a degree of surface oxidation can produce voltages in those ranges. As I said previously a vacuum chamber, sealed fluid containers, optimum insulated stands(Alan's polyethylene) and now I add another condition, a double layer Faraday screen are the minimum to do this with good signal to noise ratio. There could well be extra requirements to get a true result, I don't know as I am not an experimental physicist.